Week

2:

Introduc)on to Advanced
Database systems
Dr. Sarah Al-Shareef
[email protected]

Department of Computer Science
Umm Al-Qura University

Acknowledgment: All course slides are either referenced to Elmasri. & Navathe Book online presenta=ons, Dr. Salahadin
Mohammed Adam & Ms. Mashael Alkadi (with certain amendments) or are personally developed by the instructor.
 Today’s Agenda
•  About this course

•  Who should take this course

•  Administra)ve issues:
–  Assessment scheme
–  Course and class policies
–  Tenta)ve course )meline

•  Review fundamentals of database design

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 About this Course
•  This course provides advanced data modelling, such as
object, object-rela)onal, and XML, and the suppor)ng
theore)cal founda)on.

•  In addi)on, it provides some techniques of advanced

schema mapping.

•  Finally, it should give you some basics on advanced

database systems implementa)on and management,
such as: indexing, query processing, local and
distributed transac)on processing, and security.

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 About this Course
•  Topics to be covered:
–  The enhanced en)ty-rela)onship (EER) model.
–  Object and Object-rela)onal databases.
–  XML databases.
–  Advanced database indexing techniques.
–  Database transac)on and query processing.
–  Distributed databases.
–  Database security.
–  Database tuning and recovery.

•  References: There are plenty of good books on DBS; here are some:
–  Database Systems: Models, Languages, Design And Applica=on Programming. By Ramez
Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe.
–  Fundamentals of Databases. By Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B Navathe.Rob
–  Database Systems: Design, Implementa=on, and Management, By Peter Rob, Steven Morris
and Carlos Coronel

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 Who Should Take This Course?
•  Knowledge of database design.
–  Topics covered in “Fundamentals of Databases” course (1401312-3).

•  Ability to setup your own database system management environment.

–  What you’ve learned in 1401312-3 and applied in the course project.

•  Knowledge of programming languages to be used for building interfaces

and DBSM.
–  Any of: Java, Python, Perl, C++

•  Good problem-solving skills.

•  Good English
–  All references are in English.

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 Assessment and Workload
•  15% [id] Quizzes
–  4 Quizzes overall with 2.5% each.
•  20% [gr] Project
–  You should form a team of 4 students.
–  Cross-sec)on is NOT allowed.
–  4 milestones and a final presenta)on (4%,4%,7%,7% and 3%).
•  5% [gr] In-class par7cipa7on
–  2 assignments with 5 points each.
•  20% [id] Midterm exam
•  40% [id] Final exam

•  Workload:
–  For an average grade, 1 credit = 3 hours/week of academic ac)vi)es: lectures,
assignments, reading, discussions, .. etc.
–  Your course has 3 credits (i.e. 3x3=9 hpw).
–  There will be 3 hpw of lectures (i.e. you are expected to work for 9-3=6hpw).

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 Course Policies
•  Please be at the class on )me.
–  Latecomers will not be allowed to apend the class.

•  Please mute your mobiles while you are in the class.

–  You will be forced to leave the class if your mobile rang.

•  Any absence from quizzes or exams will make you loose their marks unless
you have got a medical excuse or any other excuse approved by the
department.

•  Each student is expected to apend all lectures.

–  Each absence will be counted as one-half lost mark of your total grade.

•  Each student must verify her apendance by answering post-lecture

surveys.
–  Post-lecture surveys are not graded.
–  Verified apendance iff apended AND submit post-lecture survey.

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 Tenta)ve Timeline
Week Topics Assessments
2 Intro + Advanced relational algebra and SQL
3 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) model 4% Milestone1
4 Object and Object-Relational Databases 5% Quiz 1
5 XML
6 Database File Indexing Techniques 5% Quiz 2
7 Query Processing and Query Optimization 4% Milestone2
8 Techniques
9 Midterm Break
10 Database Tuning and Physical Design Issues 20% Midterm
11 Advanced Database Transaction Processing 7% Milestone3
12 Database Recovery Protocols 5% Quiz 3
13
Distributed Databases (DDB)
14 7% Milestone4
15 Database Security 5% Quiz 4
16 Final presentations 3%
17 Final Exams

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 Today’s Agenda
•  About this course

•  Who should take this course

•  Administra)ve issues:
–  Assessment scheme
–  Course and class policies
–  Tenta)ve course )meline

•  Review fundamentals of database design

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 Review of Fundamentals of Database Design

•  The main steps in DB Design

–  Requirement collec)on and analysis „
–  Data modelling
–  Func)onal modelling
„
•  Rela)onal Data model

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 The Main Steps in DB Design
1.  Requirement collec)on and analysis
–  How the data is collected and analysed.

2.  Data modelling

–  How data should be organized and stored in the database.
–  Includes:
•  Conceptual data model
•  Logical data model
•  Physical data model

3.  Func)onal modelling
–  How data is processed

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 1. Requirement Collec)on & Analysis
•  Main objec)ves:
–  To determine the data requirements of the DB in terms of primi)ve
objects.
–  To classify and describe the informa)on about these objects.
–  To iden)fy and classify the rela)onships among the objects.
–  To determine the types of transac)ons that will be executed on the DB
and the interac)ons between the data and the transac)ons.
–  To iden)fy rules governing the integrity of the data.

•  Requirement analysis can be gathered by data modeller from:

–  Exi)ng documents
–  Users
–  Exis)ng systems

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 Example
•  Required: A database to record the students’
enrolment in the CS courses.

•  Assume that aver requirement analysis we

iden)fied the following 3 en))es:
–  Course
–  Enrol
–  Student

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 2. Data Modelling: Conceptual Data Model
•  Main objec)ves:
–  To iden)fy en))es
–  To iden)fy the highest-level rela)onships among en))es.

•  No apributes are specified.

•  Example:

Student Enrol Course

3 main en))es: Student, Enrol, Course

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 2. Data Modelling: Logical Data Model
•  Main objec)ves:
–  Describe the data in as much details as possible,
without regard to how they will be physically
implemented in the database.

•  This includes:
–  En))es & rela)onships among them.
–  All apributes for each en)ty are specified.
–  The primary key for each en)ty is specified.
–  Foreign keys are specified.
–  Many-to-many rela)onships are resolved.
–  Normalisa)on is performed at this level.

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 Example

Name Name GPA

Course Enroll Student

CID SID

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 2. Data Modelling: Physical Data Model
•  Features:
–  Specifica)on all tables and columns
–  Foreign keys are used to iden)fy rela)onships between tables.
–  Denormalisa)on may occu based on user requirements.
–  Physical considera)ons may cause the physical data model to
be quite different from the logical data model.

•  Steps:
–  Convert en))es into tables.
–  Convert rela)onships into foreign keys.
–  Convert apributes into columns.
–  Modify the physical data model based on physical constraints
and requirements.

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 The Rela)onal Data Model
•  The logical model behind the rela)onal DB (RDB). Data
is always represented as rela)ons (2-dim. tables).

•  Basic Concepts:
–  Rela)on
–  Apribute
–  Schema
–  Tuple
–  Keys
–  Constraints
–  Func)onal dependency
–  Normaliza)on

September 26, 2016 ICS 424: recap 17

 Rela)on
•  The way to represent data is through rela)ons.
•  A rela7on is a two-dimensional table.
•  The order of rows and columns can be exchanged, and it is
s)ll the same rela)on.

Example:

Course
CID Title
ICS 102 Java Rela)on
ICS 202 Data structures
Rela)on name
ICS 334 Databases

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 Apribute
•  An apribute is the name of a column in a rela)on.
It usually describes the meaning of the content in
the column.

•  Example:
Apributes

Course
CID Title
ICS 102 Java
ICS 202 Data structures
ICS 334 Databases

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 Schema
•  A schema is a descrip)on of a class of rela)on. It consists of
the name of the rela)on and the set of apributes in the

rela)on.
That it is a set of apributes means that the apributes are
unordered.
•  Example:
Course
CID Title
ICS 102 Java
ICS 202 Data structures
ICS 334 Databases

Schema for the above rela)on: Course(CID, Title)

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 Tuple
•  A tuple is a row in a table. A rela)on can be seen
as a set of tuples.

•  Example:

Course
CID Title
ICS 102 Java
A rela)on of
ICS 202 Data structures 3 tuples
ICS 334 Databases

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 Keys
•  Superkey:
–  A combina)on of apributes that can be uniquely used to iden)fy a record.
–  A table may have many superkeys

•  Candidate key:
–  A superkey but without extraneous data.
–  A table can have one or more candidate keys

•  Primary key
–  One of the candidate keys is chosen to be the primary key.
–  There can only be one primary key in a table

•  Alternate key
–  All the candidate keys, minus the primary key.
–  The number of alternate keys in a table is one less than the number of
candidate keys.

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 Constraints
•  NOT NULL
–  No null values are allowed in an apribute specified as NOT NULL

•  UNIQUE
–  No duplicate values are allowed in a column specified as UNIQUE.

•  Primary key
–  Must be UNIQUE and NOT NULL

•  Foreign key
–  Must refer to a value of a candidate key in the parent table
–  Can be null
–  Can be duplicate

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 Func)onal dependency
•  A func)onal dependency occurs when one or more apributes in a rela)on
uniquely determine other apribute(s). If A and B are apributes, this can be
wripen A --> B which would be the same as sta)ng "B is func)onally
dependent upon A."

•  Apribute A is the determinant and apribute B is the func7onally

dependent.

•  If the determinant is part of the primary key (and not the whole key),
then the dependency is called par7al dependency.

•  If both the determinant and the func)onally dependent apributes are non
key apributes, then the dependency is called transi7ve dependency.

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 Normalisa)on
•  UNF (Un Normalized form)
–  A rela)on is in UNF if it contains at least one mul)-valued apribute

•  INF
–  A rela)on is in 1NF if it has no mul)-valued apribute.

•  2NF
–  A rela)ons is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and has no par)al dependency.

•  3NF
–  A rela)on is in 3NF if its is in 2NF and contains no transi)ve dependency.

•  BCNF
–  A rela)on is in BCNF if and only if, every determinant is a candidate key.

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 Case Study: Mobile Game App
•  For Example, if you want to develop a DB for a
mobile game applica)on, what are the
informa)on that we’re concerned about?

Hint: always start simple

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 An example of a game UML

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 What’s Next?
•  Forming teams:
–  Please divide yourselves into groups of 4 students.
–  Send me an email including:
•  Your team name
•  Your leader name
•  Your team members
–  Your email subject line should be:
ADB Project Team – Group 1 – YourTeamName

•  Read Chapter 2 of Elmasri’s book and then answer the online quiz
on the eLearn system.

•  Next lecture, review rela)onal algebra and SQL commands so get

ready for some compe))on between teams with bonuses points
for the top 3 team. (in-class par)cipa)on)
–  Each team members should sit next to each others.

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