Face detection and recognition technology

Seminar Report

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

University Roll No. 18EGJCS036

Submitted By: Eshika jain

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)-302022
Face detection and recognition technology

Face detection and recognition technology is very well known for identifying a person
from a video clip or image. This is done using many ways like comparing facial features,
using neural network or using eiganfaces.
Face detection and recognition has many applications in a variety of fields such as
security system, videoconferencing and identification however face detection is not
100% accurate most of the times. We will talk about the drawbacks of Face
identification and Recognition later in this post.
A face authentication system based on principal component analysis and neural
networks consist of three stages; pre-processing, principal component analysis, and
recognition.
▪ In pre-processing stage, normalization illumination, and head orientation are done.
▪ Principal component analysis is applied to find the aspects of face which are
important for identification. Eigenvectors and eigenfaces are calculated from the
initial face image set. New faces are projected onto the space expanded by
eigenfaces and represented by weighted sum of the eigenfaces. These weights are
used to identify the faces.
▪ In the third step, Neural network is used to create the face database. Recognition
and authentication of the face is done by using the weights generated by
eigenfaces.
Eigenfaces is the name given to a set of eigenvectors. Eigenface provides an easy way
for face recognition as its training process is completely automatic and easy to code.
Eigenface adequately reduces statistical complexity in face image representation.
Eigenface can handle large databases and once eigenfaces of a database are
calculated, face recognition can be achieved in real time.
HOW FACE DETECTION WORKS

While the process is somewhat complex, face detection algorithms often begin by
searching for human eyes. Eyes constitute what is known as a valley region and are
one of the easiest features to detect. Once eyes are detected, the algorithm might then
attempt to detect facial regions including eyebrows, the mouth, nose, nostrils and the
iris. Once the algorithm surmises that it has detected a facial region, it can then apply
additional tests to validate whether it has, in fact, detected a face.

Some of the well known software with face recognition ability include:
▪ iPhoto (Apple)
▪ Lightroom (Adobe)
▪ OpenCV (Open Source)
▪ Photos (Apple)
▪ Photoshop Elements (Adobe Systems)
▪ Picasa (Google)
▪ Picture Motion Browser (Sony)
▪ Windows Live Photo Gallery (Microsoft)
▪ FotoBounce (Applied Recognition Inc)
▪ DeepFace (Facebook)

Drawbacks with Face Detection and Recognition:

Face detection and recognition has failed many times because of various reasons like
change of expressions, plastic surgery, angle at which picture is taken etc. Also, as the
person grows old the saved data has no value.
When Face recognition was used to prevent public crimes, it failed completely as
people were using masks to cover their faces.
Conclusion:
Among the different biometric techniques, facial recognition may not be most reliable
and efficient as compared to iris scan and finger scanning as these systems can
generate accurate results. Having said that, Facial recognition has been used world
wide during recent years mainly for security scan. Airports, stations, public places, crime
detection – these are the major areas where Face detection and recognition is used.
We hope that modern approaches will increase the accuracy in Face recognition and
authentication.
FACE DETECTION VS. FACE RECOGNITION

One of the most important applications of face detection, however, is facial

recognition. Face recognition describes a biometric technology that goes way beyond
recognizing when a human face is present. It actually attempts to establish whose face
it is. The process works using a computer application that captures a digital image of an
individual’s face (sometimes taken from a video frame) and compares it to images in a
database of stored records. While facial recognition isn’t 100% accurate, it can very
accurately determine when there is a strong chance that an person’s face matches
someone in the database.

There are lots of applications of face recognition. Face recognition is already being used
to unlock phones and specific applications. Face recognition is also used for biometric
surveillance. Banks, retail stores, stadiums, airports and other facilities use facial
recognition to reduce crime and prevent violence.So in short, while all facial recognition
systems use face detection, not all face detection systems have a facial recognition
component.

Advantages and disadvantages

Compared to other biometric systems

In 2006, the performance of the latest face recognition algorithms was evaluated in
the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC). High-resolution face images, 3-D face
scans, and iris images were used in the tests. The results indicated that the new
algorithms are 10 times more accurate than the face recognition algorithms of 2002 and
100 times more accurate than those of 1995. Some of the algorithms were able to
outperform human participants in recognizing faces and could uniquely identify identical
twins.
One key advantage of a facial recognition system that it is able to perform mass
identification as it does not require the cooperation of the test subject to work. Properly
designed systems installed in airports, multiplexes, and other public places can identify
individuals among the crowd, without passers-by even being aware of the
system. However, as compared to other biometric techniques, face recognition may not
be most reliable and efficient. Quality measures are very important in facial recognition
systems as large degrees of variations are possible in face images. Factors such as
illumination, expression, pose and noise during face capture can affect the performance
of facial recognition systems. Among all biometric systems, facial recognition has the
highest false acceptance and rejection rates, thus questions have been raised on the
effectiveness of face recognition software in cases of railway and airport security.
Weaknesses
Ralph Gross, a researcher at the Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute in 2008, describes
one obstacle related to the viewing angle of the face: "Face recognition has been
getting pretty good at full frontal faces and 20 degrees off, but as soon as you go
towards profile, there've been problems. Besides the pose variations, low-resolution
face images are also very hard to recognize. This is one of the main obstacles of face
recognition in surveillance systems.[
Face recognition is less effective if facial expressions vary. A big smile can render the
system less effective. For instance: Canada, in 2009, allowed only neutral facial
expressions in passport photos.
There is also inconstancy in the datasets used by researchers. Researchers may use
anywhere from several subjects to scores of subjects and a few hundred images to
thousands of images. It is important for researchers to make available the datasets they
used to each other, or have at least a standard dataset.
Facial recognition systems have been criticized for upholding and judging based on
a binary gender assumption. When classifying the faces of cisgender individuals into
male or female, these systems are often very accurate,however were typically confused
or unable to determine the gender identity of transgender and non-
binary people. Gender norms are being upheld by these systems, so much so that even
when shown a photo of a cisgender male with long hair, algorithms was split between
following the gender norm of males having short hair, and the masculine facial features
and became confused. This accidental misgendering of people can be very harmful for
those who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth, by disregarding and
invalidating their gender identity. This is also harmful for people who do not ascribe to
traditional and outdated gender norms, because it invalidates their gender expression,
regardless of their gender identity.
Ineffectiveness
Critics of the technology complain that the London Borough of Newham scheme has, as
of 2004, never recognized a single criminal, despite several criminals in the system's
database living in the Borough and the system has been running for several years. "Not
once, as far as the police know, has Newham's automatic face recognition system
spotted a live target.This information seems to conflict with claims that the system was
credited with a 34% reduction in crime (hence why it was rolled out to Birmingham
also).[
An experiment in 2002 by the local police department in Tampa, Florida, had similarly
disappointing results. A system at Boston's Logan Airport was shut down in 2003 after
failing to make any matches during a two-year test period.
In 2014, Facebook stated that in a standardized two-option facial recognition test, its
online system scored 97.25% accuracy, compared to the human benchmark of 97.5%.
Systems are often advertised as having accuracy near 100%; this is misleading as the
studies often use much smaller sample sizes than would be necessary for large scale
applications. Because facial recognition is not completely accurate, it creates a list of
potential matches. A human operator must then look through these potential matches
and studies show the operators pick the correct match out of the list only about half the
time. This causes the issue of targeting the wrong suspect.