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Lucid Dreams, False Awakenings: Figures o f the Fan in Kon Satoshi

Author(s): KERIN OGG
Source: Mechademia: Second A r c , 2010, Vol. 5, Fanthropologies (2010), pp. 157-174
Published by: University o f Minnesota Press

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41510962

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 Lucid Dreams,
False Awakenings:
Figures of the Fan
¡n Kon Satoshi

FATAL BUT NOT SERIOUS

“Rear Window, Strangers ona Train, Psycho—the

when in the world are you going to get serious and do something animated?”
Entertaining as the reply surely would have been, it is hard to imagine
an interviewer posing that question to Hitchcock. Mores the pity: a director
with a reputation for storyboarding and controlling his films down to the last
detail might have found a natural home in what Howard Beckerman charac-
terizes as “the least spontaneous of the arts.” 1 What we are far more likely
to see is the opposite question, one frequently put to anime director Kon Sa­
toshi, here paraphrased: “You are a critical and commercial hit in Japan and
abroad, you have world-class production capabilities and resources at hand
with Madhouse studio, and you do things with animation that challenge long-
held assumptions about the uses to which animation can and should be put.
So you’re going to start putting real people in front of the camera soon, right?”
As much as this attitude raises hackles among animation fans, it is under-
standable given lingering prejudices against animation as a serious art form,
especially in the West. There is also the unavoidable fact that most of Kon’s

QBE?

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 films have a markedly “realistic” look: the action takes place against photoreal-
istic backgrounds, movement is weighty and credible even when not perfectly
fluid, and characters as a rule have normally proportioned bodies and faces.
Kon sometimes underscores the contrast between his style and the “industry
standard,” most famously in the video store scene in Perfect Blue (1997) that
juxtaposes Kirigoe Mimas fans with the Technicolor-haired, big-eyed anime
girls seen on posters and cassette boxes.2While it is difñcult to imagine Kons
outstanding use of trompe l’oeil effects being as persuasive in live action, it is
not inconceivable, particularly given the State of modern CGI.
There may be another factor at work here, one not much remarked on
but important: the obvious interest in and fondness for live-action cinema
pervading Kons entire body of work. Even when film is not Kons main sub-
ject, his films are intimately engaged with the médium, often depicting the
filmmaking process or commenting on our relationship to the movies as both
individual viewers and participants in movie culture. Most famously, Millen-
niumActress (2001, Sennenjoyü) celebrates and reflexively critiques the golden
age of Japanese filmmaking, full of tributes to popular genres like jidaigeki,
family drama, and giant-monster films, all framed by the making of a docu-
mentary that literally and figuratively depicts actress Fujiwara Chiyoko’s “life
in the movies.”3 On a smaller scale, Kons debut work, Perfect Blue, uses the
filming of a televisión serial as the vehicle for Mimas transformation from
idol to actress, and even the relatively straightforward Tokyo Godfathers (2003)
has Gins repeated refrain that he, Hana and Miyuki are “homeless bums, not
action movie heroes.”4Most recently, Paprika (2006) opens with unambiguous
nods to Román Holiday (1953), From Russia with Love (1963), the Tarzan series,
and DeMilles The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), all found in the unconscious
mind of would-be filmmaker turned pólice detective Konakawa Toshimi.5
While these references serve a higher purpose in the film than mere wink-
ing in-jokes, it does not change the fact that they are winking in-jokes, little
love letters to all the avid movie watchers in the audience that yield a pleas-
ant frisson of recognition when we spot the reference. Kon has confirmed
his cinephilia in múltiple interviews, describing Western films as especially
influential (perhaps not surprisingly, he commonly cites Kurosawa Akira as a
favorite director).6 Tellingly, Kon describes his collaborative process with his
first screenwriting partner, Murai Sadayuki, as centered around film viewing:
“It was fun, and we ended up watching a lot of movies together, with movie
scenes and shots becoming our mutual language ”7
Given all that, it is not surprising that Kon gets asked when he will leave
the ink-and-paint ghetto and move into “real” moviemaking. But even those

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f ig u r e i. Three of Kon's "biggest fans": movie lover Paprika, anime/manga otaku
Kamei, and detective-tumed-paranoia-phile Maniwa. Top: Paprika , directed by
Kon Satoshi (Sony Pictures, 2007). Center and bottom: Paranoia Agent, directed
by Kon Satoshi (Geneon Entertainment [USA], 2004-2005).

LUCID DREAMS, FALSE AWAKENINGS 159

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 of us who pride ourselves on “knowing better” might start to wonder about
that, if we consider how animation and animation fandom are portrayed in
Kon s films. The references to his chosen médium are few and almost univer-
sally negative. Among the cast of the TV series Paranoia Agent (2004, Mósó
dairinin), for instance, is the stereotypically overweight, bespectaded otaku
Kamei Masashi, whose apartment is as crammed full of bishójo figures as his
front porch is littered with trash bags.8Kameis t-shirt pegs him as a fan of the
heavily merchandised mascot character Maromi, an analogue to Tarepanda—
in other words, another droopy little creature.9 Viewers familiar with main-
stream anime of the last decade will find direct references to Love Hiña (2000),
To Heart (1999), Battle Athletes (1997-1998, Battle asuriitesu daiundókai),
Gate Keepers (2000), and Hand Maid May (2000) among his figure collec-
tion, while nearly every póster seen depicts the Di Gi Charat (1998-present,
De Ji Kyaratto) characters created by Koge-Donbo, adopted as the heavily
merchandised mascots for the Gamers chain of anime and manga stores.
If the references in Paprika were love letters, the references in Paranoia
Agent are letter bombs, any thrill of recognition quickly short-circuited
by Kamei’s disturbing behavior. In one of his first appearances, the otaku
ignores the prostitute in his bed postorgasm to congratúlate his figure col-
lection on helping him get off. Late in the series, he appears so absorbed in
making a new model that he fails to notice he has a visitor, while his suddenly
animate figures complain that Kamei is “just a dolí” who can do nothing un-
less they are watching him. Further, while aware of an approaching catastro-
phe, these PVC princesses are powerless to intervene because “look who we
have for a master.” In a testimony to Kameis narcissism, the last figure he
finishes before being swept up in the series' apocalyptic finale is of himself.
Taken together, it is among the most damning and direct criticism Kon and
screenwriter Minakami Seishi level in the series, only slightly removed from
Dr. Chiba Atsuko’s angry denunciation of a similarly obsessive colleague in
Paprika, delivered almost straight into the camera:

You get preoccupied with what you want to do, and ignore what you have
to do. Don’t you understand that your irresponsibility cost lives? Of course
not. Nothing can get through all that fat.... If you want to be the king of
geeks (otaku no osama) with your bloated ego, then just keep up all this and
indulge in your freakish masturbation!

Animation production does not come off any better. To be sure, episode
10 of Paranoia Agent depicts the staff working on the diegetic Mellow Maromi

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 1F THE REFERENCEB IN
(Maromi madoromi) televisión series in a know-
PAPRIKA WERE LOVE
ing and sympathetic way, gently ribbing the
LETTERS, THE REFERENCES
personnel while communicating their general
IN PARANOIA A&RNT ARE
competence and professionalism. The process,
LETTER BOMBE, ANY THRIU-
on the other hand, is depicted in a fashion as
OF RECOONITION Q UIdO Y
far removed from the paeans to filmmaking in
SHORT-CIRCUITEP BY
Kons other works as couldbe imagined. Here,
KAMEP5 PI5TURBINO
animation production is essentially an assem-
BEHAVIOR.
bly line process, impersonal work rather than
an opportunity for artistic endeavor. (The only
thing the staff seems passionate about is their mutual hatred for a particu-
larly incompetent production manager.) The studio literally kills itself to get
the show on air, each staff member just finishing their task before their visit
from Paranoia Agent’s deadly stress reliever, Shónen Bat (“Shónen Batto” in
Japanese, known as “LiT Slugger” in the English dub). Throughout the epi-
sode Maromi offers helpful but bleak assessments of the various positions,
putting emphasis on stresses and ailments peculiar to each: the producer
“seems to suffer from constant stomachaches,” while the episode director is
“the most likely to end up with beard stubble ” These asides suggest that,
while the bloodbath we see is unique to the Mellow Maromi project, the hell-
ish working conditions are actually cióse to the norm.10
Anime fans might at least take solace in the fact that they are not alone:
virtually no hobby or area of interest apart from filmgoingseems to get Kons
implied stamp of approval. With few exceptions, characters whose back-
grounds inelude fannish pursuits are portrayed as deluded, childish, isolated,
irresponsible, sometimes violent, and often monstrous in appearance. Even
the Greek choruses in Perfect Blue and Paranoia Agent that critique the view-
ing/consumption habits of others pointedly refrain from examining their
own,11 which, as Susan Napier points out, have the very same disturbing im-
plications.12 It may be some coid comfort that these fan characters are more
often victims than villains (although the special quality of victimization in
Paranoia Agent problematizes this).
During a recent Q&A session at New York’s Lincoln Center, Kon com-
mented13 that he would have been considered an otaku himself during his
high school days,14 and added that he is far less critical of his modern-day
counterparts than his films might suggest.15 When we explore the apparent
contradiction that emerges in Kons works between the all-but-unquestioned
good of live-action cinephilia and the wretched excesses of any other form
of otakudom, we find a number of surprising things, chiefly a tendeney to

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 flatten expected hierarchies of artistic valué rather than support them and
a critique of hardcore fans that forces us to ask what function such negative
portrayals of otaku might ultimately serve.

RESISTANCE IS FUTILE:
WE OLL DREAM IN PANFOCUS

While Konakawas journey from cinephobe to cinephile frames Paprika, it is

the titular heroine who appears the true film fanatic, her characteristic sly-
ness giving way to unabashed enthusiasm whenever the subject of movies
comes up. A more flattering (self-)portrait of the cinephile would be hard to
imagine: clever, vivacious, physically attractive, and charming, Paprika is also
the film s central and most powerful character. If she seems to have neither
an encydopedic knowledge of film history á la Millennium Actress s Tachibana
Genya or Konakawas (disavowed) knowledge of filmmaking technique, her
love of the movies is presented as unpretentious and sincere.
Despite the repeated stress on Paprika as movie lover, her ability to
change into fictional characters and archetypes is hardly limited to film. In
fact, she makes use of specifically cinematic tropes only in connection with
Konakawa.16 At other times, she draws on a range of sources including West­
ern fairy tales (her turns as Pinocchio and the Little Mermaid), Eastern
legends (Son Gokü), and classical Greek drama (the Oedipal Sphinx). Con-
sider, too, Paprikas bravura title sequence, which has the heroine moving
merrily not through films, myths, or literary classics but through advertise-
ments and logos: the graphic on the side of a truck, billboards, the design on
a boys t-shirt, and so on. Later in the film, Paprika uses ads to navigate the
dream-besieged Tokyo. Whether leaping headlong into an actual illustration
or rendering a nonvisual source physically upon her person (as costume or
metamorphosis), Paprika engages with all media as images, with no image off
limits to her inventive repurposing. A similar point could be made apropos of
Millennium Actress: fragments of Chiyokos movies appear according to their
ability to illustrate a moment in Chiyokos narrative of her life, with personal
relevance the chief determinant of their place in her reconstruction.17 Kon
and Murai never allude to these films-within-the-films relative artistic merit
or public reception.18
Millennium Actress leaves ambiguous how much of what we see is Chi-
yoko’s metaphorized personal history and how much the plots of her films.
By contrast, the very iconicity of the "clips” in Konakawas dream makes it

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difiicult for the viewer to mistake them for actual events— although that’s ex-
actly what the detectives unconscious mind appears to have done. More precisely,
it draws no distinction between memories of real life and memories of film as
suitable raw material for dream production. In this way Paprika crystallizes
an idea that runs through all of Kon s work: modern man is saturated by and
exists through media; his mental landscape is a pastiche of movies, ancient
myths, literature, televisión programs, memes, and images. Not merely an
adjunct to human existence that we consume, stories also consume us, popu-
lating the mind and structuring our very interface with memory and reality.
Paranoia Agent explores the idea thoroughly, across múltiple characters
and episodes, but with a decidedly negative bent. Kamei is a relatively mi-
nor example; more salient cases inelude Shónen Bat-wannabe Kozuka Ma-
koto, a júnior high school videogame freak who seems to perceive his violent
assaults as one more level in his favorite game, and crooked cop Hirukawa
Masumi, whose dealings with the mob, extortion schemes, and theft are jux-
taposed ironically with the clichéd “code of honor” on display in the seinen
(adult mens) manga he reads.
And then there’s Shónen Bat, in part an urban legend come to life. The
phantom assailant made up by character designer Sagi Tsukiko gets picked
up and spread by sensationalist media, then eagerly swallowed up by a pub-
lic desperate for distraction from the pressures, mundanity, and anxieties of
everyday life. From a slightly different perspective, one alluded to by their
constant visuallinkage, Shónen Bat is also the newcharacter Sagis boss pres­
sures her to create as a follow-up to Maromi. His génesis in the first episode
subtly parodies the birth of such a character: Sagi generates an initial concept
during her interrogation by the pólice, brainstorming Shónen Bats basic ap-
pearance as she sketches (Figure 2). The mass media promote and market her
general description, and the public consumes and spreads the product. As if
testifying to Sagis skill in character creation, Shónen Bat is soon as wildly
successful as Maromi, with fan-victims piling all over Tokyo until the city—
if not the world— is in jeopardy.
Curiously, though, Kon presents Shónen Bats creation in two parts. In
the first, he has Sagi give only a rough outline of Shónen Bats appearance.
Her sketch is a faceless silhouette, and she provides just a few details to the
detectives: the assailant is a grade-schooler, he carries a metal bat and wears
golden inline skates, and so on. In the second part, other key visual qualities
like Shónen Bats dress, strange smile, and the bend in his bat are added—
but not by Sagi. Instead, the figure’s evolution from dark, featureless form
to the finalized Shónen Bat juxtaposes each new detail with an ordinary,

LUCID DREAMS, FALSE AWAKENINGS 163

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 anonymous person saying they “heard that” Sagis assailant looked like X or
does Y (Figure 3). Significantly, it is only after this scene that the viewing
audience sees Shónen Bat within the episode itself (that is, outside the open-
ing credits). The implication is that the public at large, the diegetic audience
within Paranoia Agent, is directly complicit in Shónen Bats creation, reinforc-
ing the received narrative if not actively embellishing it. Where they have
complete responsibility is in transforming Sagis ordinary (imaginary) crimi­
nal into a quasi-supernatural presence that can appear to anyone, anywhere,
at their time of greatest stress and provide relief (of a sort).
Far from being passive consumers, then, the public actively shapes and
refines the very notion of Shónen Bat, completely repurposing the figure to
fit their needs. While theres little formal difference between this appropria-
tion process and the one carried out by the leads of Millennium Actress and
Paprika, here it has apocalyptic consequences. Once again the split between
positive and negative portrayal seems to break down along film/nonfilm lines;
it also suggests the divide between Ótsuka Eiji and Azuma Hiroki s models
of media consumption in the postmodern age.19 To really get a sense of what
distinguishes one kind of fan from the other, though, let us turn to the one

f ig u r e 2. The creation process, part one: Sagi s original sketch of her assailant.
From Paranoia Agent.

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character who during the course of Paranoia Agent effectively represents both
poles: the tragicomic figure of Detective Maniwa Mitsuhiro.

I REJECT YOUR REfiLITY AND SUBSTITUTE NY

OWN: THE RISE AND FALL OF RADAR HAN

When Paranoia Agent begins, Maniwa is not notably eccentric or obsessive

about anything, although his style of investigation is markedly odd when
compared to that of grizzled veteran Ikari Keiichi. The difference emerges
readily in the Kozuka interrogation: Ikari grows frustrated with the teen
blithely going on about his favorite video game and orders him to get to the
facts, while Maniwa encourages the boy to continué, consults the game’s
strategy guide, and even assumes the guise of “Maniston the Wandering
Minstrel” to assist Kozuka in his storytelling. The rightness of this approach
is immediately apparent to viewers, since the game characters that appear

f ig u r e 3. The creation process, part two: the public embellishes/appropriates Shónen Bat. From
Paranoia Agent.

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 onscreen are thinly disguised versions of other Paranoia Agent characters. At
the end of the interrogation, Maniwa follows up on “Holy Warrior” Kozukas
insistence that “an oíd woman of the Mi Jot tribe” knows the true form of
game villain “Goma,” leading the detectives straight to the only person who
witnessed Sagi’s attack and can corrobórate Shónen Bat’s appearance.20
This openness is typical of Maniwa’s method throughout the series, its
key feature a radical receptiveness to any and all potential sources of infor-
mation, however tangential
or even nonsensical they
6 0 \Ñ & BBVOÑV HIS IMITIAt^ PETACHEP
may at first seem. At various
PROFESSIONAi. INTEREST, THE PETECTIVE
times Maniwa participates
BBCOMBS AN OFF-HOURS HO00yiST
in online forums and short-
STÜPyiHS ALL ASPECTS OF THE SHÓNEN
wave radio networks where
BAT FHBÑOMBÑOÑ, WHICH TURNS TO ALL-
Shónen Bat is a frequent
COÑSU/A\Ñ<5 O0SESSION AFTER HIS ANP
topic of conversation, draw-
IK A R I’S OÜSTER FROM THE FORCE.
ing on and contributing to
the pool of collective knowl-
edge. He comes to rely heavily on visions and dreams he experiences, where
the words and actions of a mysterious white-haired oíd man (the “Ancient
Master”) seem to hint at cosmic-scale enigmas connected to Sagi’s assailant.
In the penultimate episode, following one of the Ancient Master’s typically
elliptical clues, Maniwa thinks nothing of chasingafter one of Kamei’sbunny
girl figures when she appears before him in a shop window. All this is more
than a little reminiscent of Twin Peaks unconventional investigator Dale
Cooper, and of the tendency of both that agent and that series to engage
in what Angela Hague calis “infinite play”: the dissolving of boundaries and
rules within a game to expand the field of play and continué the game into
perpetuity.21
It is also an approach that seems to anticípate Paprika, herself more of
a “dream detective” than the “dream movie star” Konakawa suggests.22 Al-
though his repertoire is extremely limited by comparison, Maniwa can like-
wise assume costumed personas representing certain media tropes to aid in
his investigation. In addition to the aforementioned “Maniston,” he adopts
the crimson mantle of “Radar Man,” a caped superhero whose preternatural
abilities allow him to hold his own in battle with increasingly monstrous
manifestations of Shónen Bat. In their final confrontation, Radar Man
wields a literal “sword of truth” against the beast— to no avail, since Shónen
Bat swats him aside as if he were a gnat. It is an unceremonious kibosh on
what had been the detective’s moment of triumph, when he announced

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to a stunned Ikari and Sagi that Shónen Bat and Maromi are two sepárate
manifestations of Sagis disavowed andrepressedguilt over along-forgotten
childhood accident for which she refused to accept responsibility. (Phew!)
The finale of Paranoia Agent backs up Maniwas conclusions, so why does
his attack fail so spectacularly? Consider the structural similarity of this
scene to Perfect Blues climax: in both cases the mystery is ostensibly solved,
yet the phantasm that has been menacing the main character remains and
continúes its ruthless pursuit. This refusal to give up the ghost— or rather,
for the ghost to give up— at the proper time points to the inability of mere
factual truth to resolve the heroines’ psychological instabilities, e.g., simply
identifying the ringleader(s) of the real-life harassment campaign against
Mima fails to address her interior struggle to maintain her identity.23 Sagis
case is slightly different: here, the “ofificial solution” directly addresses her
neuroses and could therefore be effective, but success depends on her inter-
nalizing and accepting it as true.
Given that he all but uses the phrase “return of the repressed” to de­
scribe the Sagi/Shónen Bat/Maromi connection, that kind of laymans psy-
chology should be well within Maniwas grasp. It should be obvious to him
that neither shouting the truth at Sagi ñor charging the monster with a
“sword of truth” will work. The question is therefore not why the attack fails
but why Radar Man turns and attacks in the first place. The answer is as
simple as it is counterintuitive: this the only way he can prolong the existence
of Shónen Bat. For Maniwa is himself an otaku, identified by a Computer
network address as “otaku.mousou.para,” which we might render in any
number of ways: “otaku.delusion.paranoia,” “hardcore fan of delusion and
paranoia,” and so on. Going beyond his initial detached professional inter-
est, the detective becomes an off-hours hobbyist studying all aspects of the
Shónen Bat phenomenon, which turns to all-consuming obsession after his
and Ikaris ouster from the forcé.
The monsters appearance before him in the final episode is therefore
the culmination of all Maniwas activity. His entire existence has collapsed
down to this single point; therefore, to tackle the problem in any truly effec­
tive way would dismantle his entire world. Notice how the fear and anxiety
on exhibit during his solitary investigations immediately give way to the
smug and cocksure Maniwa of the early episodes once he finally has a chance
to reveal the fruit of his labors to an audience. In this light, even his purpose
in revealing Shónen Bat’s originbecomes ambiguous: is this apoliceman fol-
lowing his duty through to the end, or simply a show of mastery, of knowl-
edge? The second half of the series sees the increasingly unkempt Maniwa

L U C I D D R E A MS , F A LSE A W A K E N I NGS 167

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 wandering the streets with a blanket tied around his neck, the real face of
"Radar Man” and an indication of just how much the detective s self-image
depends on the existence of Shónen Bat (Figure 4). What guarantees his per-
ception of himself as dever, authoritative, and powerful is the very monster
he seeks to destroy.
Faced with the possibility of losing the object of his obsession and the
very lynchpin of his identity, Maniwa opts to leave reality behind and live
the fantasy. It is no accident that the monster does not merely absorb him,
as it does everyone else in Tokyo, but strikes him, making Maniwa Shónen
Bat s final victim. In Paranoia Agent’s concluding scene, a near mirror of the
series opener, Maniwa takes the place of his now-deceased Ancient Master
in the mysteries surrounding the self-reinforcing feedback loop of anxiety
and avoidance that culminates in the violent appearance of Shónen Bat. The
detective has all but disappeared; this newly white-haired Maniwa stares the
same blank-eyed stare as the oíd man and uses only slightly less elliptical
language. By the (dummy) preview of the next episode he is barely recogniz-
able as himself, a pathetic figure made doubly so by his promise of endless
mysteries in episodes yet to come when there are no more episodes left. The

4. Four faces of Maniwa: detective, otaku, Radar Man, and the new "Ancient Master."
f ig u r e
From Paranoia Agent.

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result of collapsing all distance between himself and his obsession is self-
annihilation.24 Radar Man’s leap is a suicidalplunge (Figure 4).

WHY DO YOU SEE THE MOE IN YOUR BROTHER’ S

EYE BUT FftIL TO NOTICE THE BEBM SABER
IN YOUR OWN?

One other rendering of “otaku.delusion.paranoia” to consider might be the

“hardcore fan of Paranoia Agent”— not much of a stretch given the almost
metafictional character of Maniwas investigation. Viewers familiar with Kon
come to the series expecting that it too will unfold in the genre of the fantas-
tic25— that is, the strange goings on will never be accounted for by exclusively
natural (uncanny) or supernatural (marvelous) explanations.26Consequently,
we identify Maniwas frenzied pursuit of both courses at once as the correct
approach, even as or perhaps because he appears increasingly unhinged. (That
just means he is getting cióse!) We share his skepticism of Ikari’s skepticism,
since Kon would never go for a purely mundane solution. “Following each
stepping stone and connecting the dots, you will find an eternally recurring
phantasmal castle”— Maniwas finalremarks, delivered straight into the cam­
era, acknowledge our identification with the detective, which by this point is
obviously somewhat uncomfortable.27
Still, he was right. Significantly, it is only after Maniwa s revelations that
Sagi’s characteristically blank expression begins to crack, the first sure sign
of her breakthrough. This is hardly a unique case: contrary to the stereotype
of the geek possessing stores of useless trivia, Kons fan characters often pro-
vide the key information, insights, and eye-opening new perspectives needed
to resolve the plot. We could point to the gossiping housewives of Tokyo God-
fathers and Paranoia Agent, or Paprikas Dr. Tokita (he of the “freakish mastur-
bation”). Who is it but Chiyokos biggest fan who presents her with the literal
key to unlock her memories?
But mobilizing those kinds of insights in other contexts requires, obvi­
ously, awareness that there are other contexts. On the surface, Paranoia Agent
would seem to suggest that what divides “good” fans from “bad” in Kons
universe is not what a person is, what he/she is a fan of, but whether or not
they remain connected to reality at large. The common thread among fans
portrayed negatively is that they use entertainment and hobbies as a way of
escaping real-world problems; they shirk their responsibilities and drop out
of the community. By contrast, Kons cinephiles never (or rarely) let the real

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 world sink below the horizon of their interests. Paprika is emblematic: her
real “superpower” is not that she can move through dreams but that she is
always aware ofbeing in one. She maintains a distance between her identity
and the poses she strikes, and that allows her to utilize a seemingly infinite
collection of myths, legends, and media tropes according to the needs of the
moment. Characters like Tachibana and (eventually) Konakawa demónstrate
that it is possible to pursue one’s fannish interests, be a fully engaged par-
ticipant in society, and stay healthy. The ideal position therefore seems be
a kind of “distanced fanning”: given that you are already saturated through
and through with fictions of all stripes, and that even the lowest of low art
may yield something useful beyond its sheer entertainment valué, feel free
to follow your passions— just do not lose yourself, and do not shut out the
real world.
If “everything in moderation” sounds like a suspect moral from a direc­
tor so given to collapsing the reality/fantasy barrier in ever more spectacular
and bombastic ways, it should. While Kons cinephiles appear uniquely able
to strike a responsible balance between their hobby and “real life,” they are
also uniquely prone to small gestures of shame and embarrassment when
they’re “found out” as film fans. They only appear completely at ease with
that side of themselves when they have symbolically withdrawn from the
public sphere. It is as if acknowledging that they really ought to be ashamed
of their deep interest in film is the price for not being lumped in with the
likes of Kamei— and that possibility is not far off. If guilt-free access to en-
joyment in general is the price of admission to “reality”— that is, socially
constructed reality, the intersubjective network in which we exist, Lacan’s
“symbolic order”/”big Other”— then the ability to “fan freely” is likewise
sacrificed. The seeming exception to the rule, Paprika, only bolsters it fur-
ther: her near-confinement to dreams and nonidentical relationship to her
waking-world counterpart Atsuko (a split subject if there ever was one) all
but confirms her brand of unashamed, blissful immersion in her pursuits is
impossible in the real world.
Perhaps this is why Atsuko claims she herself is unable to dream: Papri-
ka’s infinite pleasure comes at the other womans expense. In Kons films and
elsewhere, the hardcore otaku functions a kind of “other of the Other,” one
who finds complete fulfillment precisely by draining us of our rightful plea­
sure. Refusing to abide by the un/written rules the rest of us live by, this
figure also causes all manner of social ills. If this all sounds like a roundabout
way of saying “the otaku is a scapegoat,” that is because it is: the other of the
Other conceals the flaws and structural deadlocks inherent in the system that

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actually frústrate our desires. Rather than a real impediment to a smoothly
functioning social order, it is a structurally necessary fantasy without which
this “reality” would collapse.28
The tendency of Kons plots to hinge on knowl-
1F “ EVER/THINS IN
edge only otaku could produce/synthesize might
MOPERATION” BOUNPB
therefore be understood as indicating these blind
UKE A SÜSPBCT MORAL-
spots in the social edifice, mirroring Azumas point
FROM A PIRECTOR SO
that, while otaku may not be more self-consciously
<5\VEN TO COUUAPSme
aware of shifts and changes in the zeitgeist, they do
THE REAWTy/FAMTASy
“most sensitively [register]” them.29 Moreover, Kon
BARRIER IN EVER MORE
deploys the straw-otaku in such a way that every
SPECTACÜUAR ANP
pathology attributed to the stereotype is ultimately
BOMBASTIC WAyS,
revealed as commonplace. By not rehabilitating
IT SHOÜUP.
or fully humanizing the otaku, the director all the
more effectively dismantles the last defense of the ------------------------------ ^
nonfanboy audience against critical analyses of their own position (namely,
“but I’m still not as bad as those [insert stereotypical trait] otaku . . .”)• And
given Kons basic premise that our minds are always already saturatedby fic-
tions of all stripes, and that every one of us consciously and unconsciously
uses those memes and tropes, it is hard not to see the danger of such an un-
reflective spectatorship.

WE HAVE NET THE ENEMY, AND HE IS OTAKU US

If there is a more pathetic sight than the underlying reality of Radar Man, it
is the helplessness of the ordinary Tokyoites swallowed up by the Shónen Bat
monster— that is, by their own creation. Repeating Paranoia Agent’s open-
ing scene at the end of the series underscores who’s really responsible for
bringing the apocalypse down on everyones heads . . . and their continued
obliviousness to it. Kon shows the world post-Shónen Bat to be virtually un-
changed: people still run from responsibility, find ways to isolate themselves
even in overcrowded railcars, and distract themselves with the Maromi-like
Konya the cat. As an assessment of society as a whole, it is bleak, but for that
very reason animation fans may find something to grin about as a girl taps
out a text message reading “What? That’s an animation, right? Cant we see
something more like a normal movie?” It is a rare vindication of the médium
from Kon, a small encouragement for otaku, and perhaps a sign that those
who take their entertainment more seriously than most have a leg up.

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 Notes
1. Howard Beckerman, Animation: The Whole Story, 2nd ed. (New York: Allworth,
2003), 152.
2. PerfectBlue, dir. Kon Satoshi (1998); subtitled DVD (Manga Entertainment, 2000).
3. Sennenjoyü, dir. Kon Satoshi (2001); translated as Millennium Actress, subtitled
DVD (DreamWorks Video, 2003).
4. Tokyo Godfathers, dir. Kon Satoshi (2003); subtitled DVD (Sony Pictures, 2004).
5. Paprika, dir. Kon Satoshi (2006); subtitled DVD (Sony Pictures, 2007).
6. Kon Satoshi, “Comments from Interview with DreamWorks DVD Producer,”
Millennium Actress (official Web site), http://www.millenniumactress-themovie.com
(accessed April 18, 2005). The site is no longer available, but this and other press kit
materials are widely available online. See http://www.dvdvisionjapan.com/actress2.html
(accessed 5 January 2009).
7. Kon Satoshi, “Interview with Kon Satoshi, Director of Perfect Blue,” Perfect Blue
(official Web site), http://www.perfectblue.com/interview.html, September 4,1998
(accessed April 18, 2005).
8. Mósó dairinin, dir. Kon Satoshi (2004); translated as Paranoia Agent, four subtitled
DVDs (Geneon Entertainment [USA], 2004-2005).
9. Tarepanda is a character created by Suemasa Hikaru and licensed by San-X. As the
ñame implies, Tarepanda is “lazy,” “droopy,” or “slouched” in appearance. The characters
incredible popularity on its introduction in 1995 has been linked to anxieties over the
Asian financial crisis of 1997. In the words o f Soné Kenji o f San-X, “Many office workers
felt exhausted thinking about the dark cloud hanging over the economy, which had grown
unhindered until that time. I guess they saw a little bit of themselves in the worn-out
panda character, so they were sympathetic toward it.” See Hamashima Takuya, “Stressed
out? You Need ‘Virtual HealingT Yomiuri Shimbun, November 27,1999, 7.
10. For a sense of the actual working conditions on Paranoia Agent, see the “Paranoia
Radio” roundtable discussion between Kon, Minakami, and Toyoda Satoki on Paranoia
Agent DVD, volume 4.
11. A group of schoolboys in Paranoia Agent, for instance, seem perceptive enough
to grasp that the hand-wringing over violent video games is overblown and mock anyone
who can t distinguish between games and reality as a “loser.” Within the same episode,
however, the trio eagerly trade the latest rumors about Shónen Bat, helping to spread the
phenomenon.
12. Susan Napier, “‘Excuse Me, Who Are You?’ Performance, the Gaze, and the Female
in the Works of Kon Satoshi,” in Cinema Anime, ed. Steven T. Brown (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2006), 32.
13. Kon Satoshi, “Conversation with Satoshi Kon” (discussion with Q&A, Film Society
o f Lincoln Center, New York, June 27, 2008). From notes taken by author (no transcript
available).
14. In his profile for the Japan Media Arts Plaza, Kon mentions a particular fondness
at the time for manga by Katsuhiro Otomo, the “comic new wave” and girls’ (shójo) manga.
He daims to have been reading the latter “all the time,” adding, “I devoured everything

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from Sh[ü]eisha and any other publishersKon Satoshi, “2001 Japan Media Arts Festival
Animation División Grand Prize Millenial [sic] Actress,” Japan Media Arts Plaza, http://
plaza.bunka.go.jp/english/festival/2001/animation/000372/ (accessed April 18, 2005).
15. In another interview, the director cites film, animation, and video games as legití­
mate ways of dealing with pent-up frustrations, adding, “To say sports are the only healthy
way to release stress is a form o f discrimination.” Kon Satoshi, “Interview with Satoshi
Kon,” Gamestar, http://www.gamestar.com/ll_04/pause/pause_disc_satoshikon.shtml,
2004 (accessed October 23, 2006).
16. This ought to give us pause. Like her waking-world double Dr. Chiba, Paprika is a
psychoanalyst of sorts, and her current case involves a client who “dreams in pan-focus”
but exhibits a visceral discomfort with movies. Having discovered this telling contradic-
tion and resistance, is she exaggerating her fondness for film in an effort to unearth a
repressed trauma? The film begins with Konakawas cinematized dream, i.e., with Paprikas
analysis already underway, and closes with the detective purchasing tickets to a movie,
so there is no neutral point outside this are when Paprika might declare a love of film and
remove all doubt. Nothing in the film directly suggests she’s being disingenuous, and I per-
sonally find it difficult to view it all as a cynical pose, but it’s an interesting possibility.
17. Murai: “I wanted to intertwine fragments of Japanese history with the story of
[Chiyokos] life. In terms of craftsmanship, I wrote the screenplay underscoring the fact
that she is the one telling the story. In other words, what she is telling is more significant
than how the actual events took place.” Kon Satoshi and Murai Sadayuki, “A Conversation
with the Filmmakers,” Millennium Actress (official Web site), http://www.miUenniumactress-
themovie.com (accessed April 18, 2005). This official site is no longer available, but this
and other press kit materials are widely available online. See http://www.dvdvisionjapan.
com/actress.html (accessed January 5, 2009).
18. The Chiyoko: Millennial Actress Special Edition guidebook is similarly mum about
the artistic qualities of Chiyokos films but does sometimes note commercial success. Mad-
house, Chiyoko: Millennial Actress Special Edition (Tokyo: Kawade Shobo Shinsha, 2002).
19. Azuma succinctly describes both in “The Animalization of Otaku Culture,” Mecha-
demia 2 (2007): 175-87; see also Azumas Otaku: Japan s DataBase Animáis, (Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 2009), particularly 29-54. The simultaneous spread of
Maromi and Shónen Bat is oddly similar to the proliferation of characters resembling Rei
Ayanami post-Evangelion as described by Azuma in Otaku, (49-53), although it would be
difficult to discern a shared “moe-element” between Kons characters.
20. Perhaps not coincidentally, the first suggestion that the oíd woman may be a
valuable witness comes from Kamei.
21. Angela Hague, “Infinite Games: The Derationalization of Detection,” in Full o f
Secrets: Critical Approaches to Twin Peaks, ed. David Lavery (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State
University Press, 1995), 130.
22. Kon also depiets both Maniwa and Paprika falling headlong through a blue sky
toward earth, the former in the Paranoia Agent opening and the latter when she enters
Himuros dream to rescue Tokita. The difference between Paprikas controlled descent and
Maniwa laughing madly is telling, however . . .
23. In this way Kon thoroughly subverts the usual workings of the mystery genre,
in which the “official solution” papers over the underlying libidinal economy connected to

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 the crime— henee perhaps the odd feeling at the end of Perfect Blue that Mima really has
gotten away with murder. See Slavoj Zizek, LookingAwry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan
through Popular Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: M IT Press, 1991), 57-59. A case could easily be
made, using Zizek’s distinction between the two major genres of detective story, that
Perfect Blue is more a hardboiled than a classical mystery.
24. See also Mimas stalker Uchida, who goes by the Online handle “Me-Mania”
and vaguely resembles Mima with his long hair; likewise Rumi, particularly at the end
of the film.
25. And Kon is aware of his audience’s expectations: “I think blurring the lines of
reality and fantasy is an interesting technique. Since using it in my debut piece Perfect
Blue, many fans seem to enjoy it, so now I deliberately choose to use it.” “Interview with
Satoshi Kon,” Gamestar.
26. Diane Stevenson, “Family Romance, Family Violence, and the Fantastic in Twin
Peaks,” in Pulí ofSecrets: Critical Approaches to Twin Peaks, ed. David Lavery (Detroit, Mich.:
Wayne State University Press, 1995), 70.
27. One final key direct address worth noting: every episode o f Paranoia Agent ends
with the image o f an enormous Maromi staring straight at the viewer. The spot where
Maromi sits is exactly where Shónen Bat stands in the opening; the droopy dog is ringed
by the bodies o f the main cast, arranged in a question mark, with Maniwa as its tail and
dot— and pointed straight at the viewer.
28. Zizek, LookingAwry, 18-19. Zizek often cites the figure of “the Jew” in pre-World
War II Germany, or radical Islam in the United States post-9/11. In anime, there may be no
more clear-cut example than Revolutionary Girl Utena's (1997, Shójo kakumei Utena) Hime-
miya Anthy: as the Rose Bride/Witch, she obscures the contradictions and traps inherent
in the figure o f “the Prince” and bears all the anger and abuse that results from desires
frustrated by traditional models of opposite-sex romance. (Meanwhile, Utena and Anthy’s
road race to freedom in the film versión [Shójo kakumei Utena: Adóresensu mokushiroku,
1999, Revolutionary Girl Utena: Adolescente Apocálypse] is as on-point an illustration of the
Lacanian “act” as yourelikely to find in animation.)
29. Azuma, “The Animalizaton of Otaku Culture,” 184.

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