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Schur - Zassenhaus Theorem: Schur's Theorem Says If The Set of Positive Integers (N) Is Finitely Coloured

1. The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem states that if G is a finite group and N is a normal subgroup whose order is coprime to the order of the quotient group G/N, then G is the internal semi-direct product of N and G/N. 2. Zassenhaus introduced the theory in 1958 and proved the existence of a complement, while also proving that all complements are conjugate under the assumption that N or G/N is solvable. 3. The theorem is important as it partially answers how to classify groups based on their composition factors when the orders are coprime.

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133 views6 pages

Schur - Zassenhaus Theorem: Schur's Theorem Says If The Set of Positive Integers (N) Is Finitely Coloured

1. The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem states that if G is a finite group and N is a normal subgroup whose order is coprime to the order of the quotient group G/N, then G is the internal semi-direct product of N and G/N. 2. Zassenhaus introduced the theory in 1958 and proved the existence of a complement, while also proving that all complements are conjugate under the assumption that N or G/N is solvable. 3. The theorem is important as it partially answers how to classify groups based on their composition factors when the orders are coprime.

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Schur _ Zassenhaus Theorem

Schur's Theorem says If the set of positive integers (N) is finitely coloured
then there exist (x,y,z) having the same colour such that

X + y= z

X+Y
C1 C2 C3 CR
X Y

An colouring of N a monochromatic (x , y , x+y)

A triple x,y,z that satisfies x+y=z is called a Schur triple.

The Ramsey number R(s,t) is the minimum number n for which any edge
2-coloring of Kn, a complete graph on n vertices, in red and blue contains
a red Ks or a blue Kt.

The Ramsey number R(s1,s2,…,sr) is the minimum number n for which


any edge r_colouring of Kn, a complete graph on n vertices, contains an i-
monochromatic Ksi, for some i ∈ [1,r].

The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem is a theorem in group theory which


states that if G is a finite group, and N is a normal subgroup whose order
is coprime to the order of the quotient group G / N , then G is a semi
direct product (or split extension) of N and G / N .

An alternative statement of the theorem is that any normal Hall subgroup


N of a finite group G has a complement in G . Moreover if either N or G /
N is solvable then the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem also states that all
complements of N in G are conjugate. The assumption that either N or G
/ N is solvable can be dropped as it is always satisfied, but all known
proofs of this require the use of the much harder Feit–Thompson
theorem.

Importance of this Theorem:

The Schur–Zassenhaus theorem at least partially answers the question:


"In a composition series, how can we classify groups with a certain set of
composition factors?" The other part, which is where the composition
factors do not have coprime orders, is tackled in extension theory.

The first important result that we shall consider deals with the general
issue of “splitting.” The problem is this: given a group G and G ▹ M, does
there exist a subgroup N ≤ G such that G =M N, and M∩N={e}? In this case
we see that G is represented as an internal semi direct product of M and
N. Clearly, such a representation is not always possible for a given normal
subgroup. Indeed, in the group Q8, if Q8 ▹ M is any subgroup of order 4,
then it is impossible to find a complementary subgroup N of order 2 with
Q8 = MN. However, if G is a finite group and if M is a normal π-Hall
subgroup, then a splitting is always possible. While this is true in general
(proof using group cohomology), we will be content to prove it in case G
is solvable.
History of this Theorem:

Zassenhaus Introduced the theory in 1958, Theorem 25, which he credits


to Issai Schur, proves the existence of a complement, and theorem 27
proves that all complements are conjugate under the assumption that N
or G/N is solvable. Zassenhaus pointed out that the Schur–Zassenhaus
theorem for non-solvable groups would follow if all groups of odd order
are solvable, which was later proved by Feit and Thompson.

Example – Theorem:
An example where the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem does apply is the
symmetric group on 3 symbols, S3, , which has a normal subgroup of
order 3 (isomorphic with C3) which in turn has index 2 in S3 (in
agreement with the theorem of Lagrange), so S3 / C3 ≈ C2 .
Since 2 and 3 are relatively prime, the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem applies
and S3 ≈ C3 × C2 .
Note that the automorphism group of C3 is C2 and the automorphism of
C3 used in the semi direct product that gives rise to S3 is the non-trivial
automorphism that permutes the two non-identity elements of C3 .
Furthermore, the three subgroups of order 2 in S3 (any of which can
serve as a complement to C3 in S3 ) are conjugate to each other.

1. By induction on the order of G, we can assume that it is true for


any smaller group.
2. If H is abelian, then the existence of a complement follows from the
fact that the cohomology group H2(G/H,H) vanishes (as H and G/H
have coprime orders) and the fact that all complements are
conjugate follows from the vanishing of H1(G/H,H).
3. If H is solvable, it has a nontrivial abelian subgroup A that is
characteristic in H and therefore normal in G. Applying the Schur–
Zassenhaus theorem to G/A reduces the proof to the case when
H=A is abelian which has been done in the previous step.
4. If the normalizer N=NG(P) of every p-Sylow subgroup P of H is equal
to G, then H is nilpotent, and in particular solvable, so the theorem
follows by the previous step.
5. If the normalizer N=NG(P) of some p-Sylow subgroup P of H is
smaller than G, then by induction the Schur–Zassenhaus theorem
holds for N, and a complement of N∩H in N is a complement for H in
G because G=NH.

Special case of Schur-Zassenhaus theorem

The theorem of Schur-Zassenhaus says that

if G is a finite group, and H is a normal subgroup, such that |H| and |G/H|
are relatively prime, then G contains a subgroup K of order equal to
|G/H|.

(this subgroup K will then be obviously a complement of H, i.e. K∩H=1)

If we see the proof, then the non-trivial part comes in the case when H

is abelian.

Suppose we put one more extra condition: H

is central in G. Then is it easy to prove the theorem without


(co)homological methods? Putting this a a question:
Let G be a finite group and H be a subgroup in center of G such that
|H| and |G/H| are co-prime. Then prove that G contains a subgroup
of order equal to |G/H|.

Burnside's normal complement theorem states that if a Sylow p-


subgroup is central in its normalizer, then it has a normal
complement. This result can be proven with transfer.

References:

 Gaschütz, Wolfgang (1952), "Zur Erweiterungstheorie der endlichen


Gruppen", J. Reine Angew. Math., 190: 93–107,
doi:10.1515/crll.1952.190.93, MR 0051226

 Rose, John S. (1978). A Course on Group Theory. Cambridge-New


York-Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21409-2.
MR 0498810.

 Isaacs, I. Martin (2008). Finite Group Theory. Graduate Studies in


Mathematics. 92. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
doi:10.1090/gsm/092. ISBN 978-0-8218-4344-4. MR 2426855.

 Kurzweil, Hans; Stellmacher, Bernd (2004). The Theory of Finite


Groups: An Introduction. Universitext. New York: Springer-Verlag.
doi:10.1007/b97433. ISBN 0-387-40510-0. MR 2014408.
 Humphreys, James E. (1996). A Course in Group Theory. Oxford
Science Publications. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-853459-0. MR 1420410.

 Schur, Issai (1904). "Über die Darstellung der endlichen Gruppen


durch gebrochen lineare Substitutionen". Journal für die reine und
angewandte Mathematik. 127: 20–50.

 Schur, Issai (1907). "Untersuchungen über die Darstellung der


endlichen Gruppen durch gebrochene lineare Substitutionen".
Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. 132: 85–137.

 Witt, Ernst (1998), Kersten, Ina (ed.), Collected papers.


Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag,
doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41970-6, ISBN 978-3-540-57061-5, MR 1643949

*****

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