Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-33 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and
temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the
mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
P
u1 = 214.07 kJ / kg 3
T1 = 300 K 
→
vr 1 = 621.2
750 kJ/kg 4
v 1 1
= 2 v r1 = v r1 = (621.2 ) = 77.65
2
v r2 1
v1 r 8
T2 = 673.1K v

→
u 2 = 491.2kJ/kg
P2 v 2 P1v1 v T  673.1K 
= → P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8)
  (95kPa ) = 1705kPa
T2 T1 v 2 T1  300K 
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
T3 = 1539 K
q23,in = u 3 − u2 
→ u 3 = u2 + q23,in = 491.2 + 750 = 1241.2 kJ / kg 
→
vr 3 = 6.588

P3 v3 P2 v 2 T  1539K 
= → P3 = 3 P2 = 
  (1705kPa ) = 3898kPa
T3 T2 T2  673.1K 
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v1 T4 = 774.5K
v r4 = v r3 = rv r3 = (8)(6.588) = 52.70 
→
v2 u 4 = 571.69kJ/kg

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

qout = u 4 − u1 = 571.69 − 214.07 = 357.62 kJ / kg

wnet ,out = qin − qout = 750 − 357.62 = 392.38 kJ / kg

w net,out 392.38kJ/kg
(c) η th = = = 52.3%
q in 750kJ/kg

RT1 (0.287kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K) (300K)

(d) v1 = = = 0.906m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out 392.38kJ/kg  kPa ⋅ m 3 
MEP = = =   = 495.0kPa
v1 − v 2 v1 (1 − 1 / r ) (0.906m 3 /kg) (1 − 1/8)  kJ 

8-34 EES solution of this (and other comprehensive problems designated with the computer icon) is
available to instructors at the Instructor Manual section of the Online Learning Center (OLC) at
www.mhhe.com/cengel-boles. See the Preface for access information.

8-13
 Chapter 9 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

9-16 A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of the
steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.83 kJ/kg
T
v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
3
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) 10 MPa
 1 kJ 
( )
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa )
 1 kPa ⋅ m 3

 2
qin
 
= 10.09kJ/kg
10 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.83 + 10.09 = 201.92 kJ/kg 1 4
qout
P3 = 10 MPa  h3 = 3373.7 kJ/kg s

T3 = 500 °C  s 3 = 6.5966 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa  s 4 − s f 6.5966 − 0.6493
 x4 = = = 0.793
s 4 = s3  s fg 7.5009
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.83 + (0.793)(2392.8) = 2089.3 kJ/kg

(b) qin = h3 − h2 = 3373.7 − 201.92 = 3171.78 kJ / kg

qout = h4 − h1 = 2089.3 − 191.83 = 1897.47 kJ / kg
wnet = qin − qout = 3171.78 − 1897.47 = 1274.31 kJ / kg

and
wnet 1274.31 kJ / kg
η th = = = 40.2%
qin 3171.78 kJ / kg

W& net 210,000kJ/s

(c) m& = = = 165 kg/s
wnet 1274.31kJ/kg

9-6
 Chapter 9 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

9-17 A steam power plant that operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of
the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
T
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.83 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
3
10 MPa
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p qin
2
( )  1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (10,000 − 10 kPa )
 1 kPa ⋅ m 3

 / (0.85)

2s

= 11.87 kJ/kg   10 kPa

1 4s 4
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.83 + 11.87 = 203.70 kJ/kg qout

s
P3 = 10 MPa  h3 = 3373.7 kJ/kg

T3 = 500 °C  s 3 = 6.5966 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 s = 10 kPa  s 4 s − s f 6.5966 − 0.6493
 x4s = = = 0.793
s 4s = s3  s fg 7.5009
h4 s = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.83 + (0.793)(2392.8) = 2089.3 kJ/kg
h3 − h4
ηT = → h4 = h3 − ηT (h3 − h4 s )

h3 − h4 s
= 3373.7 − (0.85)(3373.7 − 2089.3) = 2281.96 kJ/kg
P4 = 10 kPa 
 x 4 = 0.874
h4 = 2281.96 kJ/kg 

(b) qin = h3 − h2 = 3373.7 − 203.70 = 3170.0 kJ / kg

qout = h4 − h1 = 2281.96 − 191.83 = 209013
. kJ / kg
wnet = qin − qout = 3170.0 − 209013
. = 1079.87 kJ / kg

and
wnet 1079.87 kJ / kg
η th = = = 34.1%
qin 3170.0 kJ / kg

W& net 210,000 kJ / s

(c) &=
m = = 194.5 kg / s
wnet 1079.87 kJ / kg

9-7
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-35 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and
temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the
mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg· K, Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg· K, and
k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. P
k −1 3
v 
T2 = T1  1  = (300K )(8)
0.4
= 689K
 v2  750 kJ/kg 4
2
P2 v 2 P1v1 v T  689K 
= → P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8)
  (95kPa ) = 1745kPa 1
T2 T1 v 2 T1  300K  v
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
q 23,in = u 3 − u 2 = C v (T3 − T2 )
750kJ/kg = (0.718kJ/kg ⋅ K )(T3 − 689 ) K
T3 = 1734K

P3 v3 P2 v 2 T  1734K 
= → P3 = 3 P2 = 
  (1745kPa ) = 4392kPa
T3 T2 T2  689K 
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
k −1 0.4
v  1
T4 = T3  3  = (1734K )  = 755K
 v4  8

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

q out = u 4 − u1 = C v (T4 − T1 ) = (0.718kJ/kg ⋅ K )(755 − 300) K = 327kJ/kg

wnet,out = q in − q out = 750 − 327 = 423kJ/kg

wnet,out 423 kJ / kg
(c) η th = = = 56.4%
qin 750 kJ / kg

RT1 (0.287kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K ) (300K )

(d) v1 = = = 0.906m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out 423kJ/kg  kPa ⋅ m 3 
MEP = = =   = 534kPa
v1 − v 2 v1 (1 − 1 / r ) (0.906m 3 /kg) (1 − 1/8)  kJ 


8-14
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-38 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The amount of heat
transferred to the air during the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the thermal efficiency of a
Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. P
1340 K
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17. 3

Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. qin 4

u1 = 214.07 kJ / kg 2
qout
T1 = 300 K æ
æÆ 1 300 K
vr 1 = 621.2
v
v 1 1
v r2 = 2 v r2 = v r2 = (621.2 ) = 77.65 
→ u 2 = 491.44 kJ/kg
v1 r 8

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

u 3 = 10.58.94 kJ/kg
T3 = 1340 K 
→
v r3 = 10.247
q in = u 3 − u 2 = (1058.94 − 491.44) kJ/kg = 567.5 kJ/kg

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v4
v r4 = v r = rv r3 = (8)(10.247 ) = 81.98 
→ u 4 = 480.82 kJ/kg
v3 3

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

q out = u 4 − u1 = 480.82 − 214.07 = 266.75 kJ/kg

q out 266.75 kJ/kg

η th = 1 − = 1− = 53%
q in 567.5 kJ/kg

TH 300 K
(c) η th ,C = 1 − = 1− = 77.6%
TL 1340 K

8-18
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-69 A simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 10. The air
temperature at the compressor exit, the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17. T
Analysis (a) Noting that process 1-2 is isentropic,
1120 K 3
h1 = 290.16 kJ/ kg qin
T1 = 290 K æ
æÆ
Pr 1 = 1.2311 2
4
P2 T2 = 555.6 K
Pr2 = Pr1 = (10)(1.2311) = 12.311 
→ 290 K 1 qout
P1 h 2 = 561.06 kJ/kg s
(b) Process 3-4 is isentropic, and thus
h3 = 1184.28 kJ/kg
T3 = 1120 K 
→
Pr3 = 179.7
P4 1
Pr 4 = Pr3 =  (179.7 ) = 17.97  → h4 = 624.19 kJ/kg
P3  10 
wC ,in = h 2 − h1 = 561.06 − 290.16 = 270.9 kJ/kg
wT ,out = h3 − h4 = 1184.28 − 624.19 = 560.09 kJ/kg

Then the back-work ratio becomes

wC , in 270.9 kJ / kg
rbw = = = 48.4%
wT , out 560.09 kJ / kg

(c) qin = h3 - h2 = 1184.28 - 561.06 = 623.22 kJ/ kg

w net ,out = wT , out - wC , in = 560.09 - 270.9 = 289.19 kJ/ kg
w net ,out 289.19 kJ/ kg
h th = = = 46.4%
qin 623.22 kJ / kg

8-36
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-70 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a
pressure ratio of 8. The air temperature at the turbine exit, the net work output, and the thermal efficiency
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Noting that process 1-2s is isentropic,
h1 = 310.24 kJ / kg
T1 = 310 K 
→
Pr1 = 1.5546

P2
Pr2 = Pr = (8)(1.5546) = 12.44 
→ h 2 s = 562.58 kJ/kg and T2 s = 557.25 K
P1 1
h 2 s − h1 h − h1
ηC = 
→ h2 = h1 + 2 s
h 2 − h1 ηC
562.58 − 310.24
= 310.24 + = 646.7 kJ/kg
0.75
h3 = 1230.92kJ/kg
T3 = 1160K 
→
Pr3 = 207.2
P4 1
Pr4 = Pr =  (207.2 ) = 25.90  → h 4 s = 692.19 kJ/kg and T4 s = 680.3 K
P3 3  8 
h − h4 T
ηT = 3 → h 4 = h3 − η T (h3 − h4 s )
h3 − h 4 s
= 1230.92 − (0.82)(1230.92 − 692.19 ) 1160 K 3
qin
= 789.16kJ/kg
2
2s
Thus, T4 = 770.1 K
4s 4
(b) q in = h3 − h 2 = 1230.92 − 646.7 = 584.2kJ/kg 310 K 1 qout
s
q out = h 4 − h1 = 789.16 − 310.24 = 478.92kJ/kg
wnet ,out = win − wout = 584.2 − 478.92 = 105.3kJ/kg

wnet ,out 105.3kJ/kg

(c) η th = = = 18.0%
q in 584.2kJ/kg

8-71 EES solution of this (and other comprehensive problems designated with the computer icon) is
available to instructors at the Instructor Manual section of the Online Learning Center (OLC) at
www.mhhe.com/cengel-boles. See the Preface for access information.

8-37
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-73 A gas turbine power plant that operates on the simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has a
specified pressure ratio. The required mass flow rate of air is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg· K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Using the isentropic relations,
(k −1) / k
P 
= T1  2  = (300 K )(12 )
0.4/1.4
T2 s = 610.2 K
 P1 
(k −1) / k 0.4/1.4
P  1
T4 s = T3  4 
 = (1000 K )  = 491.7 K
 P3   12 
w s ,C ,in = h 2 s − h1 = C p (T2 s − T1 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(610.2 − 300) K = 311.75 kJ/kg
w s ,T ,out = h3 − h 4 s = C p (T3 − T4 s ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1000 − 491.7) K = 510.84 kJ/kg
w s , net ,out = w s,T ,out − w s,C ,in = 510.84 − 311.75 = 199.09 kJ/kg

W& net ,out 90,000 kJ/s

m& s = = = 452.1 kg/s
w s , net ,out 199.09 kJ/kg
T
(b) The net work output is determined to be
1000 K 3
wa , net , out = w a ,T ,out − w a ,C ,in = η T w s,T ,out − w s ,C ,in / η C
= (0.80 )(510.84 ) − 311.75 0.80 = 18.98kJ/kg 2
2s
W& net , out 90,000 kJ/s
m& a = = = 4742 kg/s 300 K 1
4s 4
wa , net ,out 18.98 kJ/kg
s

8-39
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-74 A stationary gas-turbine power plant operates on a simple ideal Brayton cycle with air as the working
fluid. The power delivered by this plant is to be determined assuming constant and variable specific heats.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas.
Analysis (a) Assuming constant specific heats, T

(k −1) / k 3
P  1100 K
T2 s = T1  2  = (290K )(8)0.4/1.4 = 525.3K qin
 P1 
2
(k −1) / k 0.4/1.4
P  1
= (1100K ) 
4
T4 s = T3  4 
 = 607.2 K 290 K 1
8 qout
 P3  s
q out C p (T4 − T1 )
T −T 607.2 − 290
η th = 1 − = 1− = 1− 4 1 = 1− = 0.448
q in C p (T3 − T2 ) T3 − T2 1100 − 525.3

W& net ,out = η T Q& in = (0.448)(35,000 kW ) = 15,680 kW

(b) Assuming variable specific heats (Table A-17),

h1 = 290.16 kJ/kg
T1 = 290 K 
→
Pr1 = 1.2311
P2
Pr2 = Pr = (8)(1.2311) = 9.8488 
→ h2 = 526.12 kJ/kg
P1 1
h3 = 1161.07 kJ/kg
T3 = 1100 K 
→
Pr3 = 167.1
P4 1
Pr4 = Pr =  (167.1) = 20.89  → h 4 = 651.37 kJ/kg
P3 3  8 
q h − h1 651.37 − 290.16
η th = 1 − out == 1 − 4 = 1− = 0.431
q in h3 − h 2 1161.07 − 526.11
W& net ,out = η T Q& in = (0.431)(35,000 kW ) = 15,085 kW

8-40
 Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles

8-75 An actual gas-turbine power plant operates at specified conditions. The fraction of the turbine work
output used to drive the compressor and the thermal efficiency are to be determined. √
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable.
3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17. T
Analysis (a) Using the isentropic relations,
3
950 kJ/kg
T1 = 300 K 
→ h1 = 300.19 kJ / kg
2
580 K 2s
T2 = 580 K 
→ h2 = 586.04 kJ / kg
4s 4
P2 700 300 K 1
rp = = =7 s
P1 100

q in = h3 − h2 
→ h3 = 950 + 586.04 = 1536.04kJ/kg

→ Pr3 = 474.11

P4 1
Pr4 = Pr3 =   (474.11) = 67.73 
→ h4 s = 905.83kJ/kg
P3 7
wC ,in = h2 − h1 = 586.04 − 300.19 = 285.85kJ/kg
wT ,out = ηT (h3 − h4 s ) = (0.86 )(1536.04 − 905.83) = 542.0kJ/kg

wC, in 285.85 kJ / kg
Thus, rbw = = = 52.7%
wT , out 542.0 kJ / kg

(b) wnet .out = wT , out − wC, in = 542.0 − 285.85 = 256.15 kJ / kg

w net ,out 256.15 kJ / kg
η th = = = 27.0%
qin 950 kJ / kg

8-41
 Chapter 9 Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

9-15 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the net power output of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 50 kPa = 340.49 kJ/kg T
3
v1 = v f @ 50 kPa = 0.001030 m /kg
3

w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 )
3 MPa
 1 kJ 
( )
qin
= 0.001030 m 3 /kg (3000 − 50 ) kPa   2
 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 
= 3.04 kJ/kg   50 kPa
1 4
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 340.49 + 3.04 = 343.53 kJ/kg qout
s
P3 = 3 MPa  h3 = 3230.9 kJ/kg

T3 = 400 °C  s 3 = 6.9212 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 50 kPa  s 4 − s f 6.9212 − 1.0910
 x4 = = = 0.8966
s4 = s3  s fg 6.5029
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 340.49 + (0.8966)(2305.4 )
= 2407.5 kJ/kg
Thus,
qin = h3 − h2 = 3230.9 − 343.53 = 2887.37 kJ / kg
qout = h4 − h1 = 2407.5 − 340.49 = 2067.01 kJ / kg
wnet = qin − qout = 2887.37 − 2067.01 = 820.36 kJ / kg
and
qout 2067.01
η th = 1 − =1− = 28.4%
qin 2887.73

(b) W& net = m& wnet = (60 kg/s )(820.36 kJ/kg ) = 49.2 MW

9-5