NATIONAL HIGHWAYS & INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LTD.

FINAL DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

SUDHMAHADEV - DRANGA TUNNEL
CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR
PREPERATION OF DETAILED
PROJECT REPORT AND PROVIDING
PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN
RESPECT OF THE FOLLOWING
STRETCH ON NH-244 (OLD NH-1B) IN
THE STATE OF JAMMU AND
KASHMIR.

(1) SUDHMAHADEV- DRANGA

TUNNEL OF APPROX. LENGTH 4.5
KM AND ITS APPROACH ROAD ON
CHENANI - SUDHMAHADEV-
GOHA ROAD PORTION.

(2) VAILOO TUNNEL OF APPROX.

LENGTH 10.0 KM UNDER SINTHAN
PASS AND ITS APPROACH ROAD
ON GOHA-KHELLANI- KHANABAL
ROAD PORTION.

(3) ROAD PORTION FROM 82.675 TO

82.925 AT KM 83 ON BATOTE-
KISHTWAR ROAD SECTION OF
NH-244.

(4) EXTENDED ROAD SECTION FROM

GOHA TO KHELLANI OF 30 KM
LENGTH

PACKAGE-1 – KM 0+000 TO KM 6+405

PACKAGE-2 – KM 6+405 TO KM 12+850
VOLUME - II - DESIGN BASIS REPORT
(STRUCTURES)
FEBRUARY 2020

IN ASSOCIATION WITH
TPF GETINSA EUROESTUDIOS S.L. RODIC CONSULTANTS PRIVATE LIMITED
Unit 305, Suncity Business Tower, Golf Course 1, Jai Singh Marg (First Floor), YMCA Cultural
Road,Sector 54 Gurgram Haryana - 122002India Centre Building, New Delhi – 110001 (INDIA)
Email : [email protected] Email :[email protected]
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Project Background .................................................................................................................................................. 6

1.2 Applicable design codes and documents ......................................................................................................... 7

2. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Design Life ................................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Width of Carriageway .............................................................................................................................................. 9

2.3 Design Speed ............................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Utility Services of Structures ................................................................................................................................ 9

3. DESIGN LOAD ........................................................................................................................................................... 11

3.1 Dead Load(G) ............................................................................................................................................................ 11

3.2 Pre-stressing force .................................................................................................................................................. 12

3.3 Creep and Shrinkage .............................................................................................................................................. 12

3.4 Live Load(Q).............................................................................................................................................................. 12

3.5 Wind Load(W) .......................................................................................................................................................... 18

3.6 Centrifugal forces (Fcf) ......................................................................................................................................... 20

3.7 Construction loads .................................................................................................................................................. 21

3.8 Water Currents Load (Fwc) ................................................................................................................................ 21

3.9 Temperature (Fte) .................................................................................................................................................. 21

3.10 Buoyancy (Gb) .......................................................................................................................................................... 22

3.11 Earth Pressure (Fep) ............................................................................................................................................. 22

4. ACCIDENTAL LOADS ............................................................................................................................................. 23

4.1 Seismic Force (Feq) ................................................................................................................................................ 23

4.2 Response Reduction Factors .............................................................................................................................. 24

2
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

5. LOAD COMBINATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 25

5.1 Limit States ................................................................................................................................................................ 25

5.2 The Ultimate Limit State (ULS) .......................................................................................................................... 25

5.3 The Service Limit State (SLS) ............................................................................................................................. 27

5.4 The Combination for Design of Foundation.................................................................................................. 28

6. MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.1 Concrete Grade......................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2 Seismic Zone ............................................................................................................................................................. 30

6.3 Pre-stressing System ............................................................................................................................................. 30

6.4 Bearings ...................................................................................................................................................................... 32

6.5 Expansion Joints ...................................................................................................................................................... 32

7. DURABILITY AND SERVICEABILITY ............................................................................................................... 33

7.1 Durability ................................................................................................................................................................... 33

7.2 Crack width ............................................................................................................................................................... 33

8. FOUNDATION DESIGN .......................................................................................................................................... 35

8.1 Design Discharge of Foundation ....................................................................................................................... 35

8.2 Mean Depth of Scour .............................................................................................................................................. 35

8.3 Maximum Depth of Scour for Design of Foundation ................................................................................. 36

8.4 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION ..................................................................................................................................... 36

8.5 LOADS, FORCES, STABILITY AND STRESSES ............................................................................................... 37

8.6 Horizontal Forces at Bearing Level .................................................................................................................. 38

8.7 Base Pressure ........................................................................................................................................................... 39

8.8 Pile foundation ......................................................................................................................................................... 40

3
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Width of carriageway ........................................................................................................................................... 9

Table 2: Design Speed ............................................................................................................................................................ 9

Table 3: Utility Services ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

Table 4: Live load combination ........................................................................................................................................ 12

Table 5: Ground contact area of the wheels of Class A ........................................................................................... 14

Table 6: Minimum Clearance ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Table 7: Reduction in longitudinal effect ..................................................................................................................... 17

Table 8: Hourly mean wind speed and wind pressure ........................................................................................... 19

Table 9: Design temperature differences for concrete box girder (ref. to Fig 17a of IRC-6-2017) ....... 22

Table 10: Response Reduction Factors ......................................................................................................................... 24

Table 11: Equilibrium Combinations............................................................................................................................. 26

Table 12: Structural strength combinations ............................................................................................................... 27

Table 13: Service limit state combinations ................................................................................................................. 28

Table 14: Foundation combinations .............................................................................................................................. 29

Table 15: Concrete cover .................................................................................................................................................... 33

4
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Index Map ................................................................................................................................................................ 6

Figure 2: Details of concrete crash barrier and railing ............................................................................................ 12

Figure 3: Live load combination ...................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 4: Class 70R vehicle (wheeled) .......................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 5: Class A Train of vehicle .................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 6: Clear carriageway width ................................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 7: Impact percentage for highway bridges.................................................................................................... 17

Figure 8: (a) Fatigue Truck (b) Transverse wheel Spacing and Tyre Arrangement ................................... 18

Figure 9: Response spectra................................................................................................................................................ 23

5
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H) is poised to develop all remote and
strategically important roads in hilly terrains to perennial routes. In continuation to these
developments National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited
(NHIDCL) has been appointed by MORT&H, to implement these projects.

NHIDCL has been assigned the work of Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project
Report and providing Pre-Construction activities for the construction of a Road Tunnel and its
approaches enabling all weather connectivity along the stretches on NH-244 in the State of
Jammu and Kashmir. NHIDCL has entrusted TPF Getinsa Eurostudios SL in association with
Rodic Consultants Private Limited, to carry out Consultancy Services for Preparation of
Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities to Sudhmahadev –
Dranga Tunnel and its approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion of
NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Index Map showing the stretches of National Highways, described above as a part of project
road, is presented in Fig. 1 (enclosed).

Figure 1: Index Map

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

1.2 Applicable design codes and documents

The design basis given in these documents follows the requirement based on the Indian
codes/standards/specifications or as per applicable manual. In addition, the design basis
basically follows the Limit State Design (LSD).

The design basis follows the requirement as set forth in the following design documents and
will form the basis for design. Additional standards and specifications required for the design
will be given in the relevant sections of these criteria.

1. IRC:112-2019, Standard Specifications and Code of Practices for Concrete Road Bridge

2. IRC:6-2017, Standard Specifications and Code of Practices of Road Bridges, Section-II, Loads
and Stresses include amendment

3. IRC:78-2014, Standard Specifications and Code of Practices of Road Bridges, Section-VII,

Foundation & Substructures

4. IRC:83-2014(Part-IV), Standard Specifications and Code of Practices of Road Bridges,

Section-IX- SPHERICAL AND CYLINDRICAL BEARINGS.

5. IRC:5-2015, Standard Specification and Code of Practice of Road Bridges, Section-I, General
Design Features

6. IRC: SP:65-2005, Guidelines for Design and Construction of Segmental Bridges

7. IRC: SP:66-2005, Guidelines for Design of Continuous Bridge

8. IRC: SP:67-2005, Guidelines for use of External and Unbonded Prestressing Tendons in
Bridge

9. IRC: SP:69-2011, Guidelines and Specifications for Expansion Joints

10. IRC: SP:114-2018- Guidelines for Seismic Design of Road Bridges

11. IS:14268-1995, Code of practice for Uncoated Stress Relieved Low Relaxation Seven-ply
Strand for prestressed concrete-specification

12. IS:1786-2002, Code of practice for High Strength Deformed Steel bars and wires for
concrete reinforcement.

13. IS:6403-1981, Code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of shallow

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

foundations.

14. IS:2911 Part-1(Concrete piles) Sec-2(Bored cast In-situ piles) Code of practice for design
and construction of pile foundation

15. IS:8009(Part 1 & 2), Code of practice for calculation of settlements of foundations.

16. IS:816-1969(R1998) Code of practice for use of metal arc welding for general construction
in mild steel.

17. IS:2062-2011 hot rolled medium and high tensile structural steel — specification

18. IS:4000-1992(R2003) High strength bolts in steel structures – code of practice.

19. IS:3757-1985(R2003) Specification for high strength structural bolts

20. IS:2629-1985(R2016) Recommended practice for hot-dip galvanizing of iron and steel

21. Joseph E Bowles, “Foundation Analysis and Design”.

22. However, in specific case, Equivalent International codes / Equivalent standard documents
shall be referred.

MoRTH Specifications

The specifications for road and bridges works of Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (latest
editions) published by Indian Road congress shall be used for materials to be used for
construction of bridge.

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

2. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Design Life

The design service life of the bridge shall be 100 years in accordance with Clause 5.8.1 of IRC:
112-2019. The design service life is the period for which the structures are to be used for their
intended purpose with anticipated maintenance, but without loss of reliability or structural,
operational and aesthetic integrity.

The full-service life is required for the main structural components such as foundations,
abutments, piers, bridge girders, pylons, stay cables etc.

2.2 Width of Carriageway

The minimum features in the cross section of the Project shall be as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Width of carriageway

Bridge Section / Viaducts on Main Alignment

Cross Sectional Elements: Elevated Carriageway 1x7.50 = 7.50 m
Main Carriageway Inspection/Maintenance Path/Footpath 2x1.50=3.00 m
Median 0.00 m
Crash Barrier 2x0.50 m = 1.00
Railing 2 x 0.50 m = 1.00 m
Sub Total 12.50 m

Bridge Section / Viaducts Near Tunnel

Elevated Carriageway (Including Kerb
Cross Sectional Elements: 1x9.00 = 9.00 m
Shyness)
Crash Barrier 2x0.50 m = 1.00
Sub Total 10.00 m
2.3 Design Speed

The design speed of this Project as per Table 2 of IRC:73-2015 shall be as under:

Table 2: Design Speed

Design Speed Main alignment 100 km/h

2.4 Utility Services of Structures

The following structures shall be designed to carry utility services specified under Table 3.

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Table 3: Utility Services

Bridge Utility service to be carried Remarks

Electric cable, OFC Cable and water
2-Lane Bridge Bridge shall be of two lane
supply pipeline

10
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

3. DESIGN LOAD

3.1 Dead Load(G)

 Self - Weight

The characteristic self-weight of structural or non-structural permanent loads on the bridge can
be determined based on the specific weights of the materials and of the dimensions of the
structures.

The following unit weights of materials are used in accordance with Clause 203 of IRC: 6-2017:

Reinforced concrete 2.5 t/m3

Unreinforced concrete 2.5 t/m3
Pre-stressed concrete 2.5 t/m3
Asphalt concrete 2.2 t/m3
Soil 2.0 t/m3
Steel 7.85t/m3
 Superimposed Dead Load

The specific weight for road surfacing on a concrete deck is based on a surfacing with a thickness
of 65mm. The following specific weights mentioned below shall be used:

Road surfacing - concrete deck 0.065 x 22 = 2.00 KN/m2 (Approx.)

The following self-weights of safety barriers on structures mentioned below shall be used:

1 Railing 5 x 2 = 10.00 kN/m

2 Crash barrier 10 x 2 = 20.00 kN/m
3 Total = 30.00 kN/m

11
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Figure 2: Details of concrete crash barrier and railing

3.2 Pre-stressing force

Pre-stressing force shall be classified as a permanent action caused by controlled forces and/or
controlled deformations imposed on a structure.

3.3 Creep and Shrinkage

Creep and shrinkage effects shall be considered in accordance with IRC:112-2019, and it shall be
considered as permanent load. The average relative humidity ratio should be taken as 80%.

Creep and shrinkage factors are calculated for individual structural elements with account taken
of the member thickness, the age of the concrete when loaded and the nature and timing of the
applied loading.

3.4 Live Load(Q)

 Vehicle Load

The carriageway live load combination shall be considered in accordance with Clause 204.3 of
IRC: 6-2017 as shown in the table below. Since the bridge has 3 lanes in with carriageway width
of 11.0m, the carriageway live load combination (3) is to adopt.

Table 4: Live load combination

No. of
Carriageway Width
SI. Lanes
(CW) Load Combination
No. for Design
Purposes
One lane of Class A considered to occupy 2.3m. The
1) Less than 5.3 1 remaining width of carriageway shall be loaded with
500kg/m2
5.3m and above but
2) 2 One lane of Class 70R OR two lanes for Class A
less than 9.6m
9.6m and above but One lane of Class 70R for every two lanes with one lanes
3) 3
less than 13.1 of Class A on the remaining lane OR 3 lanes of Class A
13.1m and above but
4) 4
less than 16.6m
One lane of Class 70R for every two lanes with one lane
16.6m and above but
5) 5 of Class A for the remaining lanes, if any, OR one lane of
less than 20.1
Class A for each lane.
20.1m and above but
6) 6
less than 23.6
16.6 m < CW < 20.1 m

12
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

16.6 m < CW < 20.1 m

Figure 3: Live load combination

The design live load shall consist of two standard wheeled vehicles; Class 70R vehicle (Wheeled)
and Class A Train of vehicles.

Figure 4: Class 70R vehicle (wheeled)

13
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Figure 5: Class A Train of vehicle

The ground contact area of the wheels of Class A shall be as under;

Table 5: Ground contact area of the wheels of Class A

Ground contact area

Axle load (tonne)
B (mm) W (mm)
11.4 250 500
6.5 200 380
2.7 150 200
The minimum clearance, f between outer edge of the wheel and the roadway face of the kerb and
the minimum clearance, g, between the outer edges of passing or crossing vehicles on multi-lane
bridges shall be as given below:

14
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Table 6: Minimum Clearance

Clear carriageway width g f

5.3m(*) to 6.1m(**) Varying between 0.4m to 1.2m
150 mm for all carriageway width
Above 6.1 m 1.2m

Figure 6: Clear carriageway width

Figure 7: Typical Axle Arrangement of Special Vehicle

Figure 7A: Transverse Wheel Spacing of Special Vehicle

15
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

 Congestion factor (Fcf)

Congestion factor will not be taken into consideration as the location is not close to areas such
as ports, heavy industries and mines and any other areas where frequent congestion of heavy
vehicles may occur.

 Footway Load

For all parts of bridge floors accessible only to pedestrians and animals and for all footways the
loading shall be 400 kg/m2 as per Clause 206.1 of IRC: 6-2017.

For the design of foot over bridges the loading shall be taken as 500 kg/m2 as per Clause 206.1
of IRC: 6-2017.

For effective spans of over 7.5 m but not exceeding 30 m, the intensity of load shall be
determined according to the following equation as per clause 206.3 (b) of IRC:6-2017.:

For effective spans of over 30 m, the intensity of load shall be determined according to the
following equation as per clause 206.3 of IRC:6-2017:

Where,

P1 = 400 kg/m2 or 500 kg/m2 as per Clause 206.1 of IRC: 6-2017

P = the live load in kg/m2

L = the effective span of the main girder, truss or arch in m, and

W = width of the footway in

 Impact factor (Qim)

Impact factor shall be considered in accordance with Clause 208 of IRC: 6-2017 and Fig. 3.7 as
shown in figure below.

16
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Figure 7: Impact percentage for highway bridges

Impact factors shall not be added to the walkway loading as per Clauses 208.4 of IRC: 6-2017.

 Reduction in the longitudinal effect

Reduction in longitudinal effect on bridge having more than two traffic lanes shall be in
accordance with Clause 205 of IRC: 6-2017.

Table 7: Reduction in longitudinal effect

Number of lanes Reduction in longitudinal effect

For two lanes No reduction
For three lanes 10% reduction
For four lanes 20% reduction
For five or more lanes 20% reduction
 Braking force (Fb)

The braking effect on a simply supported span or a continuous unit of spans or on any other
type of bridge unit shall be assumed to have the following value as per clause 211.2 of IRC:6-
2017.

In the case of a single lane or a two-lane bridge: twenty percent of the first train load plus ten
percent of the load of the succeeding trains or part thereof, the train loads in one lane only
being considered for this sub-clause. Where the entire first train is not on the full span, the
braking force shall be taken as equal to twenty percent of the loads on the span or continuous
unit of spans.

In the case of bridges having more than two-lanes: as in (i) above for the first two lanes plus

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

five per cent of the loads on the lanes more than two.

Note: The loads in this Clause shall not be increased on account of impact.

The force due to braking effect shall be assumed to act along a line parallel to the roadway and
1.2 m above it. While transferring the force to the bearings, the change in the vertical reaction
at the bearings should be considered.

The distribution of longitudinal horizontal forces among bridge supports is affected by the
horizontal deformation of bridges, flexing of the supports and rotation of the foundations.

 Fatigue load

Fatigue load is specified on new Clause 204.6 of amendment to IRC:6-2017. The truck defined
in the figure below shall be used for the fatigue life assessment of concrete bridge. 50% of the
impact factors mentioned in Clause 208 of IRC:6-2017 shall be applied to this fatigue load.

Figure 8: (a) Fatigue Truck (b) Transverse wheel Spacing and Tyre Arrangement

The single passage of the fatigue load along the longitudinal direction of the bridge shall be
used. The minimum clearance between outer edge of the wheel of the fatigue vehicle and
roadway face of the kerb shall be 150mm. The fatigue check shall be carried out under
frequent combination of Serviceability Limit State (SLS), with load factors for fatigue load,
taken as equal to 1.0. For design for fatigue limit state, reference shall be made to IRC:112 for
Concrete Bridge.

3.5 Wind Load(W)

 Design wind force on superstructure

Wind loads shall be taken in accordance with Clause 209 of IRC: 6-2017. The wind speed at the
location of bridge shall be based on basic wind speed map as per figure 10 of IRC: 6-2017.

The basic wind speed for the project area is 39 m/s, return period of 100 years. The hourly mean

18
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

wind speed and wind pressure shall be obtained by multiplying the corresponding wind speed
value by the ratio of basic wind speed at the location of bridge to the value corresponding to
table 12 of IRC: 6-2017 which is shown hourly mean wind speed and wind pressure for a basic
wind speed of 36m/s.

Table 8: Hourly mean wind speed and wind pressure

Design wind force on the deck of main bridge shall be as per Clause 209.3 of IRC 6-2014.The
transverse wind force FT can be taken as acting at the centroids of the appropriate area and it can
be estimated from:

FT = Pz x A1 x G x CD

Where,

PZ: Hourly mean wind pressure in N/m2 A1: Solid area in m2

G: Gust factor (to be decided after wind tunnel test)

CD: Drag coefficient depending on the geometrical shape of bridge deck (1.3 if b/d (slab width to
depth ratio) =32.4/4=8.1≥6)

Longitudinal force on the deck of main bridge FL should be taken as 25% of the transverse wind
load as per Clause 290.3.4 of IRC 6-2017.

An upward or downward vertical wind load FV acting at the centroid appropriate areas, for the
deck of main bridge can be derived from:

FV = Pz x A3 x G x CL

19
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Where,

PZ: hourly mean wind pressure in N/m2 at height H A3: area in plan in m2

CL: Lift coefficient which shall be taken as 0.75 for normal type of box girders as per Clause
209.3.5

Gust factor (G=2.0 for highway bridges up to a span of 150m)

 Design wind force on the substructure

Wind Load on the substructure shall be accounted in accordance with Clause 209.4 of IRC: 6-
2017.

3.6 Centrifugal forces (Fcf)

Where a road bridge is situated on a curve, all portions of the structure affected by the
centrifugal action of moving vehicles are to be proportioned to carry safely the stress induced by
this action in addition to all other stress to which they may be subjected. The centrifugal force
shall be determined from the following equation:

C = WV2/127 R

where,

C = Centrifugal force acting normally to the traffic (1) at the point of action of the wheel loads or
(2) uniformly distributed over every meter length on which a uniformly distributed load acts, in
tonnes.

W = Live load (1) in case of wheel loads, each wheel load being considered as acting over the
ground contact length specified in Clause 204 of IRC: 6-2017, in tonnes, and (2) in case of a
uniformly distributed live load, in tonnes per linear meter.

V = the design speed of the vehicles using the bridge in km per hour, and

R = the radius of curvature in meters.

The centrifugal force shall be considered to act at a height of 1.2 m above the level of the
carriageway. No increase for impact effect shall be made on the stress due to centrifugal action.
The overturning effect of the centrifugal force on the structure as a whole shall also be duly
considered.

20
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

3.7 Construction loads

The construction loads associated with the erection method of the superstructure shall be taken
into account. However, each individual case shall be investigated in complete detail. In the
detailed design stage, the structures are to be checked for actual construction loads at each
construction stage and the actual loads indicated on the relevant drawings.

3.8 Water Currents Load (Fwc)

On pier parallel to the direction of the water current, the intensity of pressure shall be calculated
from the following equation as per Clause 210.1 of IRC: 6-2017:

P = 52KV2

Where,

P = intensity of pressure due to water current, in kg/m2

V = the velocity of the current at the point where the pressure intensity is being calculated,

K = a constant having the following values for different shapes of piers (=0.66 for semi-circular
ends)

3.9 Temperature (Fte)

The bridge temperature shall be considered in accordance with Clause 215.2 of IRC:6-2017.

 Uniform Temperature

Maximum and minimum air shade temperatures shall be obtained from Figs. 15 and 16 of IRC 6-
2017. Maximum and minimum air shade temperatures in vicinity of Srinagar are approximately
45.0°C and - 05°C respectively. Therefore, the mean of maximum and minimum air shade
temperature is equal to 20 °C.

As the bridge location has a difference between maximum and minimum shade temperature
greater than 20 °C; the bridge temperature to be assumed when the structure is effectively
restrained as per the table shown in Clause 215.2 of IRC-6, is equal to mean of maximum and
minimum air shade temperature ± 10° whichever is critical, which corresponds in this case to
30°C and 10°C.

Uniform temperature variation is considered as a long-term loading. The elastic modulus for

21
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

uniform temperature effects will be taken as 0.5 times the instantaneous elastic modulus
according to Clause 6.4.2.5 of IRC: 112-2011.

 Temperature Difference

Effect of temperature difference within the superstructure shall be assumed as shown in the
Table 9

Table 9: Design temperature differences for concrete box girder (ref. to Fig 17a of IRC-6-
2017)

Positive Temperature Differences Reverse Temperature Differences

h1 = h4 = 0.2h ≤
0.25m
h1 = 0.3h but ≤0.15m h2 =h3= 0.25h ≤
0.25m
h2 = 0.3h but ≥0.10m
but ≤0.25m
h3 = 0.3h ≤ 0.15m

Surfacing Surfacing
thickness 1 2 3 thickness 1 2 3
50mm 17.8 4.0 2.1 50mm -10.6 -0.7 -0.8 -6.6
3.10 Buoyancy (Gb)

For piers and foundation under the influence the water flow, the effects of buoyancy as
specified in Clause 213 of IRC: 6-2017 shall be considered.

3.11 Earth Pressure (Fep)

The effect of earth pressure shall be calculated in accordance with Coulomb’s theory for earth
retaining structures. Soil properties for earth pressure load shall be per the
recommendations of geotechnical engineer. The center of pressure exerted by the backfill,
when considered dry, is located at an elevation of 0.42 of the height of the wall above the
base and 0.33 of height of wall when considered wet as per Clause 214.1 of IRC: 6-2017.

22
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

4. ACCIDENTAL LOADS

4.1 Seismic Force (Feq)

Seismic design loads shall be obtained in accordance with Clause 219 of IRC: 6-2017. The seismic
acceleration can be calculated by the following equation.

Where,

Z = Zone factor (=0.24 according to table 16 of IRC: 6-2017)

I = Importance Factor (=1.2 according to table 19 of IRC: 6-2017)

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient for 5 percent damping of load resisting
elements depending upon the fundamental period of vibration T

Design response spectrum for seismic analysis is derived by the figure 20 of IRC 6-2017.

Considering the foundation support layer after scour, the values for hard soil condition (Type I)
are used for the response acceleration factor. And, 5 percent damping is applied for preparing
the response spectrum.

Figure 9: Response spectra

The derivation of the above is based on the following mathematical expression. For hard soil
sites, type I soil with N>30

23
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Ductile detailing is mandatory for piers of bridges located in seismic zones V. The forces on
various members obtained from the elastic analysis of bridge structure are to be divided by
Response Reduction Factor for the design of pier and bearing. For design of foundation, the
seismic loads should be taken as 1.35 times the forces transmitted to it by concrete
substructure as per Clause 219.8 of IRC:6-2017, so as to provide sufficient margin to cover the
possible higher forces transmitted by substructure arising out of its over strength.

4.2 Response Reduction Factors

Response reduction factors as per Table 20 of IRC 6:2017 shall be as follows;

Table 10: Response Reduction Factors

24
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

5. LOAD COMBINATIONS

5.1 Limit States

Load combinations to design bridge elements under various limit state are specified well in IRC:
6-2017. Therefore, this Project give priory to apply IRC:6-2017.

For the design of Bridges Limit State Design (LSD) has been adopted and appropriate load
combinations are selected according to the IRC:6-2017. With the identified loading effects, two
limit state conditions shall be verified with the partial factor method. A limit state is defined as a
state where the bridge structure satisfies given requirements. The limit states applied to the
design are:

The Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

The Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

The SLS corresponds to the boundary between acceptable and unacceptable states during
normal operation of the bridge. The ULS corresponds to states prior to structural collapse of the
entire or parts of the bridge structure.

5.2 The Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Loads are required to be combined to check the equilibrium and the structural strength under
Ultimate Limit State (ULS). The equilibrium of the structure shall be checked against overturning,
sliding and uplift. It shall be ensured that the disturbing loads (overturning, sliding and uplifting)
shall always be less than the stabilizing or restoring actions. The structural strength under
ultimate limit state shall be estimated in order to avoid internal failure or excessive deformation.
The equilibrium and the structural strength shall be checked under basic, accidental and seismic
combinations of loads.

 Load Combination of Flood and Seismic Loads

Different scour condition shall be considered subject to short term or long-term effect. Non-scour
shall be considered when bridge elements are checked under the short-term effect, construction
stage and bridge completion. Meanwhile scour condition shall be under the long-term effect as
service stage.

In seismic combinations, especially, maximum depth of scour shall be reduced subject to flood or

25
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

low water level as below.

The maximum depth of scour (2.0x dsm) below the Highest Flood Level (HFL) for the design of
piers having individual foundations without any floor protection may be considered in
accordance with Clause 703.3.1.1 of IRC:78-2014 as follows.

 Flood without seismic combinations: maximum depth of scour is considered (for piers: 2.0 x
dsm)

 Flood with seismic combinations: 0.9 times of maximum depth of scour (for piers: 2.0 x dsm x
0.9)

 Low water level with seismic combinations: 0.8 times of maximum depth of scour (for piers:
2.0 x dsm x 0.8)

 Equilibrium Combinations

The following combinations are specified in amendment to IRC:6-2017

Table 11: Equilibrium Combinations

Accidental Seismic
Basic Combination
Combination Combination
Loads / Case
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Permanent Loads:
Dead Load 1.0/0.9 1.0/0.9 1.1/0.9 1.0/1.0 1.1/0.9
Surfacing 1.35/1.0 1.35/1.0 1.35/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.35/1.0
Prestress 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0
Variable Loads:
Live Load 1.5/0.0 1.15/0.0 1.15/0.0 0.75/0.0 0.2/0.0
(Special Vehicle) (1.0/0.0) (-) (-) (-) (-)
Temperature Load 0.9/0.0 1.5/0.0 0.9/0.0 0.5/0.0 0.5/0.0
Wind Load 0.9/0.0 0.9/0.0 1.5/0.0 - -
Accidental Load - - - 1.0/0.0 -
Seismic Load - - - - 1.5/0.0
Construction Dead Load 1.1/0.9 1.1/0.9 1.1/0.9 - -
Construction Wind Load 1.2/0.0 1.2/0.0 1.5/0.0 - -
Hydraulic Load 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 1.0/0.0 1.0/0.0

* If the special vehicle is combined, no other vehicle, wind, seismic, braking force and
dynamic impact on the live load need to be considered.

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

** In case of seismic combination, two cases of flood and low water level are considered.

*** Wind load and temperature load need not be taken simultaneously as per the ‘Amendment
to IRC:6-2017’

 Structural Strength Combinations

The following combinations are specified in amendment to IRC:6-2017.

Table 12: Structural strength combinations

Accidental Seismic
Basic Combination
Combination Combination
Loads / Case
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Permanent Loads:
Dead Load 1.35/1.0 1.35/1.0 1.0 1.35/1.0
Surfacing 1.75/1.0 1.75/1.0 1.0 1.75/1.0
Prestress 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Variable Loads:
Live Load 1.5 1.15 0.75 0.2
(Special Vehicle) (1.0) (-) (-) (-)
Wind Load 0.9 1.5 - -
Accidental Load - - 1.0 -
Seismic Load during
- - 1.5
service
Seismic Load during
0.75
construction
Hydraulic Load 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

* If the special vehicle is combined, no other vehicle, wind, seismic, braking force and
dynamic impact on the live load need to be considered.

** In case of seismic combination, two cases of flood and low water level are considered.

5.3 The Service Limit State (SLS)

Loads are required to be combined to satisfy the serviceability requirements. The serviceability
limit state check shall be carried out in order to have control on stress, deflection, vibration,
crack width, settlement and to estimate shrinkage and creep effects. It shall be ensured that the
design value obtained by using the appropriate combination shall be less than the limiting value

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stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

of serviceability criterion as per the relevant code. The rare combination of loads shall be used
for checking the stress limit. The frequent combination of loads shall be used for checking the
deflection, vibration and crack width. The quasi-permanent combination of loads shall be used
for checking the settlement, shrinkage creep effects and the permanent stress in concrete.

The following combinations are specified in amendment to IRC:6-2017

Table 13: Service limit state combinations

Rare Frequent Quasi-Permanent

Combination Combination Combination
Loads / Case

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Permanent Loads:
Dead Load 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Surfacing 1.2/1 1.2/1 1.2/1 1.2/1 1.2/1 1.2/1 1.0
Prestress 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Settlement Effects 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0
Variable Loads:
Live Load 1.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.2 0.2 -
(Special Vehicle) (1.0) (0.75) (-) (-) (-) (-) (-)
Temperature Load 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5
Wind Load 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 -
Hydraulic Load 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 -

* If the special vehicle is combined, no other vehicle, wind, seismic, braking force and
dynamic impact on the live load need to be considered.

** Wind load and temperature load need not be taken simultaneously as per the ‘Amendment
to IRC:6-2017’

5.4 The Combination for Design of Foundation

For checking the base pressure under foundation and to estimate the structural strength which

28
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
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stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

includes the geotechnical loads, the partial factor for loads shown in below shall be used.

Table 14: Foundation combinations

Combination Combination Seismic Accidental

Loads / Case -1 -2 Combination Combination
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
Permanent Loads:
Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1 1 1.35 1 1
Surfacing 1.75 1.75 1 1 1.75 1 1
Prestress 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Settlement Effects 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0
Variable Loads:
Live Load 1.5 1.15 1.3 1 0.75/0 0.2 0.75/0 0.2
(Special Vehicle) -1 (-) -1 (-) (-) (-) (-) (-)
Temperature Load 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Wind Load 0.9 1.5 0.8 1.3 - - - -
Accidental Load - - - - - - 1 1
Seismic Load - - - - 1.5 1.5 - -
Construction Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1 1 1 1 1 1
Hydraulic Load 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0 1.0/0
* If the special vehicle is combined, no other vehicle, wind, seismic, braking force and
dynamic impact on the live load need to be considered.

** In case of seismic combination, two cases of flood and low water level are considered.

*** Wind load and temperature load need not be taken simultaneously as per the ‘Amendment
to IRC:6-2017.

29
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

6. MATERIALS

6.1 Concrete Grade

The minimum Grade of concrete in various elements shall be as under for moderate conditions of
exposure as per IRC 112-2011:

Major Bridge

All RCC M 35

PSC I Beam Girder M 45

PSC Box Girder M 50

All PCC M 25

Reinforcement Steel

 High yield strength deformed bar shall be of grade Fe-415/Fe-500/Fe-500D

 Mild steel bar shall be of grade Fe-240

Structural Steel

6.2 Seismic Zone

The project road is in a seismic zone IV. It is proposed to design the bridges for seismic forces as
mentioned in modified clause 222 of IRC: 6-2017.

6.3 Pre-stressing System

a. System (Post tensioning) : 12T13/19T13 multiple strand system of

“Freyssinet” or “ISMALCCL” or equivalent
b. Cables (Post tensioning) : 12T13/19T13 with strands of 12.7mm

30
FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

nominal dia.
c. High Tensile Steel
(for both post/pre- tensioning)
Strands : Nominal 12.7 mm dia 7 ply low relaxation
Strands conforming to class 2 of IS:14268-95

d. Area : 98.7 sq.mm per strand (nominal cross section

area)
e. Ultimate load : 183.71 KN per strand

f. Modulus of Elasticity : 1.95x105 Mpa

g. Sheathing (Post tensioning) : 75 mm OD/90mm OD Bright metal corrugated
flexible sheathing for 12T13/19K13
cables respectively.
h. Friction Coefficient (Post tensioning) 0.17/radian
i. Wobble Coefficient (Post tensioning) 0.0020/m
j. Anchorage Slip (Post tensioning) 6mm average
k. Loss of force due to relaxation : 2.5% at 0.7 UTS after 1000 hrs. The final
relaxation values for design shall be 3.0
times the value as per cl 11.4 of IRC: 18-
2000

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
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stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

6.4 Bearings

Spherical bearings shall be designed as per IRC: 83 (& IV) and shall conform to Cl.2004 of
MORT&H Specifications for Road & Bridges Works (5th Revision). RCC solid slab superstructures
of culverts and minor bridges shall directly rest on pier/abutment caps with a tar paper in
bearing.

Spherical bearings shall be proposed for long span simply supported superstructures and
continuous superstructures. The loads and forces on the bearings shall be calculated to enable the
manufacturer to design these bearings and these shall be designed as per IRC:83 (Part IV) 2014.

6.5 Expansion Joints

The following types of Expansion Joints shall be adopted:

Single Strip seal expansion joints shall be proposed for superstructures having movements up to
70mm.

The strip seal joints shall conform to Cl. 2606 of MORTH’s Specification for Road and ~Bridges
works (5th Revision).

Modular expansion joints shall be prepared for superstructures having movement more than
80mm. The modular strip seal joint shall conform to Cl. 2607 of MORTH’s Specification for Road
and Bridges works (5th Revision).

Concrete Clear Covers:

For all reinforcement - As per IRC: 112 and 78 For other covers and inter
duct spacing - As per IRC: 112

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 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

7. DURABILITY AND SERVICEABILITY

7.1 Durability

 Exposure Condition

As per the table 14.1 of IRC: 112-2011, service environment is considered to be moderate for this
project.

 Minimum Concrete Cover

Cover to the reinforcement shall be the minimum clear distance measured from the surface of
the concrete to the closest reinforcing bars. Minimum concrete cover is decided based on
durability provisions as per Clause 14.3.2 of IRC 112-2011.

The clear concrete cover to reinforcement shall not be less than the following

Table 15: Concrete cover

S. No. Location Cover (mm)

1 Cast-in-situ Concrete exposed to weather 50
2 Concrete of all substructure elements in contact with earth 75
3 Concrete of all substructure elements exposed to weather 50
4 Superstructure cast-in-place concrete exposed to weather 50
5 Concrete of well foundation in contact with earth 75
Precast superstructure elements
6 • Outside faces 50
• Inside faces 40
7 Post-Tensioned tendons 75
Note

 Where bundled or paired bars are used then the equivalent diameter shall be considered in
determining cover requirements.

7.2 Crack width

Crack width check shall be carried out as per Clause 12.3.4. Crack width shall not exceed the
admissible value for moderate exposure condition defined in Table 12.1 of IRC 112-2011 for the
load combinations as given below.

Under Quasi permanent load combination for RCC = 0.3 mm.

Under Frequent load combination for PSC members with Bonded tendons = 0.2 mm.

33
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

All transverse spanning elements of the superstructure shall be considered as reinforced

concrete with regards to the application of crack control requirements.

Further minimum reinforcement for reinforced concrete members for crack control shall be
provided as per Clause 12.3.3. In pre-stressed members if the concrete is in compression under
rare combination, then only minimum reinforcement for early thermal and shrinkage cracking
shall be provided as per Clause 16.5.4 of IRC: 112-2011.

34
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

8. FOUNDATION DESIGN

8.1 Design Discharge of Foundation

To provide for and adequate margin of safety, the scour for foundation shall be designed for a
larger discharge over the design discharge determined as per IRC:5 as given below:

NOTES:

i) For intermediate values of catchment area, linear interpolation may be adopted.

ii) The minimum vertical clearance above the HFL already determined as per IRC:5 need not be
increased due to larger discharge calculated above.

8.2 Mean Depth of Scour

The mean scour depth below Highest Flood Level (HFL) for natural channels flowing over
scourable bed can be calculated theoretically from the following equation:

dsm = 1.34 x (Db2/Ksf)1/3

Where,

Db = The design discharge for foundation per meter width of effective

waterway.

Ksf = Silt factor for a representative sample of bed material obtained

up to the level of anticipated deepest scour.

“Ksf” is given by the expression 1.76√dm, dm being the weighted mean diameter in millimeter.

The value of Ksf for various grades of sandy bed are given below for ready reference and
adoption:

Type of bed material dm sf

Coarse silt 0.04 0.35
Silt/fine sand 0.081 to 0.158 0.5 to 0.7

35
 FINAL DPR SUDHMAHADEV-DRANGA TUNNEL VOLUME-II-DESIGN BASIS REPORT
Consultancy Services for Preparation of Detailed Project Report and providing Pre-Construction activities in respect of the following
stretches on NH-244 (old NH-1B) in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. (i) Sudhmahadev – Dranga Tunnel of approx. length 4.5 Km and its
approach roads on Chenani – Sudhmahadev – Goha road portion. (ii) Vailoo Tunnel of approx. length 10.00 Km under Sinthan Pass and its
approach roads on Goha – Khellani – Khanabal road portion

Medium sand 0.223 to 0.505 0.85 to 1.25

Coarse sand 0.725 1.5
Fine bajri and sand 0.988 1.75
Heavy sand 1.29 to 2.00 2.0 to 2.42
8.3 Maximum Depth of Scour for Design of Foundation

The maximum depth of scour below the Highest Flood Level (HFL) for the design of piers and
abutments having individual foundations without any floor protection may be considered as
follows.

 Flood without seismic combination

i) For piers - 2.0 dsm

ii) For abutments - a) 1 .27 dsm with approach retained or lowest bed level whichever is
deeper.

b) 2.00 d with scour all around.

 Flood with seismic combination

For considering load combination of flood and seismic loads (together with other appropriate
combinations given elsewhere) the maximum depth of scour given in Clause 703.3.1 .1 may
be reduced by multiplying factor of 0.9.

For low water level (without flood conditions) combined with seismic combination
maximum level of scour below high flood level can be assumed as 0.8 times scour.

8.4 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION

 General

The foundation shall be designed to withstand the worst combination of loads and forces
evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Clause 706. The foundations shall be taken to
such depth that they are safe against scour or protected from it. Apart from this, the depth should
also be sufficient from consideration of bearing capacity, settlement, liquefaction potential,
stability and suitability of strata at the founding level and sufficient depth below It. In case of
bridges where the mean scour depth 'dsm' is calculated with the depth of foundation shall not be
less than those of existing structures in the vicinity.

36