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Operation of PMSMotors in Field

The document discusses operation of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in the field-weakening range. It notes that field-weakening is achieved by injecting a negative Id current to induce a phase shift between the rotating field and magnets. However, it cautions that control strategies cannot overcome the physical limits of the motor or inverter hardware. Traction applications in particular pose challenges due to high inertia levels and the need to operate under load. While field-weakening can allow slightly higher speeds, it cannot fully resolve mismatches between motor voltage limits and supply voltage.

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Muhammed Aboul Azm
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50 views2 pages

Operation of PMSMotors in Field

The document discusses operation of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in the field-weakening range. It notes that field-weakening is achieved by injecting a negative Id current to induce a phase shift between the rotating field and magnets. However, it cautions that control strategies cannot overcome the physical limits of the motor or inverter hardware. Traction applications in particular pose challenges due to high inertia levels and the need to operate under load. While field-weakening can allow slightly higher speeds, it cannot fully resolve mismatches between motor voltage limits and supply voltage.

Uploaded by

Muhammed Aboul Azm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some ideas regarding operation of PMS-Motors in field-weakening

Theory: With increasing calculation power of microcontrollers together with strategies of field
oriented control (FOC), the ideas of operation of PMSM in the range of field-weakening have become
popular. In general, the range of field-weakening is entered by injection of negative Id-ref. In physical
terminology, a phase shift between the rotating field and the magnets is configured, controlled by
FOC. But it is essential, to remember the physical facts: you cannot get more continuous power out
of the motor than it is designed for, at nominal speed with nominal torque. All other operation points
can only be used for intermediate stages considering the disadvantages and risks.
The mechanical and physical attributes of the motor are the crux of the matter, together with the
application requirements and restrictions of the inverter hardware. These difficulties cannot be
overcome by any control strategies. Precautions inside the hardware would be required. For
theoretical background we recommend the literature:
Control of Electrical Drives, Werner Leonhard, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-41820-2,
Vector Control of Three-Phase AC Machines, N.P. Quang, J.-A. Dittrich, Springer Verlag, ISBN 978-3-
540-79028-0.

Motor: Motors with surface mounted magnets only allow very little increase of speed above the
voltage limit (about 10% to 20%, or a factor of 1.1 to 1.2). Motors with embedded magnets allow
factors of up to 4. Such motors typically have great differences between stator impedances in direct
and quadrature axes. Motor manufacturers, sometimes publish these data in their data sheets, but it
is not standard.

Inverter: Without any additional protection against over voltages due to back EMF of the motor in
trip condition, the maximum operation limits of the inverter have to be considered.
A simple example: the maximum DC-voltage of an inverter is e.g. 400 VDC. The battery voltage is 200
VDC. Keeping the maximum voltage in mind, you can only achieve a factor of 2 for speed increase,
even lower when maximum inverter voltage and battery voltage are closer together. With mains
supply of 400 VAC (560 VDC), limit voltage of 800 VDC, the allowed factor would only be 1.42.
Also the uncontrolled current flow into the DC-link or battery via free-running diodes, when back
EMF is larger than the DC-link, will cause substantial problems. In particular the high inertia in
traction applications is causing high energies levels, which are difficult to handle.

Application: Traction applications always have a base load. It is not possible to accelerate without
load, as in typical spindle applications. The operation in field-weakening range with additional Id-
current causes additional heat losses in the motor and drains additional current from the battery.
For short operation times and little factors of speed increase, it can make sense to apply such control
strategies, but you still cannot solve any mismatch between the motor voltage and the supply
voltage in this way.
Typical applications which do not have to care about above restrictions, are racing teams in the
contest covering one mile in minimum time, or military vehicles escaping from battlefield with
maximum speed.

Herbert Janczyk / 04.03.2015 1/2


An application with reduced supply voltage from a battery back-up instead of the mains supply is a
really useful area of operation, for reaching nearly the same speed using a lower supply for a short
time.

Control: Implementation of field-weakening is done by a so called voltage controller.


See page “Speed” in NDrive PC-program, bottom right corner, and page “Auto”.
The output of PI-controller is used as the reference value of the Id-control. When actual output
voltage V-out < V-red, output of PI-controller is 0, when V-out > V-red, output is working between
Id-nom and Id-min.

Parameters required are:


V-out: actual output voltage representing modulation index, not normalized to Volts,
V-out = sqrt(Vd*Vd + Vq*Vq), number of 4096 is maximum.
V-red: enter point of field-weakening as percentage of Vout, Typical in the range of 80 to 90,
value of 0 or 100 disables voltage controller,
V-kp: proportional kp-factor of voltage controller, typical in the range of 100 to 500.
V-Ti: integral Time of controller, larger value is slower reaction, typical in the range 100 to 1000.
Id-nom: nominal Id-reference , in percent of nominal motor current. 0 for PMSM, 20 to 50 for ACIM.
Id-min: minimum Id-reference, in the range of -20 to – 95 for PMSM, Idnom to 0.1 Idnom for ACIM.
Independent from any current limitations < Idnom , a rest of 5 % current limit is always
reserved for Iq- reference to keep motor under control.
Lsd, Lsq: With increasing speed (omega), the decoupling network between Id- and Iq-controller
output (Vd and Vq), becomes more important. So you should know the values of Lsd and Lsq.
Value in uH on page “Auto” in NDrive.

In general, the regulation has a tendency towards instability above the nominal operating point. Even
accuracy of offset-angle becomes more important.

In practical applications with motors with embedded magnets, we have covered factors of 1.2 to 1.8
with respect to the above mentioned problems.

Herbert Janczyk / 04.03.2015 2/2

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