CCNPv7.

1 SWITCH

Chapter 10 Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Topology

Objectives
 Prepare the Network.
 Implement Layer 2 network security features.
 Prevent DHCP spoofing attacks.
 Prevent unauthorized access to the network using AAA.

Background
A fellow network engineer that you have known and trusted for many years has invited you to lunch this week.
At lunch, he brings up the subject of network security and how two of his former co-workers had been
arrested for using different Layer 2 attack techniques to gather data from other users in the office for their own
personal gain in their careers and finances. The story shocks you because you have always known your
friend to be very cautious with security on his network. His story makes you realize that your business
network has been cautious with external threats, Layer 3–7 security, firewalls at the borders, and so on, but
insufficient at Layer 2 security and protection inside the local network.
When you get back to the office, you meet with your boss to discuss your concerns. After reviewing the
company’s security policies, you begin to work on a Layer 2 security policy.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

First, you establish which network threats you are concerned about and then put together an action plan to
mitigate these threats. While researching these threats, you learn about other potential threats to Layer 2
switches that might not be malicious but could threaten network stability. You decide to include these threats
in the policies as well.
Other security measures need to be put in place to further secure the network, but you begin with configuring
the switches against a few specific types of attacks, including MAC flood attacks, DHCP spoofing attacks, and
unauthorized access to the local network. You plan to test the configurations in a lab environment before
placing them into production.
Note: This lab uses Cisco Catalyst 3560 and 2960 switches running Cisco IOS 15.0(2) IP Services and LAN
Base images, respectively. The 3560 and 2960 switches are configured with the SDM templates “dual-ipv4-
and-ipv6 routing” and “lanbase-routing”, respectively. Depending on the switch model and Cisco IOS Software
version, the commands available and output produced might vary from what is shown in this lab. Catalyst
3650 switches (running any Cisco IOS XE release) and Catalyst 2960-Plus switches (running any supported
Cisco IOS image) can be used in place of the Catalyst 3560 switches and the Catalyst 2960 switches.
Note: This lab uses the Cisco WS-C2960-24TT-L switch with the Cisco IOS image c2960-lanbasek9-mz.150-
2.SE6.bin and the Catalyst 3560V2-24PS switch with the Cisco IOS image c3560-ipservicesk9-mz.150-
2.SE6.bin. Other switches and Cisco IOS Software versions can be used if they have comparable capabilities
and features. Depending on the switch model and Cisco IOS Software version, the commands available and
output produced might vary from what is shown in this lab.

Required Resources
 2 switches (Cisco 2960 with the Cisco IOS Release 15.0(2)SE6 C2960-LANBASEK9-M image or
comparable).
 1 switches (Cisco 3560 with the Cisco IOS Release 15.0(2)SE6 C3560-IPSERVICESK9-M image or
comparable).
 3 PC’s with Windows OS. One of the PCs should be equipped Wireshark, WinRadius, and Tftpd32
software.
 Ethernet and console cables

Part 1: Prepare for the Lab

Step 1: Prepare the switches for the lab
Use the reset.tcl script you created in Lab 1 “Preparing the Switch” to set your switches up for this lab.
Then load the file BASE.CFG into the running-config with the command copy flash:BASE.CFG
running-config.

Step 2: Configure basic switch parameters.

a. Loading BASE.CFG should have set the hostname, IP domain name, and shut down all of the interfaces
on each switch.
b. Configure enable secret, and VTY passwords. As with previous labs, if NETLAB compatibility is required,
use class as the enable secret and cisco as the VTY password.
c. Configure interface VLAN 99 on each switch with the management IP address shown in the topology
diagram.
d. Configure the access layer switches (ALS1 and ALS2) to use a default gateway IP address of
172.16.99.1.
e. Configure basic (unauthenticated) NTP in the network. Use DLS1 as the NTP master and have DLS2,
ALS1, and ALS2 synchronize to 172.16.99.3.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

f. Configure 802.1q trunking between the switches according to the diagram (Note that there are no
EtherChannels in this topology). Create and then use VLAN 666 as the native VLAN for all trunks. Also
turn off switchport negotiation on all trunks.

Configure all four switches. An example of DLS1 and ALS1 configuration follows:
DLS1# clock set 14:55:00 3 August 2015
DLS1# config t
DLS1(config)# clock timezone CST -6
DLS1(config)# clock summer-time CDT recurring
DLS1(config)# ntp master 10
DLS1(config)# enable secret class
DLS1(config)# enable secret class
DLS1(config)# line vty 0 15
DLS1(config-line)# password cisco
DLS1(config-line)# login
DLS1(config-line)# exit
DLS1(config)# interface vlan 99
DLS1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.99.3 255.255.255.0
DLS1(config-if)# no shutdown
DLS1(config-if)# exit
DLS1(config)# vlan 666
DLS1(config-vlan)# name NATIVE_DO_NOT_USE
DLS1(config-vlan)# exit
DLS1(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/7 - 12
DLS1(config-if-range)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
DLS1(config-if-range)# switchport mode trunk
DLS1(config-if-range)# switchport trunk native vlan 666
DLS1(config-if-range)# switchport nonegotiate
DLS1(config-if-range)# no shut
DLS1(config-if-range)# exit

ALS1(config)# enable secret class

ALS1(config)# line vty 0 15
ALS1(config-line)# password cisco
ALS1(config-line)# login
ALS1(config-line)# exit
ALS1(config)# interface vlan 99
ALS1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.99.5 255.255.255.0
ALS1(config-if)# no shutdown
ALS1(config-if)# exit
ALS1(config)# ip default-gateway 172.16.99.1
ALS1(config)# ntp server 172.16.99.3
ALS1(config)# clock timezone CST -6
ALS1(config)# clock summer-time CDT recurring
ALS1(config)# vlan 666
ALS1(config-vlan)# name NATIVE_DO_NOT_USE
ALS1(config-vlan)# exit
ALS1(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/7 - 12
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport mode trunk
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport trunk native vlan 666
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport nonegotiate
ALS1(config-if-range)# no shut
ALS1(config-if-range)# exit

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

g. Verify trunking and spanning-tree operations using the show interfaces trunk and show spanning-tree
commands. Which switch is the root bridge?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
h. For ALS1 and ALS2, which trunks have a role of designated (Desg), Alternate (Altn), and Root?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 3: Configure VTP on DLS2, ALS1, and ALS2.

a. Change the VTP mode of ALS1 and ALS2 to client. An example from ALS1:
ALS1(config)# vtp mode client
Setting device to VTP CLIENT mode.

i. Change the VTP mode of DLS2 to server with no further configuration:

DLS2(config)# vtp mode server
Setting device to VTP SERVER mode.

Step 3: Configure VTP on DLS1.

Create the VTP domain on DLS1, and create VLANs 99, 100, and 200 for the domain.
DLS1(config)# vtp domain SWPOD
DLS1(config)# vtp version 2

DLS1(config)# vlan 99
DLS1(config-vlan)# name Management
DLS1(config-vlan)# vlan 100
DLS1(config-vlan)# name STAFF
DLS1(config-vlan)# vlan 200
DLS1(config-vlan)# name STUDENTS
DLS1(config-vlan)# exit
DLS1(config)#

Step 4: Configure host PCs.

Configure PCs Host A, B, and C with the IP address and subnet mask shown in the topology. Host A is in
VLAN 100 with a default gateway of 172.16.100.1. Host B is in VLAN 200 with a default gateway of
172.16.200.1. Host C is in VLAN 99 with a default gateway of 172.16.99.1.

Step 5: Configure access ports.

Configure the host ports for the appropriate VLANs according to the diagram. Configure this on DLS1, ALS1,
and ALS2. An example from ALS1 is below (all ports on ALS1 should be in VLAN 100, all ports on ALS2
should be in VLAN 200):
ALS1(config)# interface range fa0/6, fa0/15 - 24
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport mode access
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 100
ALS1(config-if-range)# spanning-tree portfast
ALS1(config-if-range)# no shut

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

%Warning: portfast should only be enabled on ports connected to a single

host. Connecting hubs, concentrators, switches, bridges, etc... to this
interface when portfast is enabled, can cause temporary bridging loops.
Use with CAUTION

%Portfast will be configured in 10 interfaces due to the range command

but will only have effect when the interfaces are in a non-trunking mode.

Step 6: Configure Spanning-Tree Root switches

Configure DLS1 to be the primary root for VLANs 99 and 100 and secondary root for VLAN 200. Configure
DLS2 to be the primary root for VLAN 200 and the secondary root for VLANs 99 and 100.
DLS1(config)# spanning-tree vlan 99,100 root primary
DLS1(config)# spanning-tree vlan 200 root secondary

DLS2(config)# spanning-tree vlan 99,100 root secondary

DLS2(config)# spanning-tree vlan 200 root primary

Step 7: Configure Routing and HSRP on DLS1 and DLS2.

On the DLS switches, create the SVIs for VLANs 100 and 200 using the addresses specified in the topology
diagram. Further, configure HSRP with preemption on all three networks. Configure DLS1 with a priority of
150 for VLAN 99 and 100, and DLS2 with a priority of 150 for VLAN 200. Configure this on DLS1 and DLS2.
An example from DLS1 is below:
DLS1(config)# ip routing
DLS1(config)# interface vlan 100
DLS1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.100.3 255.255.255.0
DLS1(config-if)# standby 100 ip 172.16.100.1
DLS1(config-if)# standby 100 priority 150
DLS1(config-if)# standby 100 preempt
DLS1(config-if)# exit
DLS1(config)# interface vlan 200
DLS1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.200.3 255.255.255.0
DLS1(config-if)# standby 200 ip 172.16.100.1
DLS1(config-if)# standby 200 preempt
DLS1(config-if)# exit
DLS1(config)# interface vlan 99
DLS1(config-if)# standby 99 ip 172.16.99.1
DLS1(config-if)# standby 99 priority 150
DLS1(config-if)# standby 99 preempt
DLS1(config-if)# exit

Verify the configuration using the show vlan brief, show vtp status, show standby brief, and show ip
route command on DLS1. Output from DLS1 is shown here.
DLS1# show vlan brief

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- ------------------------------ --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gi0/1, Gi0/2

100 staff active
200 Student active
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 trcrf-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trbrf-default act/unsup
How many VLANs are active in the VTP domain?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

DLS1# show vtp status

VTP Version capable : 1 to 3
VTP version running : 1
VTP Domain Name : SWLAB
VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
Device ID : e840.406f.7280
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 8-3-15 14:56:12
Local updater ID is 172.16.99.3 on interface Vl99 (lowest numbered VLAN
interface found)

Feature VLAN:
--------------
VTP Operating Mode : Server
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 1005
Number of existing VLANs : 9
Configuration Revision : 3
MD5 digest : 0xE2 0x62 0xBC 0xCE 0x16 0xF3 0xBC 0x0C
0x6D 0x84 0x63 0xF2 0x38 0x55 0xB9 0xB7

DLS1# show standby brief

P indicates configured to preempt.
|
Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP
Vl99 99 150 Active local 172.16.99.4 172.16.99.1
Vl100 100 150 P Active local 172.16.100.4 172.16.100.1
Vl200 200 100 P Standby 172.16.200.4 local 172.16.200.1
What is the active router for VLANs 1 and 100? What is the active router for VLAN 200?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

DLS1# show ip route | begin Gateway

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 6 subnets, 2 masks

C 172.16.99.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan99
L 172.16.99.3/32 is directly connected, Vlan99
C 172.16.100.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan100
L 172.16.100.3/32 is directly connected, Vlan100

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

C 172.16.200.0/24 is directly connected, Vlan200

L 172.16.200.3/32 is directly connected, Vlan200
What would be the effect on virtual interface VLAN 100 if VLAN 100 had not been created?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Part 2: Implement Layer 2 network security features.

Specify verification methods and mitigation techniques for attack types.
Complete the following table with the appropriate verification methods and mitigation approaches for the
attack types specified in the left column.

Attack Type Verification Mitigation

MAC address spoofing or

flooding

DHCP spoofing

Unauthorized LAN access

Step 1: Storm Prevention

When packets flood the local area network, a traffic storm occurs. This could degrade network performance.
Storm control features help to protect against such an attack. Storm control is typically implemented at the
access layer switch ports to mitigate the effects of a traffic storm before propagating to the network. Storm
control can also be implemented on trunk interfaces, including port-channel interfaces, to protect distribution-
layer devices from traffic saturation, which could have a much broader impact on the network.
Storm control can detect and mitigate storms of broadcast, unicast, or multicast traffic. As a part of the
configuration, you must specify what qualifies as a storm; either a rising and falling threshold based on the
percentage of an interface's bandwidth used (the storm is recognized when X% of the interface bandwidth is
used, and seen to be abated when Y% of the interface bandwidth is used), or based on rising and falling
thresholds measured in either bits-per-second (bps) or packets-per-second (pps).

Storm Control Command Options

0-100 0-100 Omitt Falling and Rising

Rising Threshold Falling Threshold is the high/low mark

storm-control [unicast | broadcast | 0-10,000,000,000 [k|m|g] 0-10,000,000,000 [k|m|g]

multicast ] level bps
Rising Threshold Falling Threshold

0-10,000,000,000 [k|m|g] 0-10,000,000,000 [k|m|g]

pps
Rising Threshold Falling Threshold

To accurately configure these levels, you must know the amount of these traffic types flowing in your network
during peak hours.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

When a traffic storm is detected and storm control is configured, the default response is to silently filter the
traffic. Storm control can optionally be configured to either shutdown the interface receiving the traffic storm or
to send an SNMP trap to the NMS.
a. Enable broadcast storm control on ports 0/6 and 0/15 - 0/24 on ALS1 with the parameters listed below. If
any storm is detected, an SNMP trap will be sent.
1) Unicast storms will be noted at 65% bandwidth usage, and abated at 35% bandwidth
2) Broadcast storms will be noted at 1000 pps and abated at 300pps
3) Multicast storms will be noted at 40% bandwidth usage and abated at 25% bandwidth
ALS1(config)# interface range FastEthernet 0/6, f0/15-24
ALS1(config-if-range)# storm-control unicast level 65 35
ALS1(config-if-range)# storm-control broadcast level pps 1k 300
ALS1(config-if-range)# storm-control multicast level 40 25
ALS1(config-if-range)# storm-control action trap

b. Verify the configuration with the show storm-control command. The output below is showing the
information for just f0/6; leaving the interface designation off would show configuration information for all
storm-control configured interfaces.
ALS1# show storm-control f0/6 unicast
Interface Filter State Upper Lower Current
--------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------
Fa0/6 Forwarding 65.00% 35.00% 0.00%
ALS1# show storm-control f0/6 broadcast
Interface Filter State Upper Lower Current
--------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------
Fa0/6 Forwarding 1k pps 300 pps 0 pps
ALS1# show storm-control f0/6 multicast
Interface Filter State Upper Lower Current
--------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------
Fa0/6 Forwarding 40.00% 25.00% 0.00%
ALS1#

Step 8: Demonstrate Storm Control Operation

To demonstrate the effects of storm control, configure unicast storm control on DLS1 interfaces F0/7 and F0/8
with purposely low numbers and then generate traffic from ALS1 that will cause the threshold to be exceeded.
a. At DLS1, configure F0/7 and F0/8 with the following:
DLS1(config)#int ran f0/7-8
DLS1(config-if-range)#storm-control unicast level bps 750 300
DLS1(config-if-range)#storm-control action shut
DLS1(config-if-range)#exit
b. At ALS1, issue the command ping 172.16.99.3 repeat 1000.
c. Within a few seconds you will see a SYSLOG message on DLS1 indicating that a storm had been
detected and the interfaces shut down.
Aug 3 15:44:38.333: %PM-4-ERR_DISABLE: storm-control error detected on Fa0/7,
putting Fa0/7 in err-disable state
Aug 3 15:44:38.358: %STORM_CONTROL-3-SHUTDOWN: A packet storm was detected on
Fa0/7. The interface has been disabled.
Aug 3 15:44:39.339: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
FastEthernet0/7, changed state to down

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Aug 3 15:44:40.363: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/7, changed state

to down
Aug 3 15:45:09.572: %PM-4-ERR_DISABLE: storm-control error detected on Fa0/8,
putting Fa0/8 in err-disable state
Aug 3 15:45:09.597: %STORM_CONTROL-3-SHUTDOWN: A packet storm was detected on
Fa0/8. The interface has been disabled.
Aug 3 15:45:10.579: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface
FastEthernet0/8, changed state to down
Aug 3 15:45:11.602: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/8, changed state
to down
a. Reset the storm control configuration on DLS1 F0/7 and F0/8. Because the interfaces are now shutdown
due to an ERR-DISABLE, you have to manually reset them by issuing the shutdown and no shutdown
commands. While you do this, remove the storm control from the interfaces.
DLS1(config)#int ran f0/7-8
DLS1(config-if-range)#shutdown
DLS1(config-if-range)#no storm-control unicast level bps 750 300
DLS1(config-if-range)#no storm-control action shut
DLS1(config-if-range)#no shutdown
DLS1(config-if-range)#exit

Step 9: Configure Basic Port Security.

To protect against MAC flooding or spoofing attacks, configure port security on the VLAN 100 and 200 access
ports. Because the two VLANs serve different purposes—one for staff and one for students—configure the
ports to meet the different requirements.
The student VLAN must allow MAC addresses assigned to a port to change, because most of the students
use laptops and move around within the network. Set up port security so that only one MAC address is
allowed on a port at a given time. This type of configuration does not work on ports that need to service IP
phones with PCs attached or PC’s running virtual machines. In this case, there would be two allowed MAC
addresses. To enable security on a port, you must first issue the switchport port-security command by
itself.
The staff MAC addresses do not change often, because the staff uses desktop workstations provided by the
IT department. In this case, you can configure the staff VLAN so that the MAC address learned on a port is
added to the configuration on the switch as if the MAC address were configured using the switchport port-
security mac-address command. This feature, which is called sticky learning, is available on some switch
platforms. It combines the features of dynamically learned and statically configured addresses. The staff ports
also allow for a maximum of two MAC addresses to be dynamically learned per port.
d. Enter the configuration for the student access ports on ALS2. To enable basic port security, issue the
switchport port-security command.
Note: By default, issuing the switchport port-security command by itself sets the maximum
number of MAC addresses to 1, and the violation mode to shutdown. It is not necessary to specify the
maximum number of addresses, unless it is greater than 1.
ALS2(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/6, f0/15 - 24
ALS2(config-if-range)# switchport port-security

e. Verify the configuration for ALS2 using the show port-security interface command.

ALS2# show port-security interface f0/6

Port Security : Enabled

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Port Status : Secure-up

Violation Mode : Shutdown
Aging Time : 0 mins
Aging Type : Absolute
SecureStatic Address Aging : Disabled
Maximum MAC Addresses : 1
Total MAC Addresses : 1
Configured MAC Addresses : 0
Sticky MAC Addresses : 0
Last Source Address:Vlan : 000c.2911.a33a:200
Security Violation Count : 0

Step 10: Configure Additional Port Security Parameters.

a. Enter the configuration of the staff ports on ALS1. First, enable port security with the switchport
port-security command. Use the switchport port-security maximum
#_of_MAC_addresses command to change the maximum number of MAC addresses to 2, and use the
switchport port-security mac-address sticky command to allow the two dynamically learned
addresses to be added to the running configuration.
ALS1(config)# interface range fastethernet f0/6, f0/15 - 24
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport port-security
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport port-security maximum 2
ALS1(config-if-range)# switchport port-security mac-address sticky
This time two MAC addresses are allowed. Both will be dynamically learned and then added to the
running configuration.
b. Verify the configuration using the show port-security interface command.
ALS1#sho port-security int f0/6
Port Security : Enabled
Port Status : Secure-up
Violation Mode : Shutdown
Aging Time : 0 mins
Aging Type : Absolute
SecureStatic Address Aging : Disabled
Maximum MAC Addresses : 2
Total MAC Addresses : 1
Configured MAC Addresses : 0
Sticky MAC Addresses : 1
Last Source Address:Vlan : 000c.2915.ab9d:100
Security Violation Count : 0

Step 11: Configure Error Disabled Port Automatic Recovery

Once a violation occurs on a port, the port will transition to an error disabled state. The only way to clear a
port that has been error disabled is to perform a shutdown command and then a no shutdown on the
interface. This method, of course, requires manual intervention by an administrator.
Error disabled ports can be configured to automatically recover from port security violations with the use of
the errdisable recovery cause command. An interval can be configured so that after a specified time the
port will automatically clear the violation.
The command to verify the error disable configuration is the show errdisable recovery.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Configure the switch to automatically recover an error disabled port caused from a port security violation.
Notice there are many different options for which you can configure error disable recovery. However, we will
configure it only for port-security violation.

ALS1(config)# errdisable recovery cause ?

all Enable timer to recover from all error causes
arp-inspection Enable timer to recover from arp inspection error
disable state
bpduguard Enable timer to recover from BPDU Guard error
channel-misconfig (STP) Enable timer to recover from channel misconfig error
dhcp-rate-limit Enable timer to recover from dhcp-rate-limit error
dtp-flap Enable timer to recover from dtp-flap error
gbic-invalid Enable timer to recover from invalid GBIC error
inline-power Enable timer to recover from inline-power error
link-flap Enable timer to recover from link-flap error
loopback Enable timer to recover from loopback error
mac-limit Enable timer to recover from mac limit disable state
pagp-flap Enable timer to recover from pagp-flap error
port-mode-failure Enable timer to recover from port mode change
failure
pppoe-ia-rate-limit Enable timer to recover from PPPoE IA rate-limit
error
psecure-violation Enable timer to recover from psecure violation error
psp Enable timer to recover from psp
security-violation Enable timer to recover from 802.1x violation error
sfp-config-mismatch Enable timer to recover from SFP config mismatch
error
small-frame Enable timer to recover from small frame error
storm-control Enable timer to recover from storm-control error
udld Enable timer to recover from udld error
vmps Enable timer to recover from vmps shutdown error

ALS1(config)# errdisable recover cause psecure-violation

Configure the recovery interval for 30 seconds. If no recovery interval is specified, the recovery time defaults
to 300 seconds.

ALS1(config)# errdisable recovery interval ?

<30-86400> timer-interval (sec)
ALS1(config)# errdisable recovery interval 30

Use the show errdisable recovery command to view the configuration.

ALS1# show errdisable recovery

ErrDisable Reason Timer Status
----------------- --------------

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

arp-inspection Disabled
bpduguard Disabled
channel-misconfig (STP) Disabled
dhcp-rate-limit Disabled
dtp-flap Disabled
gbic-invalid Disabled
inline-power Disabled
link-flap Disabled
mac-limit Disabled
loopback Disabled
pagp-flap Disabled
port-mode-failure Disabled
pppoe-ia-rate-limit Disabled
psecure-violation Enabled
security-violation Disabled
sfp-config-mismatch Disabled
small-frame Disabled
storm-control Disabled
udld Disabled
vmps Disabled
psp Disabled

Timer interval: 30 seconds

Interfaces that will be enabled at the next timeout:

Part 2: Configure IPv4 DHCP snooping

DHCP spoofing is a type of attack primarily where an unauthorized device assigns IP addressing and
configuration information to hosts on the network.
IPv4 DHCP servers reply to DHCPDISCOVER frames. These frames are generally BROADCAST, which
means they are seen all over the network. The attacker replies to a DHCP request, claiming to have valid
gateway and DNS information. A valid DHCP server might also reply to the request, but if the attacker’s reply
reaches the requestor first, the invalid information from the attacker is used. This can lead to a denial of
service or traffic interception.
The process we will use to see this work is to first verify that the DHCP DISCOVER is broadcast everywhere,
and then enable DHCP snooping to see this being stopped.
To do this, we will use Tftpd32's DHCP server function.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Step 1: Verify DHCP Broadcast Operation

On Host C, configure the DHCP server

settings in Tftpd32 to support DHCP for
VLAN 200. The screenshot details the
settings:

a. On DLS1, issue the ip helper-address 172.16.99.50 command under interface VLAN 200.
b. Reassign interface f0/6 on ALS1 to VLAN 200.
c. On Host A, run Wireshark and have it collect on its ethernet interface. In the filter bar, type bootp and
press enter (this filters the output to show only packets related to DHCP).

d. On Host B, reconfigure the network interface to use DHCP. You should see that Host B receives an IP
address and other DHCP information.
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : GOOD-DHCP.SRV

Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::b8ee:7ffd:e885:8423%10
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.200.150
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.200.1
e. Return to Host A and you should see the DHCP traffic in the capture window.

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If Host A were an attacker, it could craft DHCP server OFFER messages or other DHCP sever messages to
respond to Host B’ s DHCP request.
To help protect the network from such an attack, you can use DHCP snooping.

Step 2: Configure DHCP Snooping

DHCP snooping is a Cisco Catalyst feature that determines which switch ports are allowed to respond to
DHCP requests. Ports are identified as trusted or untrusted. Trusted ports permit all DHCP messages, while
untrusted ports permit (ingress) DHCP requests only. Trusted ports can host a DHCP server or can be an
uplink toward a DHCP server. If a rogue device on an untrusted port attempts to send a DHCP response
packet into the network, the port is disabled. From a DHCP snooping perspective, untrusted access ports
should not send any DHCP server responses, such as a DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK, or DHCPNAK.
Configuring DHCP Snooping on a single switch is very simple. There are additional considerations when
configuring DHCP Snooping at the access layer of a multi-layer enterprise network. By default switches that
pass DHCP requests on to another switch will insert option-82 information, which can be used for various
management functions.
When a switch receives a DHCP frame that has option-82 information on an untrusted interface, the frame will
be dropped. The ip dhcp relay information trust-all command is one way to work around this
default behavior. It is not necessary to enable DHCP snooping on the distribution layer switches, although this
would allow DLS1 and DLS2 to trust ALS1 and ALS2 as relay agents.
a. Configure DLS1 and DLS2 to trust relayed DHCP requests (Option 82 preset with giaddr field equal to
0.0.0.0). Configure this on DLS1 and DLS2. An example from DLS1 is below:
DLS1(config)# ip dhcp relay information trust-all

b. Configure ALS1 and ALS2 to trust DHCP information on the trunk ports only, and limit the rate that
requests are received on the access ports. Configuring DHCP snooping on the access layer switches
involves the following steps:
 Turn snooping on globally using the ip dhcp snooping command.
 Configure the trusted interfaces with the ip dhcp snooping trust command. By default, all ports
are considered untrusted unless statically configured to be trusted. * Very Important * : The topology
used for this lab is not using EtherChannels. Remember that when an EtherChannel created, the
virtual port channel interface is used by the switch to pass traffic; the physical interfaces (and
importantly their configuration) is not referenced by the switch. Therefore, if this topology was using
EtherChannels, the ip dhcp snooping trust command would need to be applied to the Port
Channel interfaces and not to the physical interfaces that make up the bundle.
 Configure a DHCP request rate limit on the user access ports to limit the number of DHCP requests
that are allowed per second. This is configured using the ip dhcp snooping limit rate
rate_in_pps. This command prevents DHCP starvation attacks by limiting the rate of the DHCP
requests on untrusted ports.
 Configure the VLANs that will use DHCP snooping. In this scenario, DHCP snooping will be used on
both the student and staff VLANs.
Configure this on ALS1 and ALS2. An example from ALS1 is below:
ALS1(config)# ip dhcp snooping
ALS1(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/7 - 12
ALS1(config-if-range)# ip dhcp snooping trust
ALS1(config-if-range)# exit
ALS1(config)# interface range fastethernet 0/6, f0/15 - 24
ALS1(config-if-range)# ip dhcp snooping limit rate 20

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

ALS1(config-if-range)# exit
ALS1(config)# ip dhcp snooping vlan 100,200

c. Verify the configurations on ALS1 and ALS2 using the show ip dhcp snooping command.
ALS2# show ip dhcp snooping
Switch DHCP snooping is enabled
DHCP snooping is configured on following VLANs:
100,200
DHCP snooping is operational on following VLANs:
100,200
DHCP snooping is configured on the following L3 Interfaces:

Insertion of option 82 is enabled

circuit-id default format: vlan-mod-port
remote-id: 5017.ff84.0a80 (MAC)
Option 82 on untrusted port is not allowed
Verification of hwaddr field is enabled
Verification of giaddr field is enabled
DHCP snooping trust/rate is configured on the following Interfaces:

Interface Trusted Allow option Rate limit (pps)

----------------------- ------- ------------ ----------------
FastEthernet0/6 no no 20
Custom circuit-ids:
FastEthernet0/7 yes yes unlimited
Custom circuit-ids:
FastEthernet0/8 yes yes unlimited
Custom circuit-ids:
Interface Trusted Allow option Rate limit (pps)
----------------------- ------- ------------ ----------------
FastEthernet0/9 yes yes unlimited
Custom circuit-ids:
FastEthernet0/10 yes yes unlimited
Custom circuit-ids:
FastEthernet0/11 yes yes unlimited
Custom circuit-ids:
FastEthernet0/12 yes yes unlimited
Custom circuit-ids:
<...OUTPUT OMITTED...>

Step 3: Verify IPv4 DHCP Snooping Operation

To verify DHCP Snooping is working, re-run the test conducted to observe DHCP operation without DHCP
snooping configured. Ensure WIRESHARK is still running on HOST_A. Issue the ipconfig /renew
command on HOST_B. In this case, the DHCPDISCOVER should NOT be seen at HOST_A.
Once validated, change ALS1 f0/6 back to VLAN 100 and make sure HOSTA and HOSTB have valid static IP
addresses assigned.

Will DHCP replies be allowed to ingress access ports assigned to VLAN 200?
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

_______________________________________________________________________________________

How many DHCP packets will be allowed on Fast Ethernet 0/16 per second?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Part 3: Configure AAA

AAA stands for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting. The authentication portion of AAA is concerned
with the user being positively identified. Authentication is configured by defining a list of authentication
methods and applying that list to specific interfaces. If lists are not defined, a default list is used.
To demonstrate this we will use AAA to validate users attempting to log into the VTY lines of our network
devices. The AAA server will be a radius server on Host C (172.16.99.50) connected to DLS1's F0/6 . There
are many different radius server alternatives, but for this lab the program WinRadius is used.

Step 1: Configure Switches to use AAA to secure VTY line access

As it stands, all of the switches should have a statically assigned password of cisco on the VTY lines. This is
not a scalable configuration. It requires a single known password, and manual modification of each switch
individually as well as controlled dissemination of that single known password. Using centralized
authentication is a much simpler method, where each user uses their own unique username and password.
Ensure that Host C has connectivity to the gateway and all four switches.
Make the following configuration changes to all four switches:
f. Issue the aaa new-model global configuration command to enable AAA
ALS1(config)# aaa new-model
g. Configure a local user named lastditch with a privilege level of 15 and a password of $cisco123&
ALS1(config)# username lastditch privilege 15 password $cisco123&
h. Configure the radius server to use authentication port 1812, accounting port 1813 and the shared key
WinRadius
ALS1(config)# radius server RADIUS
ALS1(config-radius-server)# address ipv4 172.16.99.50 auth-port 1812 acct-port
1813
ALS1(config-radius-server)# key WinRadius
ALS1(config-radius-server)# exit
i. Configure the AAA authentication method REMOTE-CONTROL to use the radius server and to fallback to
the local database
ALS1(config)# aaa authentication login REMOTE-CONTROL group radius local
j. Configure the VTY lines to use the REMOTE-CONTROL authentication method
ALS1(config)# line vty 0 4
ALS1(config-line)# login authentication REMOTE-CONTROL
ALS1(config-line)# exit

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Step 2: Configure WinRadius

Use the instructions in Appendix A to setup, test, and run WinRadius. As a part of the configuration, you
should have the user account remote with the password cisco123.

Step 3: Test centralized VTY line authentication

Now from a host on the network, attempt to telnet to one of the switches. You should be required to enter a
username and password . Use the username of remote and the password of cisco123. Authentication
should be successful.

Step 4: End of Lab

Do not save your configurations. The equipment will be reset for the next lab.

Appendix A—WinRadius Server Installation

A WinRadius (or comparable) server should be installed on your host platform for this lab. If it is not, you can
use the following procedure to download and install it. Check with your instructor if you have questions
regarding the RADIUS server installation.

Step 1: Download the WinRadius software.

A number of RADIUS servers are available, both freeware and for sale. This lab uses WinRadius, a freeware
standards-based RADIUS server that runs on Windows 7 and most other Windows operating systems.
Note: The free version of the software can support only five usernames. These usernames are NOT retained
over restarts, so try not to restart the PC for the duration of the lab!

Step 5: Install the WinRadius software.

a. Create a folder named WinRadius on your desktop or other location in which to store the files.
b. Search the web for winradius and download the latest version from a trusted website.
Instructor note: The instructions provided in this lab are for WinRadius 4.0. However, you can use another
RADIUS server if one is available.
c. Save the downloaded zip file in the folder created in Step 2a, and extract the zipped files to the same
folder. There is no installation setup. The extracted WinRadius.exe file is executable.
d. Create a shortcut on your desktop for WinRadius.exe.

Step 6: Configure the WinRadius server database.

a. Start the WinRadius.exe application. WinRadius uses a local database in which it stores user information.
When the application is started for the first time, the following messages are displayed:

Please go to “Settings/Database and create the ODBC for your RADIUS database.
Launch ODBC failed.

b. From the main menu, select Settings > Database.

c. Click the Configure ODBC automatically button and then click OK. You should see a message that the
ODBC was created successfully. Exit WinRadius and restart the application for the changes to take effect.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

d. When WinRadius starts again, you should see messages similar to the following:

Note: WinRadius listens for authentication on port 1812 and accounting on port 1813.

Step 7: Configure users and passwords on the WinRadius server.

Note: The free version of WinRadius can support only five usernames at a time. The usernames are lost if you exit the
application and restart it. Any usernames created in previous sessions must be recreated. The first message in the previous
screen shows that zero users were loaded. No users had been created prior to this, but this message is displayed each time
WinRadius is started, regardless of whether users were created or not.
a. From the main menu, select Operation > Add User.
b. Enter the username remote with a password of cisco123.
c. Click OK. You should see a message on the log screen that the user was added successfully.

Step 8: Clear the log display.

From the main menu, select Log > Clear.

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CCNPv7.1 SWITCH: Lab 10-1, Securing Layer 2 Switches

Step 9: Test the new user added using the WinRadius test utility.

a. a. A WinRadius testing utility is included in the downloaded zip file. Navigate to the folder where you
unzipped the WinRadius.zip file and locate the file named RadiusTest.exe.
b. b. Start the RadiusTest application, and enter the IP address of the RADIUS server. For this lab, the
RADIUS server is SRV1, and the IP address is 172.16.99.50.
c. c. Enter username remote and password cisco123. Do not change the default RADIUS port number of
1813 nor the RADIUS password of WinRadius.
d. Note: Be sure to use the IP address of PC-C in this lab (172.16.99.50) when testing.
e. d. Click Send and you should see a Send Access_Request message indicating that the server at
172.16.99.50, port number 1813, received 44 hexadecimal characters. On the WinRadius log display, you
should also see a message indicating that user remote was authenticated successfully.

f. Close the WinRadius application.

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