STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN-I

(Introduction of structural analysis and stability and determinacy

of structure )

Lecture 1 & 2

Instructor: Dr. Suvash Chandra Paul

 CEN 309: Course Outline
 Stability and determinacy of structures
1st term
 SFD and BMD of determinate beams and frames exam

 Analysis of statically determinate trusses and arches

 Cable and cable supported structures
Mid term
 Influence lines of beams, frames, trusses and girders exam
Final
 Moving loads on beams
exam
 Approximate analysis of statically indeterminate structures
(multistoried building frames).
 Wind and earthquake loads

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 CEN 309: Reference books/materials
 Theory of Simple Structures by Shedd & Vawter (2nd ed.)
 Elementary Structural Analysis and Design by Wilbur & Norris (4th ed.)
 Structural Analysis by R.C. Hibbeler (5th ed.)
 Structural Analysis by Aslam Kassimali (4th ed.)
 Lecture materials

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 Basic of Structures

What is Structure?

Engineering Perspective : An arrangement of designed components

that provides strength and stiffness to a build artifact (such as a
building, bridge, dam, automobile, airplane or missile).

Civil Engineering Perspective: Bridge or a building constructed or design

to sustain load.

Stages for materialization of a structure:

Planning Analysis Design Construction
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Structural and non-structural components

5
Structural and non-structural components

6
Structural and non-structural components

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 Basic of Structures

What is Structural Analysis?

It is the process by which it is determined how a structure or a member of

a structure behaves under applied loads.

A detailed evaluation intended to assure that, for any structure, the

deformations will be sufficiently below allowable values that structural
failure will not occur.

Finding out internal forces (axial force, shear force, moment), stress, strain,
deflection etc.

Obtained data for the structural design. 8

 Preliminary details
Structural analysis
of structure

Trial member
details

Stress resultants
Strength checks Adjust details
for strength design

Is the structure
strong enough?
No
OK?

Yes
Is the structure
Stress resultants
for serviceability
Serviceability
checks
stiff enough? SEQUENCE OF
design
STEPS FOR
No
DETAILED
OK?
DESIGN
Yes

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Detail and design
document
 Basic of Structures

What is Structural Design?

A process by which it is determined safe and economical specifications of

a structure or a member of the structure.

Finding out member steel section, cross sectional dimension, amount of

reinforcement etc. to withstand the internal forces that are obtained from
structural analysis.

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 Basic of Structures
An Engineering Structure shall be>>>

 Aesthetically acceptable
 Functionally good
 Safely designed and constructed
 Economically built

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 Basic of Structures
Practical Structure:

Ideal Structure/
Skeletal Structure:

Skeletal Structure: Structure represented by lines and properties associated with

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lines.
 Basic of Structures
Supports & Reaction Forces:

 Roller Support:
Produces one reaction force or
allows rotation and translation
in one direction.

 Hinge/Pin Support:
Produces two reaction forces
or allows rotation but no
translation.

 Fixed Support:
Produces two reaction forces
and a reaction moment or 13
allows no rotation or
translation.
 Basic of Structures

Supports & Reaction Forces:

Support Types
Degrees of Freedom
No. Support Horizontal Vertical Rotation
Movement Movement
1 Roller Free Fixed Free
2 Hinge/ Pin Fixed Fixed Free
3 Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed

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 Basic of Structures
LOADS AND ACTIONS
• Action: any agent, such as imposed load, foundation movement or
temperature gradient, which may act on a structure.
Dead Load (DL) Live Load (LL)
 LL includes the loads specified for
 DL includes weight of the structure
various uses and occupancies.
itself plus weight of permanently
 Variable in magnitude, temporary)
installed equipment.
 Movable loads
 Moving loads (with impact
effect)

DL LL 15
 Basic of Structures
LOADS AND ACTIONS

Wind Loads

Snow Loads
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Seismic Load
 Stability and Determinacy of Structures

A structure is statically indeterminate if the unknown forces cannot

be calculated using the equations of static equilibrium

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 Stability and Determinacy of Structures

 Equations of (Static) Equilibrium (E): (When all the forces that act
upon an object are balanced, then the object is said to be in a state of
equilibrium)

 Two-dimensional (planar) structures = 3

∑Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0, ∑Mz = 0

(e.g., 2D trusses and 2D frames)

 Three-dimensional (non-coplanar) structures= 6

∑ Fx = 0, ∑ Fy = 0, ∑ Fz = 0, ∑ Mx = 0, ∑ My = 0, ∑ Mz = 0

(e.g., 3D trusses and 3D frames)

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 Stability and Determinacy of Structures

Case-01: Reaction(R) <3 Unstable

(structure is not in equilibrium.
So it is unstable)

Case-02: Reaction(R) =3 Determinate

(Stability should be checked)
Case-03: Reaction(R) >3 Indeterminate , Stable
(Stability should be checked) 19
 Stability and Determinacy of Structures

Equations of Conditions:

 Structures without equations of

conditions
 Available equations= E

 Structures with equations of

conditions
 Available equations= E+C
 (internal hinge provides an
equation of condition) 20
 Stability and Determinacy of Structures

Structures with equations of conditions:

Case-01: Reaction(R) < (E+C) Statically Unstable

(structure is not in equilibrium.
So it is unstable)

Case-02: Reaction(R) = (E+C) Determinate

(Stability should be checked)

Case-03: Reaction(R) > (E+C) Indeterminate, Stable

(Stability should be checked)

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 Stability and Determinacy of Structures

It is convenient to consider determinacy and stability as follows:

 With respect to reactions, i.e. external determinacy and

stability
 With respect to members, i.e. internal determinacy and
stability

 A combination of external and internal conditions, i.e. total

determinacy and stability

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 Stability and Determinacy of Structures
Beam Examples:

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No. of unknowns = No. of Equations, therefore the structure is determinate
 Stability and Determinacy of Structures
Beam Examples:

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