Final Thesis
Final Thesis
Final Thesis
A Thesis
Submitted by
Ayalew Molla
Dagne Birmeji
Elias Wae
Mengistu Tadesse
This is to certify that the present work titled “Performance Analysis of Induction Motor
Under Unbalanced Voltage Conditions”, submitted by, Mengistu Tadesse, Elias Wae, Ayalew
Molla, and Dagne Birmeji in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bsc. , is a record of their original work carried out by them. They had worked under my
supervision and has fulfilled the requirement for the submission of this report. The results
presented in this work have not been submitted in part or full to any other university for award of
degree.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTs
The researchers of this thesis would like to express their sincere gratitude to everyone who
supported in conduct of this study by providing us benchmark information, direction, and
insights to fulfill this study. We would like to acknowledge the electrical and computer
engineering department instructor Mr. Salman Ahmad who is our research adviser encouraged us
to dig out more about the thesis and helped us by giving of constructive ideas and materials. We
also give our recognition to our research co-adviser Mr. Surendra Chaoudhry, who extended
exceptional support to the conduct of this study without which the conceptualization of the thesis
undertaking would not have been accomplished. Finally we would like also to thank you the
electrical and computer engineering staff members helped us to attain success in this thesis.
Abstract
The performance of a three phase induction motor fed by an unbalanced voltage supply has been
investigated in this thesis. Voltage unbalance which is a common and global phenomenon is
found to be very effective in deteriorating the performance of induction machines. Symmetrical
component approach is adopted to estimate the performance of a three-phase induction motor
operating with unbalanced supply system. Further MATLAB software has been used for
simulation purpose. A new approach is proposed to rerate the motor operating with voltage
unbalance. With the aid of analytical and mat lab results, variation of stator current ,positive
sequence, Voltage, Negative sequence voltage, unbalancing factor, motor efficiency, power
factor, and rotor current have been investigated under various steady state unbalanced voltage
conditions.
Key-Words: - Abnormal operation, symmetrical component, unbalancing factor, Three Phase
Induction Motors, Rerating, Steady state Analysis, Unbalanced Supply
Table of contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTs iii
Abstract iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of abbreviations ix
CHAPTER 1 1
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2 Three-Phase Induction Motors 2
1.2.1 Principles of Operation induction motor 3
1.2.2 Stator 3
1.2.3 Rotor 3
1.3. Problem statement 4
1.4. Objective of the study 4
1.5. Scope of the project 5
1.6. Significance of the study 5
CHAPTER 2 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Relevant studies 6
2.2 Analysis of machine under unbalance conditions 7
2.3 Voltage Unbalance 7
2.4 Causes of Unbalanced Voltages 8
2.5 Types of voltage unbalance 9
2.5.1. Single phase Under-voltage unbalance: 9
2.5.2. Two phases Under-voltage unbalance: 9
2.5.3. Three phases Under-voltage unbalance: 9
2.5.4. Single phase Over-voltage unbalance: 9
2.5.5. Two phases over-voltage unbalance: 9
2.5.6. Three phases over-voltage unbalance: 9
2.6 Single Phasing 10
List of Tables
Table 1 Unbalance in the voltage magnitude for OVU condition............................................................... 30
Table 2 Unbalance in the voltage magnitude for OVU condition............................................................... 34
Table 3 Unbalance in the phase angle with balanced voltage magnitude ................................................... 38
Table 4 Unbalance in the over voltage magnitude and phase ..................................................................... 41
Table 5 Both under voltage and magnitude unbalance ............................................................................... 44
List of Figures
Figure 1 Stator diagram ................................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 2 Squirrel-cage rotor type .................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 3 Theoretical framework of performance analysis using mat lab. ................................................... 11
Figure 4 (a) and (b) positive and negative sequence equivalent circuit of an induction motor .................. 13
Figure 5(a) and (b) shows the under voltage unbalance Vs current and -unbalancing factor vs positive and
negative sequence ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 6(a) and (b) shows the unbalancing factor vs efficiency and Torque voltage unbalancing factor vs
pf ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 7 De-rating negative sequence voltage vs efficiency Torque and pf ............................................... 33
Figure 8(a) and (b) over voltage unbalance factor vs current and unbalancing factor vs positive and
negative sequence voltage........................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 9 (a) and (b) unbalancing factor vs efficiency and Torque unbalancing factor vs pf and Derating
.................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 10 negative sequence voltage vs Efficiency and Torque ................................................................. 37
Figure 11 (a) and (b) shows the voltage unbalancing due to unbalancing in phase angle vs current and
voltage unbalancing due to phase angle vs positive and negative sequence voltage .................................. 39
Figure 12 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing factor due to unbalancing in phase vs efficiency and torque
and -unbalancing due to unbalancing in phase vs De rating ....................................................................... 41
Figure 13 shows -negative sequence voltage vs efficiency torque and pf .................................................. 41
Figure 14 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing in voltage magnitude and phase angle vs currents and
unbalancing in voltage magnitude and phase angle positive and negative sequence voltage ..................... 42
Figure 15 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing (both in magnitude and phase angle) factor vs efficiency and
Torque and unbalancing (both in magnitude and phase angle) factor vs pf and Derating .......................... 43
Figure 16 shows the negative sequence voltage vs efficiency Torque & pf for unbalancing both in mag. &
phase ........................................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 17 shows the under voltage unbalance vs currents curve and unbalancing (both in mag. and phase )
vs positive and negative sequence voltage .................................................................................................. 45
Figure 18 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing (both in mag. and phase) vs efficiency and Torque and 4-
unbalancing factor vs pf and Derating ........................................................................................................ 46
Figure 19 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing (both in mag. and phase) vs. efficiency and Torque and 4-
unbalancing factor vs pf and Derating ........................................................................................................ 47
List of abbreviations
IM……………………………………………..Induction motor
Pf………………………………………………power factor
η …………………………………………….....efficiency
ωs………………………………………………synchronous speed
CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
industrial, commercial and domestic applications. Due to its simple, rugged and inexpensive
become very popular in industrial uses. As rough estimate nearly 80% of world industrial motors
are poly-phase phase induction motors. Three phase induction motors are designed and
manufactured such that all three phase windings are carefully balanced with respect to number of
three phase system across the world. Although three phase voltage supply is quite balanced in
both magnitude and displacement at the generation and transmission levels. It exits at utilization
end due to unequal load distribution, incomplete transportation of transmission lines, defective
transformers, blown fuses of three phase capacitor bank and so on. Strictly speaking voltage
The influence of unbalanced voltages on the performance of motor was first studied by
Reed and Koppman in 1936 [3]. Further in 1956 Williams [4] proved that an induction motor
operation with unbalanced voltage is undesirable. Studies conducted by Gafford [1] come up in
1959 concerning temperature rise of an induction motor and it was pointed out that due to this
overheating premature ageing of insulation takes place and the life of motor is reduced. In 1963
Berndt et al[12] presented a method for derating of an induction motor operating with unbalance
supply. In 1975 R. F. Woll [15] provided a simple and brief method in order to study the impact
of unbalanced voltages on the losses and its negative effects on the insulating material of
induction motor. In 1985 Cummings [2] study provided methods for protection of the motor and
adjusting the relays settings against unbalance. It was observed that most of the research was
focused on voltage unbalance caused by under voltage unbalance. In fact, over-voltage
unbalance often occurs in off-peak periods in several countries. Further the impact of voltage
unbalance on the performance has been described qualitatively, not quantitatively or
numerically. Kersting [17] has discussed the effect of 0-5% unbalance on the losses of induction
motor. In 2000 Wang [19] studied the influence of voltage unbalance upon the study state
performance of an induction motor analytically. It has been shown that voltage unbalance may
cause the motor line currents to be very unbalanced. In 2001 Wang [20] evaluated the effects of
voltage unbalance on induction motor by using complex voltage unbalance factor (CVUF) that
consist magnitude as well as angle to fully describe the voltage unbalance phenomenon. In 2002
Pillay and Hafmann [13] had examined the derating of an induction machine when supplied by
unbalanced voltages in combinations with over- and undervoltages by using electrical and
thermal model. They concluded that the difference in definitions do not result in significant
difference when operated by unbalanced supplies in the 5% range. In 2004 Faiz et al [6]
analyzed the different definitions given by standards and suggested that the available definitions
of voltage unbalance are not comprehensive and complete, therefore the results by these
definitions are not reliable. In 2005 Faiz et al [5] proposed that inclusion of phase angle in
addition to voltage unbalance factor (VUF) give more accurate result. He introduced a method to
determine the derating factor precisely using the complex unbalance factor (CVUF), in order to
evaluate this factor, the machine is loaded such that the current do not exceed the rated value,
derating factor is then computed as the ratio of the machine output power under balanced supply
conditions to that under balanced condition. In 2006 Faiz et al [7] investigated that, for the same
voltage unbalance, derated motor may have higher efficiency than non-rated motor.
1.2.2 Stator
The stator winding consists of three individual windings which overlap one another and are
offset by an electrical angle of 120°. When it is connected to the power supply, the incoming
current will first magnetize the stator. This magnetizing current generates a rotary field which
turns with synchronous speed for the smallest pole in a 50 Hz circuit the highest synchronous
speed.
1.2.3 Rotor
The rotor in induction machines with squirrel-cage rotors consists of a slotted cylindrical rotor
core sheet package with aluminum bars which are joined at the front by rings to form a closed
cage .The rotor of three-phase induction motors sometimes is also referred to as an anchor. The
reason for this name is the anchor shape of the rotors used in very early electrical devices. In
electrical equipment the anchor's winding would be induced by the magnetic field, whereas the
rotor takes this role in three-phase induction motors.
Induction motor operation with unbalanced voltage is undesirable and it increase temperature
rise of an induction motor and it was pointed out that due to this overheating armature ageing of
insulation takes place and the life of motor is reduced.
To propose that inclusion of phase angle in addition to voltage unbalance factor (VUF) give
more accurate result.
To investigate the same voltage unbalance, rated motor may have higher efficiency than non-
rated motor
CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Relevant studies
In 1985 Cummings [2] study provided methods for protection of the motor and adjusting the
relays settings against unbalance. It was observed that most of the research was focused on
voltage unbalance caused by Under voltage unbalance. In fact, over-voltage unbalance often
occurs in off-peak periods in several countries. Further the impact of voltage unbalance on the
performance has been described qualitatively, not quantitatively or numerically.
In 2005 Faiz et al [5] proposed that inclusion of phase angle in addition to voltage unbalance
factor (VUF) give more accurate result. He introduced a method to determine the derating factor
precisely using the complex unbalance factor (CVUF), in order to evaluate this factor, the
machine is loaded such that the current do not exceed the rated value, derating factor is then
computed as the ratio of the machine output power under balanced supply conditions to that
under balanced condition.
In 2004 Faiz et al [6] analyzed the different definitions given by standards and suggested that the
available definitions of voltage unbalance are not comprehensive and complete, therefore the
results by these definitions are not reliable.
In 2006 Faiz et al [7] investigated that, for the same voltage unbalance, derated motor may have
higher efficiency than non-rated motor.
In Lee, C. Y. [10] is made a statistical study with the efficiency and power factor of induction
motor when are submitted a voltage unbalanced. These variables are related with positive and
negative sequence of voltage, and Voltage Unbalance Factor.
In 1963 Berndt et al [12] presented a method for derating of an induction motor operating with
unbalance supply.
In 2002 Pillay and Hafmann [13] had examined the derating of an induction machine when
supplied by unbalanced voltages in combinations with over- and undervoltages by using
electrical and thermal model. They concluded that the difference in definitions do not result in
significant difference when operated by unbalanced supplies in the 5% range.
In 1975 R. F. Woll [15] provided a simple and brief method in order to study the impact of
unbalanced voltages on the losses and its negative effects on the insulating material of induction
motor.
Kersting [18] has discussed the effect of 0-5% unbalance on the losses of induction motor. In
2000 Wang [8] studied the influence of voltage unbalance upon the study state performance of
an induction motor analytically. It has been shown that voltage unbalance may cause the motor
line currents to be very unbalanced.
In 2001 Wang [20] evaluated the effects of voltage unbalance on induction motor by using
complex voltage unbalance factor (CVUF) that consist magnitude as well as angle to fully
describe the voltage unbalance phenomenon.
Present paper describes the approach based upon symmetrical component theory to analyze the
operation of 3-phase induction motor, operating with unbalanced supply system. MATLAB
software is used for analyzing under such operations. A new proposal has been suggested for
rerating of induction motor.
imposed by power system grid is studied. The phase currents, the deliverable power to the motor,
stator current and efficiency of the motor are propose. In fact, influence of power system and its
unbalances on the motor itself are investigated. In order to analyze the performance of a three
phase induction motor, symmetrical components analysis is normally used. In this method,
positive and negative sequence equivalent circuits are utilized to calculate different parameters of
the machine under unbalanced voltage operation. A Y-connected, 20HP (15Kw), 380V three-
phase squirrel-cage induction motor has been used for performance analysis of a motor under
phase loads, asymmetry of line and transformer winding impedances, time varying operation of
single-phase loads, traction loads, blown out fuses on three-phase capacitor banks, adjustable
speed drives operations etc.
The most important reason for voltage unbalance is a mismatch of reactive power demand
between the industrial utilities and the generating stations. Due to varying operating times of
single-phase and three-phase loads, there exists definite possibility of voltage variations above
and below the rated value, in both balanced and unbalanced form. Thus, voltage variation and
unbalance can be classified into overvoltage unbalance (OVU), and under voltage unbalance
(UVU). OVU is the condition wherein the three phase voltages are not equal to each other, in
addition the positive sequence component of the voltage is greater than the rated voltage value
while UVU is the condition wherein the three phase voltages are not equal to each other, in
addition the positive sequence component of the voltage is lesser than the rated voltage value.
There is a very less possibility that all three-phase voltages remain constant at all times, hence
the analysis carried out in this paper is limited to OVU and UVU cases for phase voltage
unbalance, phase angle unbalance and both phase voltage and angle unbalance.
2.7. Derating
It has been suggested that when motors are operating under unbalanced conditions, they must be
derated in order to mitigate the undesirable effects. Several other approaches for derating have
been suggested, including derating based on current, loss, heating. The two main practically
useful approaches for derating are current approach and horsepower approach. In the current
approach, a limit is placed on the full load current, while in the horsepower approach, a
limit is placed on the horse power During the voltage unbalance tests, current based
derating was investigated. The motor load was reduced to ensure that the unbalance did not
result in current in any phase that exceeded the rated full load amperes (FLA). The ratio of the
resulting shaft horsepower to the nominal is considered as the derating factor. motor derating
with a limit on motor amperage and the NEMA derating curve side by side the derating with
a limit on motor amperage results in a lower curve than the NEMA curve and is linear from
zero to five percentage unbalance. With the motor amps limited to the nominal current, the motor
efficiency is slightly higher than it would have been without a limit imposed on the motor
amps. The slight increase in efficiency may be explained by the absence of the additional
overheating produced in the phases with excessive currents created by the unbalance.
CHAPTER 3
3. METHODOLOGY
In this thesis we are going to show the performance analyzing of induction motor under
unbalanced condition by analytical calculation and mat lab program.
The methods that we have followed during the work progress of the study are:
When conducting or doing our thesis we have searching information on google that related to our
thesis title. If information is gained once the group members making discussion together on what
we have got from the internet. Then after discussion taking necessary points which are important
for our thesis. And also go to library as well as to our advisors who help us in a great deal about
the paper we have studying.
• phase voltages
Process
• positive and
• phase angles negative sequence
voltages, VUF,
stator currents,
• mat lab Software power loss, torque,
simulation power factor,
• analytical efficiency and
Input calculation rerating in Hp
• Learning Outcome
Output
The voltage unbalance factor (VUF) is defined by International Electro technical Commission
(IEC) as the ratio of negative-sequence voltage component to the positive-sequence voltage
component.
%VUF ......(b)
In this thesis inorder to analyze the performance of induction motor we have used that the IEC or
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT DEFINATION which is known as the exact definition of
voltage unbalance.
Figure 4 (a) and (b) positive and negative sequence equivalent circuit of an induction motor
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]
j (2π / 3)
Where a =1∠120o or a = e is the Fortescue operator
Ins = ………………………..….……………………(4)
The motor input power and power factor can be expressed in terms of symmetrical components
In case core loss and mechanical losses are negligible, output power due to positive- and
negative-sequence component may be defined as;
2
Pp=3(Ipr )( )Rr………………………..(12)
2
Pn=3(Inr )( )Rr …………….………..(13)
Pout=Pp+Pn……………………………… (14)
Where Pn is negative at normal slip because rotor rotates in opposite direction of the magnetic
field produced by negative-sequence component. Torques produced by positive- and negative-
sequence component is;
Tp= = = ………………(15)
Tn= = = ……………….(16)
Where ωm is angular speed of the rotor and ωs synchronous speed. Therefore motor net output
torque is given as;
T=Tp+Tn= ( ) ………………(17)
Rerating=√ …………………..(19)
However it has been felt that the motor losses which are primarily responsible for overheating
must be maintained corresponding to full load operation under with balanced supply system.
Further using equations (1) to (19), for a known value of Vp and Vn (i.e. for given voltage
unbalance), total losses of the machine and torque developed may be represented as a function of
operating slip as;
Equation (20) gives the value of operating slip to maintain the full load losses and this may be
used in (21) to estimate the rerated torque. This approach as proposed may be helpful to control
the heating of motor.
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]=* + = ⁄ [ ][ ]
Vp = ⁄ [Va<00+1<1200*Vb<2400+1<2400*Vc<1200]
= ⁄ [228<00+229<3600+230<3600] = ⁄ [228+229+230] = 229V
Vn = ⁄ [Va<00+1<2400*Vb<2400+1<1200*Vc<1200]
= ⁄ [228<00+229<4800+230<2400] = -0.5-j0.289
Vn = 0.5775<-149.970V
⁄
Zp=Rs +jXs+ ( ( ) =17.55<29.520ohm
⁄
⁄
Zn=Rs + jXs+( ( ) =1.87<82.30ohm
⁄
Ics =aIps+a2Ins
=1<120*13.0484<-29.520+1<240*0.3409<-223.970
Pin = Re[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)]
=Re[3(229<00*13.0484<-29.520*+0.6374<-141.670*0.3409<-223.970*)]
=Re[7800.63+j4417.58]
Pin =7800.63W
* *
Qin = Im[3(Vp*Ips +Vn*Ins )]
= Im[3(229<00*13.0484<-29.520*+0.6374<-141.670*0.3409<-223.970*)]
= I m[7800.63+j4417.58]
= 4417.58VAR
-1
Pf = cos [tan ( )] = 0.8701
Pout = Pp + Pn = 7252.6932W
Tp = = 48.1210Nm
Tn = = 0.001Nm
T = Tp+Tn= 48.1210+0.001=48.12Nm
η= *100 = 91.3479%
Rerating= √
=√ = 0.1000Hp
Case 2
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]=* += ⁄ [ ][ ]
Vp= ⁄ [Va<00+1<1200*Vb<2400+1<2400*Vc<1200]
Vn= ⁄ [Va<00+1<2400*Vb<2400+1<1200*Vc<1200]
⁄
Zp=Rs+jXs+( ( ) =17.55<29.520ohm
⁄
⁄
Zn=Rs + jXs+( ( ) =1.87<82.30ohm
⁄
= -11.3275-j6.9494 =12.9147<-150.350A
Ics =aIps+a2Ins
=1<120*13.0484<-29.520+1<240*0.3409<-223.970
=13.0484 <90.480+0.3409<-103.970
=0.1454+j13.1412 =13.1239<91.820A
Pin=Re[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)]
=Re[3(231<00*13.16<-29.520*+0.58<-30.110*0.3102<52.190*)]
=Re[7938.04+j4494.1491]
Pin =7936.0437W
Qin=Im[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)]
=Im[3(231<00*13.16<-29.520*+0.58<-30.110*0.3102<52.190*)]
= Im[7938.04+j4494.1491]
Qin= 4494.1491VAR
Pf=cos[tan-1( )]=0.8702
Ipr=Ips* =11.0397<65.080A
Inr=Ips* =13.1622<-27.950A
2
Pp=3(Ipr )( )Rr =7252.7932W
2
Pn=3(Inr )( )Rr = -0.1W
Tp= =48.1210Nm
Tn= 0.001Nm
T=Tp+Tn =48.12Nm
Rerating =√
=√ = 0.1000HP
Case- 3
* + = ⁄ [ ][ ] = ⁄ [ ][ ]
Vp= ⁄ [Va<40+1<1200*Vb<2460+1<2400*Vc<1250]
= ⁄ [230<40+230<3660+230<3650]
= ⁄ [364.3154-j166.0282] = 229.9766<50V
Vn= ⁄ [Va<40+1<2460*Vb<2400+1<1200*Vc<1250]
Vn= ⁄ [230<40+230<4860+230<2450]
=0.9836+2.1107 =2.3286<650V
⁄
Zp=Rs+jXs+( ( ) = 17.55<29.520Ohm
⁄
⁄
Zn=Rs + jXs+( ( ) = 1.87<82.30Ohm
⁄
Ips = = = 13.1041<-24.520A
Ins = = = 1.2452<-18 .2 0A
=1<240*13.1041<-24.520+1<120*1.2452<-18 .2 0
= -10.6709-j6.38 = 12.6554<-149.690A
Ics =aIps+a2Ins
Pf=cos[tan-1( )] =0.8661
Ipr=Ips* =10.72<0.80A
Inr=Ips* =11.8187<-20.580 A
2
Pp=3(Ipr )( )Rr = 6141.06W
2
Pn=3(Inr )( )Rr = -152.334W
Pout=Pp+Pn =55988.726W
Tp= =40.7448Nm
Tn= = -1.011Nm
T=Tp + Tn =39.7341Nm
Rerating =√
Case 4
Example for both voltage magnitude and phase angle unbalanced condition
Va=306<60V ,Vb=290<2450V ,Vc=270<1200V
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]
Vp= ⁄ [Va<60+1<1200*Vb<2450+1<2400*Vc<1200]
= ⁄ [306<100+290<3650+270<3600]
= ⁄ [287.74+j17.0870]
=288.3724<3.800V
Vn= ⁄ [Va<60+1<2400*Vb<2450+1<1200*Vc<1200]
Vn= ⁄ [306<100+290<4850+270<2400]
= 0.9955+j11.9057
=11.9472<85.220V
⁄
Zp=Rs+jXs+ ( ( )
⁄
Zp=17.55<29.520Ohm
⁄
Zn=Rs + jXs+( ( )
⁄
Zn=1.87<82.30Ohm
VUF = *100%=4.1430%
CVUF = *100
CVUF = 4.1430<81.4150
Ips = = = 16.4315<-25.720A
Ins = = = 6.3889<-2.920A
=22.2504<-17.810A
= -17.0449-j3.8987
= 17.4851<-167.120A
Ics =aIps+a2Ins
=-4.1331+j1.7046
=11.4741<111.100A
Pin=Re[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)]
=Re[12400.4943+j7231.1289]
Pin = 12400.4943 W
Qin=Im[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)]
= Im[12400+j7231.1289]
Qin= 7231.1289VAR
Pf=cos[tan-1( )] =0.8631
Ipr=Ips*
=14.5465<-0.80A
Inr=Ips*
=6.2356<3.470A
2
Pp=3(Ipr )( )Rr
=11308.0672<-1.60W
2
Pn=3(Inr )( )Rr
=-42.4045<6.940W
Pout=Pp+Pn
=11350.4727W
P loss= Pin-Pout
=1134.8W
Tp=
=75.0270Nm
Tn=
= 0.2814Nm
T=Tp+Tn
=75.3084Nm
Efficiency = *100%
= *100%
= 91.5324%
Rerating =√ =0.5863
Case 5
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]
* += ⁄ [ ][ ]
Vp= ⁄ [Va<100+1<1200*Vb<2370+1<2400*Vc<1290]
= ⁄ [200<100+212<3570+229<3690]
= ⁄ [211.6172+j19.8193]
=212.5433<5.40V
Vn= ⁄ [Va<100+1<2400*Vb<2370+1<1200*Vc<1290]
Vn= ⁄ [200<100+212<4770+229<2490]
= 6.2164 + j3.2778
=7.0276<27.80V
⁄
Zp=Rs+jXs+( ( )
⁄
Zp=17.55<29.520Ohm
⁄
Zn=Rs + jXs+( ( )
⁄
Zn=1.87<82.30Ohm
VUF = *100=3.31%
VUF = *100
CVUF = 3.31<-22.40
Ips = = = 12.1107<-24.120A
Ins = = = 3.7581<-55.40A
=15.4462<-31.40A
=1<240*12.1107<-24.120+1<120*3.7582<-55.40
= -7.3414-j1.8965 = 7.5834<-165.520A
Ics =aIps+a2Ins
=-6.9803+j11.5852 =13.5256<121.070A
Pin=Re[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)]
=Re[7868.28+j4463.3316]
Pin = 7868.28 W
Qin=Im[3(Vp*Ips*+Vn*Ins*)] = Im[7868.28+j4463.3316]
Qin= 4463.3316VAR
Pf=cos[tan-1( )] =0.8698
Ipr=Ips* =11.5998<0.40A
Inr=Ips* =12.7898<-23.97680A
2
Pp=3(Ipr )( )Rr =7190.42W
2
Pn=3(Inr )( )Rr = -13.9483W
Pout=Pp+Pn =7176.4717W
Tp= =47.707Nm
Tn= = -0.0925Nm
= 91.2076%
Rerating =√ =0.096
3.5. Mat lab code for performance analysis of induction motor under unbalanced
conditions
The above method that we have used to analyze the performance of induction motor under
unbalanced conditions is so boring and it takes so many times in order to achieve or perform
much possibilities. But in this thesis we have used mat lab code for implementing of
performance analysis of induction motor in a short time for taking of much possibility.
The below mat lab code uses for implementing the performance of induction motor under
unbalanced conditions.
CHAPTER 4
15
currents
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
200
sequence voltages
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 5(a) and (b) shows the under voltage unbalance Vs current and -unbalancing factor vs
positive and negative sequence
80
efficiency & Torque
70
60
50
40
30
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
1
pf & Derating
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 6(a) and (b) shows the unbalancing factor vs efficiency and Torque voltage unbalancing
factor vs pf
70
efficiency, Torque & pf
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Negative sequence voltae (Vn)
Case-2
30
25
currents
20
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
250
sequence voltages
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor (ovu)
(b)
Figure 8(a) and (b) over voltage unbalance factor vs current and unbalancing factor vs positive
and negative sequence voltage
85
80
efficiency & Torque
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor (ovu)
(a)
2.5
pf & Derating
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor (ovu)
(b)
Figure 9 (a) and (b) unbalancing factor vs efficiency and Torque unbalancing factor vs pf and
Derating
70
efficiency, Torque & pf
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Negative sequence voltae (Vn)
Case-3
4.1.3 Unbalance in the phase angle with balanced voltage magnitude condition
In this case, the conditions wherein the three phase angles are not equal to each other; in addition
the positive sequence component of the voltage is lesser than the rated voltage value.
20
currents
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
2-voltage unbalancing due to phase angle vs positive and negative sequence voltage
voltage unbalancing due to phase angles vs positive and negative sequence voltage
250
Vps
Vns
200
sequence voltages
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 11 (a) and (b) shows the voltage unbalancing due to unbalancing in phase angle vs current
and voltage unbalancing due to phase angle vs positive and negative sequence voltage
85
80
efficiency & Torque
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
1.5
pf & Derating
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 12 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing factor due to unbalancing in phase vs efficiency and
torque and -unbalancing due to unbalancing in phase vs De rating
5-negative sequence voltage vs efficiency torque and pf
negative sequence voltage vs efficiency Torque & pf
100
efficiency
90 Torque
pf
80
70
efficiency, Torque & pf
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Negative sequence voltae (Vn)
35
30
currents
25
20
15
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
2-unbalancing in voltage magnitude and phase angle positive and negative sequence voltage
unbalancing in voltage magnitude and phase angle positive and negative sequence voltage
350
Vps
Vns
300
250
sequence voltages
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 14 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing in voltage magnitude and phase angle vs currents
and unbalancing in voltage magnitude and phase angle positive and negative sequence voltage
3-unbalcing (both in magnitude and phase angle) factor vs efficiency and Torque
unbalcing (both in magnitude and phase angle) facotr vs efficiency and Torque
95
efficiency
90 Torque
85
80
efficiency & Torque
75
70
65
60
55
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
4
pf & Derating
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 15 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing (both in magnitude and phase angle) factor vs
efficiency and Torque and unbalancing (both in magnitude and phase angle) factor vs pf and
Derating
5-negative sequence voltage vs efficiency Torque & pf for unbalancing both in mag. & phase
negative sequence voltage vs efficiency Torque & pf for unbalancing both in mag. & phase
100
efficiency
90 Torque
pf
80
70
efficiency, Torque & pf
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Negative sequence voltae (Vn)
Figure 16 shows the negative sequence voltage vs efficiency Torque & pf for unbalancing both
in mag. & phase
Case-5
20
currents
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
2-unbalancing (both in mag. and phase )vs positive and negative sequence voltage
unbalcing (both in mag. and phase )vs positive and negative sequence voltage
250
Vps
Vns
200
sequence voltages
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 17 shows the under voltage unbalance vs currents curve and unbalancing (both in mag.
and phase ) vs positive and negative sequence voltage
80
efficiency & Torque
70
60
50
40
30
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
voltage unbalacing factor
(a)
1.4
1.2
pf & Derating
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
voltage unbalacing factor
(b)
Figure 18 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing (both in mag. and phase) vs efficiency and Torque
and 4-unbalancing factor vs pf and Derating
70
efficiency, Torque & pf
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Negative sequence voltae (Vn)
Figure 19 (a) and (b) shows the unbalancing (both in mag. and phase) vs. efficiency and Torque
and 4-unbalancing factor vs pf and Derating
In fig.2(a),8(a) and 14(a) shows as the voltage unbalance factor increased the stator current at
phase a and b are increasing with fluctuation. But, stator current at phase c is decreases.
In fig.2 (b) and14 (b) when voltage unbalance factor increases, the negative sequence voltage
increases and the positive sequence voltage is decreases with fluctuation.
In fig.3 (a) and 15(a) when voltage unbalancing factor increases, then the average torque and
efficiency decreases.
In fig.3 (b), 6(b) and 12(b) when voltage unbalance factor is increase, the power factor decrease
slightly and the derating increase with fluctuations.
In fig.4 and 10 as the negative sequence voltage increases, the efficiency is slightly decreases,
the torque also decreases and the power factor decrease.
In fig 5(a) as the voltage unbalance factor increases the stator currents at phase a and c are
increased and the stator current at phase b is decreased.
In fig5 (b) and 11(b) when voltage unbalance factor increased , both positive and negative
sequence voltages are increased .
In fig 6(a) and 12(a) as VUF increased, the efficiency is decreases and the torque increased with
fluctuation.
In fig.7and 13 when negative sequence voltage is increases, the power factor decreases, the
torque is increase in fluctuation and the efficiency is decreases.
In fig8 (b) as VUF increases the positive sequence voltage is constant and the negative sequence
voltage is increase.
In fig9 (a) both efficiency and torque are slightly decreases as the VUF is increased.
In fig 9(b) and 15(b) when VUF is increases, the derating increases and the power factor slightly
decreases.
In fig11 (a) as VUF increases, all the stator currents are increase.
In general Fig. 2 to Fig. 16 describes the effects of voltage unbalance on losses, output torque,
efficiency and operating power factor of the machine. Study leads to the following observations.
1. The efficiency of electrical induction motor decreases with increased voltage unbalance.
2. Losses which are the indication of heat are maintained in proposed methodology
CHAPTER 5
In this thesis an attempt has been made to analyze and control the operation of three-phase
induction motor operating with unbalanced supply system. For the first time MATLAB based
programming used to estimate the steady state performance of motor. Both „under voltage
unbalance‟ as well as „over voltage unbalance‟ have been considered for analysis purpose. A
new approach has been proposed and adopted for rerating of the motor and is found to be
effective to control the excessive heating of the motor operating with unbalanced supply system.
A new comprehensive and generalized procedure is presented to predict the steady-state
performance of three phase motors under unbalanced conditions focusing on the efficiency,
stator currents, torque, power loss and power factor. This prediction could make the control
system of induction motor especially appropriate to prevent damages in high-power machines. It
is well known that voltage unbalance causes extra loads to the utilities and additional charges to
consumers. Also it can be seen that efficiency of the motor under three-phase unbalanced voltage
is lower than the efficiency at normal condition. The maximum amplitude of the current and
torque are significantly increased by decreasing the voltage unbalanced factor. As the
unbalancing in the voltage source can cause excessive losses, heating, noise, vibration, torsional
pulsations, slip, and motor accelerating torque, detecting of unbalancing in the voltage applied is
important. In the case of unbalanced voltages the efficiency and average output torque of the
motor would decrease and the ripple would increase significantly destructing the motor
application.
5.2 Future Work
In this thesis we try to analysis the performance and effects of unbalance voltage on the
induction motor .Following work may be carried out in future
1. Performance evaluation of actual machine under unbalance voltage conditions.
2. Implementation of voltage unbalancing factor in protection and control circuit design of
induction motor.
3. Prevention and mitigation schemes for voltage unbalancing.
References
[1] B.N. Gafford, W.C. Duestenhoef, C.C. Mosher. “Heating of Induction Motor on
Unbalanced Voltages,AIEE Trans Power Apparatus System, PAS-78, pp.282-297, June
1959.
[2] Cummings et al. “Protection of Induction Motors Against Unbalanced Voltage Operation.”
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[3] H. R.Reed and R.J. Koopman,“Induction Motors on Unbalanced Voltages,” AIEE Trans.
Vol.55, pp. 1206-1213.1936.
[4] J. E.Willams, “Operation of Three Phase Induction Motor on Unbalance Voltages”, AIEE
Trans,Vol-73, pp.125-133, April 1954.
[5] J. Faiz and H. Ebrahimpour, “Precise Derating of Three-phase Induction Iotors with
Unbalanced Voltages,” IEEE Trans IAS, Vol.6, No.5, pp.485-491, 2005.
[6] J. Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour and P. Pillay, “Influence of Unbalanced Voltage on the Study state
Performance of a Three-phase Squirrel-cage Induction motor,” IEEE Trans EC, Vol.19,
No.4pp. 657-662, 2004.
[7] J Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour and P. Pillay, “Influence of Unbalanced Voltage On Efficiency of
Three phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor and Economic Analysis” IEEE Trans EC,
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Unbalance Line Voltage”, AIEE Trans Power Apparatus System, PAS-84, pp. 471-479,
February1964.
[13] P. Pillay, P. Hoftman, and M. Manyage, “Derating of Induction Motors Operating with the
Combination of Unbalanced Voltages and Over or Under Voltages,‟‟ IEEE Trans. EC, vol.
17, pp. 485-491, Dec. 2002.
[14] ReinerI, C. A.G´Omez, J. C.Balaguer, E. B.Morcos, M. M.:
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Voltage Unbalance, 39th North American Power Symposium, 2007, pp. 474–479.
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meeting, Singapore, pp. 23-27 January 2000.
Appendices
Three phase,
4 pole,
10 HP,
400/230 volt,
50Hz,
Y- Connected,
1440 rpm
Rs=0.7384ohm,
Rr=0.7422 ohm,
Xs=Xr=0.9566 ohm,
Xm=38.9872 ohm,
Moment of Inertia=0.0343 kg-m2,
Friction factor =0.000503