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Database Management Systems Outline

The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, its applications in fields like banking and retail, and its advantages like data consistency and security. It also examines the different types of users that interact with databases, such as administrators, designers, and end users. Additionally, it covers important DBMS concepts like data models, languages for defining and manipulating data, and the logical and physical design of database systems.

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Gee Lysa Pascua Vilbar
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98 views

Database Management Systems Outline

The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, its applications in fields like banking and retail, and its advantages like data consistency and security. It also examines the different types of users that interact with databases, such as administrators, designers, and end users. Additionally, it covers important DBMS concepts like data models, languages for defining and manipulating data, and the logical and physical design of database systems.

Uploaded by

Gee Lysa Pascua Vilbar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Introduction to Database Management Systems


 Data – facts, figures, statistics, etc. having no particular meaning.
 Database – collection of interrelated data.
 Database System – it is computerized system, whose overall purpose is to
maintain the information and to make that the information is available on demand.
 Database Management System (DBMS) – it is a collection of programs that
enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-
purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining,
constructing and manipulating the database for various applications.

Database Management System (DBMS) and Its Applications


A database management system is a computerized record-keeping system. It is a
repository or a container for collection of computerized data files.

Database Applications:
1. Banking
2. Airlines
3. Universities
4. Manufacturing and selling
5. Human resources

Purpose of Database Management System (DBMS)


1. Data redundancy and inconsistency.
2. Difficulty in accessing data.
3. Data isolation.
4. Integrity problems.
5. Atomicity problems.
6. Security problems.

Advantages of Database Management System (DBMS)


1. Data Independence
2. Data Consistency
3. Data Integrity
4. Data Security
5. Efficient Data Access
6. Improved Data Sharing
7. Enforcements of Standards
8. Reduced Application Development and Maintenance Time

Disadvantages of Database Management System (DBMS)


1. It is bit complex.
2. It uses large amount of memory.
3. DBMS system works on the centralized system
4. DBMS is generalized software
Types of People Who Deal with Databases
1. Actors on the scene.
a) Database Administrators (DBA) – is responsible for authorizing access to
the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use and for acquiring
software and hardware resources as needed.
b) Database Designers – are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in
the database and for choosing appropriate structures to represent and store
this data.
c) End Users – are the people whose jobs require access to the database for
querying, updating and generating reports.
d) System Analyst – these people determine the requirements of end users
and develop specifications for transactions.
e) Application Programmers (Software Engineers) – these people can test,
debug, document and maintain the specified transactions.

2. Workers behind the scene.


a) Database Designers and Implementers – these people who design and
implement the DBMS modules and interfaces as a software package.
b) Tool Developers – include persons who design and implement tools
consisting the packages for design, performance monitoring, and
prototyping and test data generation.
c) Operators and maintenance personnel – these are the system
administration personnel who are responsible for the actual running and
maintenance of the hardware and software environment for the database
system.

View of Data
A database system is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs that allow
users to access and modify these data. A major purpose of a database system is to
provide users with an abstract view of the data.

Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS


This is also called as 'The Three-Schema Architecture’, which can be used to separate
the user applications and the physical database.
 Physical Level (or Internal View) – the lowest level of abstraction describes how
the data are actually stored.
 Logical Level (or Conceptual View) - the next-higher level of abstraction describes
what data are stored in the database, and what relationships exist among those
data.
 View Level (or External View) – the highest level of abstraction describes only part
of the entire database.

Instances and Schemas


 Schema – the logical structure of the database.
 Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time.
 Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without
changing the logical schema.

Data Models
 Data Model – a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data
relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints. The data models can
be classified into four different categories:
1. Relational Model – uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the
relationships among those data.
2. Entity-Relationship Model – uses a collection of basic objects, called
entities, and relationships among these objects.
3. Object-Based Data Model – combines features of the object-oriented data
model and relational data model.
4. Semi-Structured Data Model – permits the specification of data where
individual data items of the same type may have different sets of attributes.

Historically, the network data model and the hierarchical data model preceded
the relational data model. These models were tied closely to the underlying
implementation, and complicated the task of modeling data.

Data Manipulation Language


A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access or
manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
 Procedural DMLs – require a user to specify what data are needed and how to get
those data.
 Declarative DMLs (or Nonprocedural DMLs) – require a user to specify what data
are needed without specifying how to get those data.

Data Definition Language


We specify a database schema by a set of definitions expressed by a special language
called a data-definition language (DDL). DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored
in a data dictionary.

Data dictionary contains metadata.


 Database schema
 Data storage and definition language
- Specifies the storage structure and access methods used.
 Integrity constraints
- Domain constraints.
- Referential integrity.
 Authorization

Database Design
The process of designing the general structure of the database:
 Logical Design – deciding on the database schema. Database design requires
that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas.
- Business decision – What attributes should we record in the database?
- Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we have
and how should the attributes be distributed among the various relation
schemas?
 Physical Design – deciding on the physical layout of the database.
Database Application Architecture
 Two-tier Architecture – the application resides at the client machine, where it
invokes database system functionality at the server machine through query
language statements.
 Three-tier Architecture – the client machine acts as merely a front end and does
not contain any direct database calls.

Database Management System Internals


 Query Processor
The query processor components include:
- DDL interpreter, which interprets DDL statements and records the
definitions in the data dictionary.
- DML compiler, which translates DML statements in a query language
into an evaluation plan consisting of low-level instructions that the
query evaluation engine understands.
 Storage Manager
A storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the
low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries
submitted to the system. The storage manager is responsible for the interaction
with the file manager.
 Transaction Manager
Transaction-manager ensures that the database remains in a consistent (correct)
state despite system failures and transaction failures.

Sources:
https://mrcet.com/downloads/digital_notes/ECE/III%20Year/DATABASE
%20MANAGEMENT%20SYSTEMS.pdf
http://www.svecw.edu.in/Docs%5CITIIBTechIISemLecDBMS.pdf
https://slideplayer.com/slide/2527001/
https://www.slideshare.net/OECLIBOdishaElectron/database-management-system-ppt

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