National Institute of Technology,

Tiruchirappalli
Department of Mathematics

National Level Workshop on Algebra, Analysis and Differential Equations

(WAAD-2021)

Differential Equation
Tutorial-4

June 18, 2021

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Part: B (Ordinary Differential Equation)

Question: 1
Let y1 and y2 be two solutions of the problem

y”(t) + ay′ (t) + by(t) = 0, t ∈ R, y(0) = 0,

where a and b are real constants. Let W be the wronskian of y1 and y2 . then
A)W(t) = 0, ∀t ∈ R.
B) W(t) = c, ∀t ∈ R for some positive constant c.
C) W is a non constant positive function.
D) there exist t1 , t2 ∈ R such that W(t1 ) < 0 < W(t2 ).

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A)

Given differential equation is y”(t) + ay′ (t) + by(t) = 0, t ∈ R, y(0) = 0,
=⇒ y1 (0) = 0, y2 (0) = 0. ∫
Wronskian at t = 0 is 0 =⇒ for any t ∈ R, W(t) = e− adt , W(0) = 0 =⇒ W(t) = 0, ∀t ∈ R
Hence, option (A) is correct.

Question: 2
2 2
The PDE x ∂∂xu2 + y ∂∂yu2 = 0 is
A) hyperbolic for x > 0, y < 0.
B) elliptic for x > 0, y < 0.
C) hyperbolic for x > 0, y > 0.
D) elliptic for x < 0, y > 0.

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Partial Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A)

2 2
Given PDE is x ∂∂xu2 + y ∂∂yu2 = 0
2 2 2
Compare the given PDE with R ∂∂xu2 + S ∂x∂y
∂ u
+ T ∂∂yu2 + f(x, y, u, p, q) = 0
We get : R = x, S = 0, T = y. Now S2 − 4RT = −4xy
S2 − 4RT > 0 if x < 0, y > 0 and x > 0, y < 0.
S2 − 4RT < 0 if x > 0, y > 0 and x < 0, y < 0.
Hence, option (A) is correct.

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Part B (Partial Differential Equation)

Question: 3
Let u(x, t) be the solution of the initial value problem

utt − uxx = 0, u(x, 0) = x3 , ut (x, 0) = sin x.

Then u(π, π) is
A) 4π 3
B) π 3
C) 0
D) 4

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Partial Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A)

Given equation utt = uxx , u(x, 0) = x3 , ut (x, 0) = sin x R x+t
By D’ Alembert Solution: u(x, t) = 21 [(x + t)3 + (x − t)3 ] + 1
2 x−t
sin s.ds
u(x, t) = 12 [(x + t)3 + (x − t)3 ] + 21 [cos(x − t) − cos(x + t)]
Now u(π, π) = 4π 3
Hence, option (A) is correct.

Question: 4
The Cauchy problem 2ux + 3uy = 5, u = 1 on the line 3x − 2y = 0 has
A) exactly one solution.
B) exactly two solution.
C) infinitely many solution.
D) no solution.

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Partial Differential Equation

Solution: Option (D)

Given Cauchy problem 2ux + 3uy = 5, u = 1 on the line 3x − 2y = 0
By Lagrange’s Method, dx 2
= dy
3
= du5
=⇒ 3x − 2y = C1 and 5x − 2u = C2
=⇒ General solution is 3x − 2y = ϕ(5x − 2y), by given condition we get
0 = ϕ(5x − 2) =⇒ ϕ(x) = 0
which is not a solution of given differential equation . Above equation has no solution.
Hence, option (D) is correct.

Question: 5
Let u = u(x, y) be the complete integral of the PDE ∂u . ∂u = xy passing through the points
∂x ∂y
(0, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 1/2) in the x-y-u space . Then the value of u(x, y) evaluated at (−1, 1) is
A) 0.
B) 1.
C) 2.
D) 3.
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Partial Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A)

Given PDE is p.q = xy,
p
x
= qy = c =⇒ p = cx, q = yc
R R cx2 2
So, u = cxdx + yc dy + k =⇒ u = 2
+ 1c y2 + k
2 2
As, u(0, 0) = 1, u(0, 1) = 12 , we get u = −x 2
− y2 + 1 =⇒ u(−1, 1) = 0
Hence, option (A) is correct.

Question: 6
∂2u u
∂2u
The complete integral of the PDE ∂x2
∂
+ 2 ∂x∂y + ∂y2
= xex+y , involving arbitrary function ϕ1 and
ϕ2 is
A) ϕ1 (y + x) + ϕ2 (y + x) + 14 ex+y .
(x−1) x+y
B) ϕ1 (y + x) + xϕ2 (y + x) + 4
e .
1 x+y
C) ϕ1 (y − x) + ϕ2 (y − x) + 4
e .
(x−1) x+y
D) ϕ1 (y − x) + xϕ2 (y − x) + 4
e .
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Partial Differential Equation

Solution: Option (D)

D2 + 2DD′ + D′2 = 0 =⇒ (D + D′ )2 = 0.
C.F.= ϕ1 (y − x) + xϕ2 (y − x)
Since in option (D) is satisfying complementary function part.
Hence, option (D) is correct.

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Question: 7
d2 y
Let y : R → R be a solution of the ODE dx2
− y = e−x , x ∈ R, y(0) = dy
dx
(0) = 0, then
A) y attains its minimum on R.
B) y is bounded on R.
C) limx→∞ e−x y(x) = 14 .
D) limx→−∞ ex y(x) = 14 .

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A), (C)

2
d y −x dy
Given differential equation is dx2 − y = e , x ∈ R, y(0) = dx (0) = 0,
It’s A.E. is (D − 1)y = 0 =⇒ D = ±1 =⇒ C.F. = C1 e + C2 e−x .
2 x

P.I. = (D21−1) e−x = x 2D

1 −x
e = − x2 e−x
y = C1 ex + C2 e−x − x2 e−x
y(0) = 0 =⇒ C1 + C2 = 0.
y’(0)=0 =⇒ C1 − C2 = 21 .
On solving, we get C1 = 14 , C2 = −14
=⇒ y = 14 ex − 41 e−x − x2 e−x
−x 1
limx→∞ e y(x) = 4 .
limx→−∞ ex y(x) = ∞.
y is not bounded on R as limx→∞ y(x) = ∞ and limx→−∞ y(x) = ∞
Thus, option (C) is correct and option (B) and (D) are incorrect.
Further Y′ (0) = 0. So x = 0 is a critical point.
Also y′′ = y + e−x =⇒ y”(0) = y(0) + e0 =⇒ y”(0) = 1 > 0 at x = 0.
Thus, y attains its minimum.
Hence, option (A) is correct.
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Ordinary Differential Equation

Question: 8
Let P, Q be continuous real valued functions defined on [−1, 1] and ui : [−1, 1] → R. i = 1, 2 be
2
solutions of the ODE ddxu2 + P(x) du
dx
+ Q(x)u = 0, x ∈ [−1, 1], satisfying u1 ≥ 0, u2 ≤ 0 and
u1 (0) = u2 (0) = 0.
Let W denote the Wronskian of u1 and u2 then
A) u1 and u2 are linearly independent .
B) u1 and u2 are linearly dependent .
C) W(x) = 0 for all x ∈ [−1, 1]
D) W(x) ̸= 0 for some x ∈ [−1, 1].

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (B), (C)

d2 u
+ P(x) du + Q(x)u = 0, x ∈ [−1, 1], and u1 (0) = u2 (0) = 0.
dx2  dx   
u1 (0) u2 0   0 0 
W(0) =  ′ = =0
u1 (0) u2 (0) u1 (0) u2 (0)
′ ′ ′
∫
By Abel’s formula, Wronskian of u1 and u2 at any point x = w(x) = w(0)e −p(x)dx = 0 =⇒ u1
and u2 are linearly dependent.
Hence, option (B) and (C) are correct.

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Partial Differential Equation

Question: 9
2 2 2
2 − 2 ∂x∂y − 3 ∂y2 = 0. Then which of the following are correct?
∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
Consider the second order PDE 8 ∂x
A) the equation is elliptic.
B) the equation is hyperbolic.
C) the general solution is z = f(y − x2 ) + g(y + 3x
4
).
D) the general solution is z = f(y + x
2
) + g(y − 3x
4
).

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Solution: option (B), (C)
2 2 2
2 − 2 ∂x∂y − 3 ∂y2 = 0.
∂ z ∂ z ∂ z
Given equation is 8 ∂x
2
S − 4RT = 100 > 0, Given equation is hyperbolic.
Now general solution put D = m and D′ = 1 in (8D2 − 2DD′ − 3D′2 )z = 0.
=⇒ (8m2 − 2n − 3)z = 0 =⇒ 8m2 − 2m − 3 = 0 =⇒ 8m2 − 6m + 4m − 3 = 0
=⇒ m = 43 , −1
2
General solution is z = f(y + x2 ) + g(y − 3x
4
).
Hence, option (B), (C) are correct.

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Partial Differential Equation

Question: 10
∂2u
A bounded solution to the partial differential equation ∂u
∂t
= ∂x2
+ e−t is
A) u(x, t) = −e−t .
B) u(x, t) = e−x e−t .
C) u(x, t) = e−t + e−x .
D) u(x, t) = x − e−t .

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Partial Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A)

∂2u
∂u
∂t
= ∂x2
+ e−t
2
For option (A) , u(x, t) = −e−t =⇒ ∂u∂t
= e−t and ∂∂xu2 = 0 =⇒ u(x, t) = e−t satisfies (A) and
limt→∞ u(x, t) = 0.
u(x, t) is bounded.
Also option (B) and (C) do not satisfy the given differential equation and option (D) is
unbounded.
Hence option (A) is correct.

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Question: 11
Consider the ordinary differential equation y′ = y(y − 1)(y − 2). Which of the following statement
is true?
A) If y(0) = 0.5 hen y is decreasing
B) If y(0) = 1.2 then y is increasing
C) If y(0) = 2.5 then y is unbounded
D) If y(0) < 0 then y is bounded below.

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Solution: Option (C)
Given differential equation is y′ = y(y − 1)(y − 2)
dy
=⇒ there are three equilibrium solutions, i.e. y = 0, y = 1, and y = 2 and dx < 0 or dy
dx
> 0 if
y ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2) or y ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) respectively.
if y(0) ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2), then y(x) is decreasing function and if y(0) ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞), then y(x) is
increasing function.
Hence, option (C) is correct.

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Part: B (Ordinary Differential Equation)

Question:12
Let y : R → R be differentiable and satisfy the ODE:
dy
= f(y), x ∈ R, y(0) = y(1) = 0,
dx
where f : R → R is a Lipschitz continuous function. Then
A) y(x) = 0 if and only if x ∈ {0, 1}.
B) y is bounded.
C) y is strictly increasing .
dy
D) dx
is unbounded.

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (B)

Given equation is dydx
= f(y), x ∈ R, y(0) = y(1) = 0.
Given f : R → R satisfies the Lipschtz condition.
Take, f(y) = 0 =⇒ dy dx
= 0 =⇒ y = c, constant for all x ∈ R. Also, y(x) = 0 is solution of above
differential equation.
Hence, option (A), (C), (D) are incorrect. Option (B) is correct.

Question:13
The initial value problem
dy √
= 2 y, y(0) = α,
dx
has
A) a unique solution if α < 0.
B) no solution if α > 0.
C) infinitely many solution if α = 0.
D) a unique solution if α ≥ 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (C)

√
Given IVP is y′ = 2 y, y(0) = α =⇒ dy
√
y
= 2dx
1/2
By integrating, we get 2y = 2x + c. As √
y(0) = α =⇒ c = 2α1/2 =⇒ y1/2 = x + α1/2 =⇒ y = (x + a)2 .
2
It has unique solution if α > 0, and if a = 0 then y = x is a solution.
Also y = 0 is solution of initial value problem. Also
(
0, 0<x<c
y(x) =
(x − c)2 , x ≥ c

is solution of given initial value problem. So it has infinitely many solutions if α = 0.

Hence Option (C) is correct.

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Part: B (Ordinary Differential Equation)

Question: 14
For the initial value problem
dy
= y2 + cos2 x, x > 0, y(0) = 0,
dx
The largest interval of existence of the solution predicted by picard’s theorem is :
A) [0, 1]
B) [0, 1/2]
C) [0, 1/3]
D) [0, 1/4] .

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (B)

f(x, y) = y2 + cos2 x. Since ∂y ∂f
= 2y is continuous in R, it follows that f satisfies Lipschitz condition
on R.
Moreover, | ∂y∂f
| = 2|y| ≤ 2b as considering x ≤ a, y ≤ b which shows that Lipschitz constant is 2b.
Also |f(x, y| = |y2 + cos2 x| ≤ |y|2 + |cos2 x| ≤ b2 + 1. Take
M = 1 + b2 , h = min{a, M b
} = min{a, 1+bb
2 }.
Since a largest interval of existence of solution to the IVP is required,using differential calculus we
b
can find the maximum value of 1+b 2.
b dg 1−b2
Let, g = 1+b2
, then db = (1+b 2 )2 = 0 =⇒ b = 1.

d2 g
For b = 1, db2 < 0. Thus g is maximum when b = 1 and the maximum value of g = 21 .
Hence h = 12 , the solution exist on the largest interval [0, 1/2].
Hence, Option (B)is correct.

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Part: B (Ordinary Differential Equation)

Question: 15
The critical point of the system :
dx dy
= −4x − y, = x − 2y
dt dt
is an
A) asymptotically stable node.
B) unstable node.
C) asymptotically stable spiral.
D) unstable spiral.

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (A)

Given system of equations is dx
dt
= −4x − y, dydt
= x − 2y. here dx
dt
= 0 and dy
dt
= 0 at
x = 0, y = 0 =⇒ (0, 0) is the critical
 point.

−4 −1
Now the coefficient matrix A =
1 −2
Eigen values of A are −3, −3 which are negative.
Also we know if both eigen values are real and negative, then critical point is asymptotically
stable node.
Hence, option (A) is correct.

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Question: 16
For λ ∈ R, consider the differential equation y′ (x) = λ sin(x + y(x)), y(0) = 1. Then this initial
value problem has
A) no solution in any neighbourhood of 0.
B) a solution in R if |λ| < 1.
C) a solution in a neighbourhood of 0
D) a solution in R only if |λ| > 1.

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Solution: Option (B), (C)

Using results of IVP y′ = f(x, y)
| ∂f(x,y)
∂y
| = |λ cos(x + y)| ≤ λ. As ∂y
∂f
is bounded =⇒ There exist a unique solution in the
neighbourhood of 0. As y(0) = 1.
So, option (A) is incorrect and option (C) is correct.
If f(x, y) is bounded and continuously differentiable function on R, them maximum interval of
existence of solution is R.
if |λ| < 1, f(x, y) is bounded and continuous.
For |λ| < 1, there exists a solution in R.
So option (B) is correct and option (D) is incorrect.

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Ordinary Differential Equation

Question: 17
The problem −y” + (1 + x)y = λy, x ∈ (0, 1), y(0) = y(1) = 0 has a non zero solution
A) for all λ < 0.
B) for all λ ∈ [0, 1].
C) for some λ ∈ (2, ∞).
D) for a countable number of λ

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Solution: Option (C), (D)
Given differential equation −y” + (1 + x)y = λy, x ∈ (0, 1), y(0) = y(1) = 0 is a Regular Sturm
Liouville Problem . By the properties of SLP .
Eigen values of SLP are countable. =⇒ option (A) and (B) both are incorrect and clearly option
(D) is correct.
min q(x)
Also in Regular SLP the eigenvalues satisfies the relation that λ ≥ maxa≤x≤b r(x)
a≤x≤b
By comparing the differential equation with −[p(x).y′ ]′ + q(x)y = λr(x).y, we get λ > 1
Hence option (C) is correct.

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Books Reference

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