Introduction To Composite Materials
Introduction To Composite Materials
to Composite
Introduction to Composite
Materials and Structures
Nachiketa Tiwari
Nachiketa Tiwari
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Lecture 1
Introduction
Overview of Lectures
Module Lecture Numbers Contents
5 22, 23, 24 Orthotropic Laminates
• Importance and areas of application
• Classification
• Advantages of fiber‐reinforced composites
What are “composites”?
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• Composite: Two or more chemically different
p y
constituents combined macroscopically to
yield a useful material
yield a useful material.
• Examples of naturally occurring composites
– Wood: Cellulose fibers bound by lignin matrix
Wood: Cellulose fibers bound by lignin matrix
– Bone: Stiff mineral “fibers” in a soft organic matrix
permeated with holes filled with liquids
permeated with holes filled with liquids
– Granite: Granular composite of quartz, feldspar,
and mica
d i
What are “composites”?
What are composites ?
• Some examples of man‐made composites
– Concrete: Particulate composite of aggregates
p gg g
(limestone or granite), sand, cement and water
– Plywood: Several layers of wood veneer glued
Plywood: Several layers of wood veneer glued
together
– Fiberglass: Plastic matrix reinforced by glass fibers
Fiberglass: Plastic matrix reinforced by glass fibers
– Cemets: Ceramic and metal composites
– Fibrous composites: Variety of fibers (glass, kevlar,
graphite, nylon, etc.) bound together by a
polymeric matrix
These are not composites!
These are not composites!
• Plastics: Even though they may have several
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“fillers”, their presence does not alter the
physical properties significantly.
• Alloys: Here the alloy is not macroscopically
Alloys: Here the alloy is not macroscopically
heterogeneous, especially in terms of physical
properties.
• Metals with impurities: The presence of
Metals with impurities: The presence of
impurities does not significantly alter physical
properties of the metal
properties of the metal.
Where are composites used?
Where are composites used?
• Automotive industry: Lighter, stronger, wear
resistance, rust‐free, aesthetics
– Car body
– Brake pads
Brake pads
– Drive shafts
– Fuel tanks
– Hoods
– Spoilers
Where are composites used?
Where are composites used?
• Aerospace: Lighter, stronger, temperature
resistance, smart structures, wear resistance
– Aircraft: Nose, doors, struts, trunnion, fairings,
cowlings, ailerons, outboard and inboard flaps,
cowlings, ailerons, outboard and inboard flaps,
stabilizers, elevators, rudders, fin tips, spoilers,
edges
– Rockets & missiles: Nose, body, pressure tanks,
frame fuel tanks turbo motor stators etc
frame, fuel tanks, turbo‐motor stators, etc.
– Satellites: Antennae, frames, structural parts
Where are composites used?
Where are composites used?
• Sports: Lighter, stronger, toughness, better
g p gp p
aesthetics, higher damping properties
– Tennis
– Bicycles
– Badminton
– Boats
– Hockeyy
– Golfing
– Motorcycles …
Motorcycles
Where are composites used?
Where are composites used?
• Transportation & Infrastructure: Lighter,
g g p g
stronger, toughness, damping
– Railway coaches
– Bridges
– Ships and boats
– Dams
– Truck bodies and floors
– RV bodies
Where are composites used?
Where are composites used?
• And many more industry sectors
– Biomedical industryy
– Consumer goods
– Agricultural equipment
Agricultural equipment
– Heavy machinery
– Computers
– Healthcare
Classification of Composites
Classification of Composites
Engineered
i d
Composites
Particulate Fibrous
Random Preferred
Single Layer Multi‐Layer
Orientation Orientation
Random Preferred
Unidirectional Bi‐Directional
Orientation Orientation
R f
References
2
2. Mechanics
M h i off Composite
C i Materials,
M i l Jones,
J R M.,
R. M Mc‐Graw
M G
Hill.
Particulate Fibrous
Random Preferred
Single Layer Multi‐Layer
Orientation Orientation
Random Preferred
Unidirectional Bi‐Directional
Orientation Orientation
Classification of Composites
Classification of Composites
• Particulate composites
i l i have one or more
h
material particles suspended in a binding
matrix. A particle by definition is not “long”
vis‐à‐vis its own dimensions.
• Fibrous
Fibrous composites have fibers of reinforcing
composites have fibers of reinforcing
material(s) suspended in binding matrix.
Unlike particles a fiber has high length‐to‐
Unlike particles, a fiber has high length‐to‐
diameter ratio, and further its diameter may
be close to its crystal size
be close to its crystal size.
Classification of Composites
Classification of Composites
• Particulate composites:
P ti l t it
– Random orientation: Orientation of particle is randomly distributed in all
directions (ex: concrete)
– Preferred orientation: Particle orientation is aligned to specific directions
(ex: extruded plastics with reinforcement particles)
Note: Particulate composites in general do not have high fracture
resistance unlike fibrous composites. Particles tend to increase
stiffness of the materials, but they do not have so much of an
iff f h i l b h d h h f
influence on composite’s strength. In several cases, particulate
composites are used to enhance performance at high temperatures.
In other case these composites are used to increase thermal and
In other case, these composites are used to increase thermal and
electrical properties. In cemets, which are ceramic‐metal composites,
the aim is to have high surface hardness so that the material can be
used to cut materials at high speeds or is able to resist wear
used to cut materials at high speeds, or is able to resist wear.
Classification of Composites
Classification of Composites
• Fibrous Composites: In general, materials tend to have much better thermo‐
Fibrous Composites In general materials tend to have much better thermo
mechanical properties at small scale than at macro‐scale. This is shown in
the following table.
At macro‐scale, imperfections in material have an accumulated effect of
g g p p g y
degrading bulk mechanical properties of materials significantly. This is one
reason why fibrous composites have been developed to harness micro‐scale
properties of materials at larger scales. Man‐made fibers, have almost no
flaws in directions perpendicular to their length. Hence they are able to bear
large loads per unit area compared to bulk materials
large loads per unit area compared to bulk materials.
Classification of Composites
Classification of Composites
• Fibrous Composites:
– Single‐layer: These are actually made of several
g y y
layers of fibers, all oriented in the same direction.
Hence they are considered as “single‐layer”
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composites. These can be further categorized as:
• Co
Continuous and long fibers: Examples include filament
t uous a d o g be s a p es c ude a e t
wound shells. These may be further classified as:
– Unidirectional reinforcement
– Bidirectional reinforcement
Classification of Composites
Classification of Composites
• Fibrous Composites (continued):
• Discontinuous and short‐fibers: Examples include fiber
glass bodies of cars. These may be further classified as:
– Randomly oriented reinforcement
– Reinforced in preferred directions
– Multi‐layer: Here, reinforcement is provided, layer‐
b l
by layer in different directions.
i diff di i
• Laminate: Here, the constituent material in all layers is
the same.
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• Hybrid laminates: These have more than one constituent
materials in the composite structure
materials in the composite structure.
Advantages of Composites
Advantages of Composites
• Composites
Composites are engineered materials. We can
are engineered materials. We can
engineer them specifically to meet our needs on a
case‐to‐case basis In general following properties
case‐to‐case basis. In general, following properties
can be improved by using composite materials.
– Strength
St th Electrical conductivity
El ti l d ti it
– Modulus Thermal conductivity
– Weight Behavior at extreme temps.
– Fatigue Acoustical insulation
– Vibration damping Aesthetics
– Resistance to wear Resistance to corrosion
Limitations of Composites
Limitations of Composites
• Like all things in nature, composites materials have
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their limitations as well. Some of the important ones
are:
– Anisotropy: A large number of composites have direction
dependent material properties. This makes them more
difficult to understand, analyze and engineer, vis‐à‐vis
isotropic materials.
– Non‐homogenous: Further, these materials by definition
are not homogenous Hence their material properties
are not homogenous. Hence their material properties
vary from point‐to‐point. This factor as well makes them
difficult to model, and analyze.
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Limitations of Composites
Limitations of Composites
– Costly: Composite materials are in general expensive. Thus, they are
used only in applications where their benefits outweigh their costs.
d l i li ti h th i b fit t i h th i t
– Difficult to fabricate: Further, fabricating structures from such
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materials is difficult, time taking, and expensive.
– Sensitivity
Sensitivity to temperature: Laminated composites are particularly
to temperature: Laminated composites are particularly
sensitive to temperature changes. They come in with residual
thermal stresses, because they get fabricated at high temperatures,
and then cooled. Such a process locks in thermal stresses into the
p
structure.
– Moisture
Moisture effects: Laminated composites are also sensitive to
effects: Laminated composites are also sensitive to
moisture, and their performance varies significantly when exposed
to moisture for long periods of time.
Introduction to Composite
Introduction to Composite
Materials and Structures
Nachiketa Tiwari
Nachiketa Tiwari
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Lecture 3
Introduction
Lecture Overview
Lecture Overview
• Fibers and whiskers
• Matrices
• Mechanical Behavior of Composites Materials
Mechanical Behavior of Composites Materials
• Basic terminology
Fibers and Whiskers
• A fiber has:
– High length‐to‐diameter ratio.
High length to diameter ratio
– Its diameter approximates its crystal size.
• Modern composites exploit the fact that small scale samples of
most of the materials are much stronger than bulk materials. Thus,
thin fibers of glass are 200‐500 times stronger than bulk glass.
• Several types of fibers are available commercially. Some of the
more commonly used fibers are made from materials such as
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carbon, glass, Kevlar, steel, and other metals.
• Glass
Glass is the most popular fiber used in composites since it is
is the most popular fiber used in composites since it is
relatively inexpensive. It comes in two principal varieties; E‐glass,
and S‐glass. The latter is stronger than the former.
Fibers and Whiskers
• Fibers are significantly stronger than bulk materials
because:
– They have a far more “perfect” structure, i.e. their crystals
are aligned along the fiber axis.
g g
– There are fewer internal defects, especially in direction
normal to fiber orientation, and hence there are lesser
l t fib i t ti dh th l
number of dislocations.
• At larger scales, the degree of structural perfection
within a material sample is far less that what is present
at small (micro and nano) scales For this reason fibers
at small (micro and nano) scales. For this reason fibers
of several engineering materials are far more strong
than their equivalent bulk material samples.
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Fibers and Whiskers
• The following table lists bulk as well as fiber properties for
different materials It is seen from the table that the
different materials. It is seen from the table that the
difference between bulk and fiber strengths is significant.
Table 2.1: Properties of Some Common Engineering Materials in Bulk and Fiber Forms
Young's Modulus Bulk Tensile Strength Fiber Tensile
Fiber Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (GPa) (MPa) Strength (MPa)
Strength (MPa)
• Thus, the difference in mechanical properties of a
whisker vis‐à‐vis bulk material is even more
hi k i à i b lk t i l i
pronounced. This is because the degree of perfection
in whiskers is even higher vis‐à‐vis
in whiskers is even higher vis à vis that in fibers.
that in fibers
– Whiskers are produced by crystallizing materials on a very
small scale.
– Internal alignment within each whisker is extremely high.
Whiskers
• The following table lists bulk as well as whisker properties for
different materials. It is seen from the table that the difference
between bulk and whisker strengths is very significant.
Table 2.2: Properties of Some Common Engineering Materials
in Bulk and Whisker Forms
in Bulk and Whisker Forms
Bulk Tensile Strength Whisker Tensile
Fiber (MPa) Strength (MPa)
• Modern
Modern composites derive much of their desired properties by
composites derive much of their desired properties by
using fibers and whiskers as one of the constituent materials.
• Fibers made from carbon, E‐glass, S‐glass, and Kevlar are commonly
used in modern composite structures.
Problem Set
• Explore different types of fiber materials.
What fibers would you used with an objective
to:
– Improve thermal conductivity
– Improve electrical conductivity
Improve electrical conductivity
– Improve mechanical strength
– Improve toughness
What you learnt in this lecture?
What you learnt in this lecture?
• Fibers and whiskers
• Matrices
• Mechanical Behavior of Composites Materials
Mechanical Behavior of Composites Materials
• Basic terminology