LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1

BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

CENTRAL PHILIPPINE UNIVERSITY | COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

PREPARED BY: AURELIO, LAURON, NUÑEZ
 COURSE OUTLINE
1.1 Introduction to SPSS
1.2 Basics of MS Excel Functions and Operations
1.3 Nature of Data and Variables
1.4 Scales of Measurement
1.5 Sample Size
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1
BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

1.1 Introduction to SPSS

Statistical
Package
for Social
Sciences
 • At the end of this module the
Course Content students should be able to:
1. Identify the general uses of IBM
Module 1.1 Introduction to SPSS
SPSS (Statistical Package
for Social Sciences)
2. Familiarize the basic environment
of IBM SPSS
1. The general uses of IBM
SPSS
3. Understand how to enter
2. How to open IBM SPSS
and what are the four quantitative and qualitative data
windows data editor
3. How to enter 4. Understand how to define, label,
quantitative and qualitative add vaules and delete variables
data
 USES OF SPSS
• Basic descriptive statistics:
1. Conduct statistical analysis ✓ Averages
✓ Frequencies
• Advanced inferential statistics:
2. Manipulate data ✓ Regression models
✓ Analysis of variance
– encoding data ✓ Factor analysis

– computing new variables

– merging and aggregating datasets

3. Generate tables and graphs that summarize data

STARTING SPSS
1. Look for an SPSS icon your
desktop.
2. Place your cursor on the icon
and double click, or:

1. Click Start Button icon under, and

WinXP
2. Click All Programs,
3. Select SPSS for Windows
4. Onced opened you will see the splash
page as seen at the left and from
there you can open a new dataset, or
open a recent file
 THE FOUR WINDOWS
DATA EDITOR
Spreadsheet-like system

Defining, entering, editing,

and displaying data

Extension of the saved file will

be “sav.”
 THE FOUR WINDOWS
DATA EDITOR
Each row is dedicated to a
single participant, subject or
case

Each column is dedicated for

a variable

You can switch to the variable

view to edit the variables
 THE FOUR WINDOWS
DATA EDITOR
You can also switch to the
variable view to edit the
variables
 THE FOUR WINDOWS
OUTPUT VIEWER

Displays output and errors

Extension of the saved file will

be “spv.”
 THE FOUR WINDOWS
SYNTAX EDITOR
Text editor for syntax
composition

Extension of the saved file

will be “sps.”
 THE FOUR WINDOWS

SCRIPT WINDOW
Provides the opportunity to write
full-blown programs, in a BASIC-
like language

Extension of the saved file will be

“sbs.”
HOW TO ENTER QUANTITATIVE DATA?
1. Open a new SPSS Data Editor window:
File / New / Data.

2. In the Data View:

• A heavy border appears around the first data cell in the first
column.
• Type the first _____ value.
• Note that this value will appear in the cell editor.
• Press the Enter key. The data value will appear in the cell.
• Continue entering all the remaining data values.
HOW TO ENTER QUANTITATIVE DATA?

3. By entering a value in the first column, you

automatically create a new variable with the default
name var00001

4. Create your own variable names

5. Click the Variable View tab as shown below

HOW TO ENTER QUANTITATIVE DATA?

To edit the variable name:

6. Double click on var00001

7. Delete var00001 and type in `_____` to

replace the default one.

8. Next, click the Data View tab to return to the

data view window.

There are several rules for naming variables in

SPSS. For example, each name must be unique,
spaces are not allowed, and the first character
cannot be a number or certain symbols such as
% or &.
HOW TO ENTER QUANTITATIVE
DATA?

To delete a variable simply select the

row number where it is assigned

Then open Edit and choose clear, this will

delete the entire variable
HOW TO ENTER QUALITATIVE DATA?
How to Define Labels and Values?
Dr. Smith asked fifteen students in his class on what days of the week they
were born.

Coding Data
The variable `dayofwk` is a CODE DAY OF THE WEEK
categorical 1 Sunday
variable. 2 Monday
One way to simplify data entry is to 3 Tuesday
assign numbers or symbols to 4 Wednesday
represent responses. 5 Thursday
6 Friday
7 Saturday
 HOW TO ENTER QUALITATIVE DATA?
1. Open a new Data Editor window
2. From the menus choose: File / New / Data

Variable Name: Define the variable name.

1. Click the Variable View tab
2. Double click on the textbox
3. Type in the variable name “dayofwk” as shown

Variable Label: Assign the variable DAYOFWK an extended descriptive

label DAY OF THE WEEK.
1. Double click on the textbox.
2. Type in the long label DAY OF THE WEEK as shown
 HOW TO ENTER QUALITATIVE DATA?
Variable: Assign descriptive labels to values
1. Double click on the textbox and a gray square will appear.
2. Click on the gray square as shown below

3. A Value Label dialog box will appear.

 HOW TO ENTER QUALITATIVE DATA?
4. Click inside of the Value text box and type 1.
5. Press the Tab key or click inside of the Value
Label text box and type Sunday.
6. Click on Add. The value label is added to the list
as shown

7. Continue entering the other values (2 to 7) and

their descriptive labels (Monday to Saturday)
8. Finally, click Ok to end the Value Labels input
 HOW TO ENTER QUALITATIVE DATA?
Level of measurement:

1. Click on Measure
2. A down arrow will appear which will allow
you to choose the scale of measurement
whether Scale, Ordinal or Nominal
3. Click on the down arrow, choose Nominal
4. Enter data values
 HOW TO ENTER QUALITATIVE DATA?
Go back to the data window and toggle the
button for the value labels. Value label
button

This will change the appearance of the

numbers by their set values (which is the
days of the week)

As you can see, 9 has not changed since it

was not added a value
LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1
BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

1.2 Basics of MS Excel Functions and Operations

 What is Microsoft Excel?
➢spreadsheet program
that is used to record
and analyse numerical
data.

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➢contains a number of
columns and rows,
where each intersection
of a column and a row
is a “cell
 Why should I learn Microsoft
Excel?

➢It is one of the programs which we will be using for this

class.

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➢Excel is convenient for data entry, and for quickly
manipulating rows and columns prior to statistical
analysis.
 Understanding the Ribbon

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➢Ribbon start button - used to access commands
i.e. creating new documents, saving existing work, printing
 Understanding the Ribbon

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➢Ribbon tabs – the tabs are used to group similar commands together.

➢The home tab is used for basic commands such as formatting the data to
make it more presentable, sorting and finding specific data within the
spreadsheet.
 Understanding the Ribbon

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➢Ribbon bar – the bars are used to group similar commands together.
➢ As an example, the Alignment ribbon bar is used to group all the commands that are used
to align data together.
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BUTTON
SAVE
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BUTTON

ctrl + x
CUT
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BUTTON

ctrl + c
COPY
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BUTTON

ctrl + v
PASTE
 Vertical
columns are
labelled with
alphabetic
values such
as A, B, C and
so on.

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Horizontal rows are
labelled with
numeric values
such as 1, 2, 3 and
so on.
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CELL
Changing the format display of text in a cell

Step 1:

https://www.techonthenet.com/excel/cells/format2016.php
Select the
cell/cells you
wish to
format
Changing the format display of text in a cell

Step 2:

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Right-click and
then select "Format
Cells" from the
popup menu.
Changing the format display of text in a cell
When the Format Cells window
appears, select the Number tab.

In the Category listbox, select

your format.

A sample of your text will

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appear on the right portion of
the window based on the format
that you've selected.

Click the OK button when you

are done.
Changing the format display of text in a cell

In this example, we've

chosen to format the
content of the cells as a
currency number with 2

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decimal places.
➢When sorting data, it's important to first decide if you want the
sort to apply to the entire worksheet or just a cell range.

➢Sort sheet organizes all the data in your worksheet by one column.
Related information across each row is kept together when the sort
is applied.

➢Sort range sorts the data in a range of cells, which can be helpful
when working with a sheet that contains several tables. Sorting a
range will not affect other content on the worksheet.
 https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/excel2016/sorting-data/1/
Select a cell in the column you want to
sort by. In our example, we'll select cell
C2.
➢ Select the Data tab on the
Ribbon

➢ Then click the A-Z

command to sort A to Z

➢ or the Z-A command to

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sort Z to A.

➢ In our example, we'll sort A

to Z.
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➢ The worksheet will be sorted by the selected column.
➢ In our example, the worksheet is now sorted by last name.
 ➢ Select the cell range you
want to sort. In our example,
we'll select cell range G2:H6.

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➢ Select the Data tab on the
Ribbon
➢ Then click the Sort
command.
 ➢ Decide the sorting
order (either
ascending or
descending).

➢ In our example,
we'll use Largest
to Smallest.

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➢ The Sort dialog box will appear.
➢ Choose the column you want to sort by.
➢ In our example, we want to sort the data by the
number of T-shirt orders, so we'll select Orders.
 https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/excel2016/sorting-data/1/
➢ Once you're satisfied with your selection, click OK.
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➢ The cell range will be sorted by the selected
column. In our example, the Orders column will
be sorted from highest to lowest.

➢ Notice that the other content in the worksheet

was not affected by the sort.
 REMINDERS
➢If your data isn't sorting properly, double-check your
cell values to make sure they are entered into the
worksheet correctly.

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➢Even a small typo could cause problems when sorting
a large worksheet.
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➢ Select a cell in the column you want to sort by. In our
example, we'll select cell D2.
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/excel2016/sorting-data/1/
➢ Select the Data tab, then click the Sort command.
 https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/excel2016/sorting-data/1/
➢ The Sort dialog box will appear.
➢ Select the column you want to sort by, then choose
Custom List... from the Order field.
➢ Then Click OK
 https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/excel2016/sorting-data/1/
Type the new list
➢SUMMATION
➢COUNT
➢MEAN/AVERAGE
➢MEDIAN

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➢MODE
➢VARIANCE
➢STANDARD DEVIATION
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excel.html%
SUMMATION
 COUNT

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➢ The COUNT function counts
the number of cells that
contain numbers, and counts
numbers within the list of
arguments.

➢ Use the COUNT function to

get the number of entries in
a number field that is in a
range or array of numbers.
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MEAN
 MEDIAN

https://exceljet.net/excel-functions/excel-median-function
➢ The MEDIAN function returns the median (middle number) in a
group of supplied numbers
 MODE

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➢ The Excel MODE function returns the most frequently
occurring number in a numeric data set.
 VARIANCE

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➢The Excel VAR function estimates the variance of a sample of data.
➢If data represents the entire population, use the VARP function or the
newer VAR.P function.
➢VAR ignores text values and logicals in references.
 https://exceljet.net/excel-functions/excel-var-function
STANDARD DEVIATION
 Workboook vs Worksheet
➢Workbook is a collection of worksheets.
➢Worksheet is a collection of rows and columns.

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Worksheet
Workbook
 Rename Worksheet

➢By default, the sheets are

named Sheet1, Sheet2 and
so on and so forth.

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➢You can rename the sheet
names to more meaningful
names
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LABORATORY ACTIVITY 1
BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

1.3 Nature of Data and Variables

MODULE 1 AUGUST 2021

BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

1.3 Nature of Data and Variables

Module 1:
Laboratory
Definition of Terms

DATA
• Is collected to obtain information
• It is comprised of observations on one or more variables.
• Is collected from a sample of individuals which represents a population of interest

VARIABLE
• Numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being studied
EXAMPLE: Basic clinical and demographic information on patients with a particular illness
variables may include: sex, age and height of the patients
 AUGUST 2021

CATEGORICAL
(QUALITATIVE DATA)

1 NOMINAL

2 ORDINAL
CATEGORICAL (QUALITATIVE
DATA)
NOMINAL
1 • categories are not ordered but simply have names
EXAMPLE: marital status (married/single/widowed, etc.)

ORDINAL
2 • categories are ordered in some way
EXAMPLE: disease staging systems (advanced, moderate, mild, none)
and degree of pain (severe, moderate, mild, none)
 AUGUST 2021

NUMERICAL
(QUANTITATIVE DATA)

1 DISCRETE

2 CONTINUOUS
NUMERICAL (QUANTITATIVE
DATA)
DISCRETE
1 • obtained by “counting”
• when the variable can only take certain numerical values
EXAMPLE: Number of asthma attacks of Px A over the last 5 years

CONTINUOUS
2 • there is no limitation on the values that the variable can take
• obtained by “measuring”
EXAMPLE: weight/height
MODULE 1 AUGUST 2021

BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

1.4 scales of Measurement

Module 1:
Laboratory
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

NOMINAL SCALE
• classifies elements into two or more categories
• numbers indicating that elements are different; not according to order or magnitude
EXAMPLE: Religion (Roman Catholic, Christian, Buddhist, etc)

ORDINAL SCALE
• Ranks individuals in terms of degree to which they possess a characteristic interest
EXAMPLE: Anxiety level
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

INTERVAL SCALE
• unit of measurement is arbitrary and there is no “true zero” point
EXAMPLE: Temperature of COVID positive patients

RATIO SCALE
• similar with interval, but has “absolute zero” in the scale
EXAMPLE: Volume of reagent A used in an experiment
MODULE 1 AUGUST 2021

BASIC CONCEPTS IN BIOSTATISTICS

1.5 sample size

Module 1:
Laboratory
 REASONS FOR SAMPLING

• Complete enumerations are practically impossible when the population

is infinite.
• When results are required in a short time.
• When resources for survey are limited. (Financial reasons; Trained
persons)
• When the item/unit is destroyed under investigation.
DETERMINING THE SAMPLE

There is no general rule regarding sample size.

However: (1) the higher the percentage of the sample, the higher the validity
of the study, and (2) the bigger the sample, the lesser percentage of the
sample is taken.

SLOVIN’S FORMULA is
used.
where:
n = sample
N = population
1 = constant
e = sampling error
 Sampling – Example 1

N = 10,000 e = 2% (show solution)

n = 10,000
10,000(0.02)2 + 1
n = 10,000
10,000(0.0004) + 1
n = 10,000
4+ 1
n = 2,000
A TB researcher wanted to conduct a survey on TB in
Jamindan, Capiz. The size of the population is 2,000. Find
the sample size with 97% confidence level.

100% - 97% = 3% = 0.03

n = 2,000
2,000(0.03)2 + 1
= 2000/2.8
= 714
RESPONDENT POPULATION Solve the sample size of CPU Senior High School using Stratified
SAMPLE Sampling

STEM 220
𝑛
𝑥 𝑁𝐼
𝑁

HUMMS 320

ABM 430 STEM GAS

330 x 220 = 38.2 = 38 330 x 170 = 29.5 = 30
1900 1900

GAS 170 HUMMS ICT

330 x 330 = 57.3 = 57 330 x 350 = 60.7 = 61
1900 1900

TVL-ICT 350 ABM HE

330 x 430 = 74.6 = 74 330 x 400 = 69.4 = 69
1900 1900

TVL-HE 400

N = 1900 n = 330