FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRE

PROTECTION SYSTEM

Presented By: Engr. Ronel R. Baes

0917-8514228 / 0922-8553251
[email protected]; [email protected]
Member: NFPA, SFPE, FSSA,
ASHRAE, PSME, ASHRAE, PIFPO,
CEM, CFSP. 0917-8514229 / 0922-
8553251
[email protected]
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Standards, Approvals and Listings

U.S EPA SNAP approved as alternative to halon in occupied spaces

ISO 14520 Standard on Gaseous Media Fire Extinguishing Systems

VdS Approved

LPCB Approved IMO Recognized

CNPP Approved DNV Approved

Lloyds Approved

Bureau Veritas Approved

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Fire is the rapid oxidation of a
material in
the exothermic chemical
process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and
various reaction products.
 Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of
materials at elevated temperatures. It involves
a change of chemical composition and is
irreversible.

Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the

treatment of organic materials. It is one of the
processes involved in charring wood.

In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces volatile products and leaves a solid
residue enriched in carbon, char. Extreme pyrolysis, which leaves mostly carbon as the
residue, is called carbonization.
 INTRODUCTION

Fire protection is the application of scientific and technical

principles of mitigating the unwanted effects of
potentially destructive fires

3 Primary Objectives of Fire Secondary Objectives:

Protection: 1. Compliance to legislations (Fire
1. Save life and property Code of the Philippines, National Building
Code, Phil. Electrical Code and the Philippine
2. Prevent fire from becoming Mechanical Engineering Code)
destructive 2. Peace of mind knowing that your
3. Reduce the impact of property is fire protected
uncontrolled fire 3. Reduce premium cost on
insurance
Fire Protection involves the implementation of safety planning practices and drills,
education on fire, research, investigation, building construction, safe
operations, training and testing of mitigating systems and also includes
evacuation procedures.
 Most fires are caused by people who fail to follow proper work
practices, make mistakes and who uses poor judgment
• Electrical causes – 23%
 The leading cause of fire is electrical failure.
 It is preventable by proper design, installation and use.
• Smoking – 18%
 It is a matter of control and education.
 Smoking should be strictly prohibited on specified areas especially
involving flammable liquid and combustible materials
• Friction – 10%
 It happens due to poor maintenance of building equipment, misaligned or
broken machine part, jamming of materials and poor adjustment of
equipment power drives
 It can be prevented by routine and regular maintenance hence a Reserve
Fund is a must in managing your property.
• Overheat materials or equipment – 8%
 Abnormal process temperature, especially those involving heated flammable liquids
or materials.

• Burning Flames – 7%
 Improper use of portable torches, dryers, ovens, portable heating units.
 Can be prevented by adequate ventilation, combustion safeguards and ample
clearance

• Combustible Sparks – 5%
 Sparks and ambers released from fire boxes, various process equipment, industrial
trucks, heavy equipment, furnaces and incinerators.
 It can be prevented by proper enclosing of working area and provision of spark
arrestor.
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 Smoke Ceiling Temp. rise,
reaches temp. visibility is
A small fire
the reaches reduced to
starts in your
smoke 70oC. zero trapping Ceiling temp exceeds
home
detector Smoke people 500oC. Flashover
begins to occurs the room and
layer extending fire
down throughout home

0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20
Time Line (minutes)

Smoke detector You You call The fire dept.

awakens you investigate 110 and responds
and find a give the
fire, and operator
The fire dept. arrives, assesses the situation
evacuate information.
& applies 100-250 gpm to fire areas, which
family The fire
extend throughout the house. Fatalities
members dept. is
involve anyone who was trapped in the
notified
house.
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WITHOUT SPRINKLERS
A small Smoke Ceiling Fire is Sprinkler
fire reaches temp. controlled by maintains a
starts in the reach sprinkler survivable
your smoke 70oC. The spraying atmosphere
home detector sprinkler water at 7-15 allowing
head gpm people to
activates escape

0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20
Time Line (minutes)

Smoke You You call The fire

detector investigate 110 and dept.
awakens and find a give the responds
you fire, and operator
The fire dept. arrives and ensures complete
evacuate information.
extinguishment. Fire, smoke and water
family The fire
damage are limited due to the sprinkler
members dept. is
system. Damage is limited to the fire room
notified
and fatalities are avoided.
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WITH SPRINKLERS
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 The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a
component, the chemical chain reaction.

 Once a fire has started, the resulting exothermic

chain reaction sustains the fire and allows it to
continue until or unless at least one of the
elements of the fire is blocked.

 In the same way, as soon as one of the four

elements of the tetrahedron is removed,
combustion stops.
 Mono-ammonium phosphate

NH3
&
H2O

Ortho-Phosphoric Acid

Meta-Phosphoric Acid

Flame
Steam
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Fig: Extinguishing mechanism of multipurpose mono-ammonium phosphate dry chemical

Modes of spread of fire

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 Modes of spread of fire
Conduction
It occurs only in solids i.e. metallic
objects.
Convection
It occurs both in liquids & gases
Radiation
It is neither conduction nor
convection. These are heated rays
emanating from the hot object.
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Highly Excited Less Agitated

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Conduction

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Fig: Fire Plume

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Fire class is a term used to denote the type of fire, in
relation to the combustion materials which have (or
could be) ignited. This has onward impacts on the type
of suppression or extinguishing materials which can be
used. Class letters are often assigned to the different
types of fire, but these differ between territories. There
are separate standards in the United States, Europe,
and Australia.
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Fires is one of the foremost threats to the people and property that results to
injuries, deaths and loss of business . It is estimated that 45% of businesses
never re-open after a minor fire.

Seventy-four (74) people were

killed in the fire, making the
incident the third worst fire incident
in Philippine history.

On May 13, 2015, a fire broke out

when welding sparks ignited
chemicals being stored near the
entrance of the factory. The weld
was being performed to repair the
doors of one of the main entrances
to the building.

Kentex is a small manufacturer of Flip

Flops and rubber shoes located
in Valenzuela City.
Thick, black smoke engulfed the building as rubber and chemicals burned. The fire spread
quickly and few people escaped.
It took five hours for the fire department to control the blaze which left the building
unstable thus causing a delay in the retrieval of the dead.
Unable to leave, trapped workers retreated to the second floor and attempted to escape
and call for help.
Most of the victims were suffocated to death from the smoke. Many bodies were reduced
to skulls and bones. Seventy-three of the 74 bodies were found on the factory's second
floor.
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BUSHMASTER
The 14 year-old local shopping center NCCC Mall was gutted by a
massive fire two days before Christmas on December 23, 2017.

The fire started in a short circuit at the ceiling portion of the alley
between the fabric and furniture sections at the third level of the mall.

The fire blazed for 32 hours.

38 workers, including 37 call center employees, died after they were

trapped at the fourth level where a business process outsourcing
company SSI was located.
• The emergency exit paths of mall were not smoke and heat-proof
• No connection between alarm system at SSI and mall’s
• No functioning sprinkler, control valves are in closed
• The building failed to comply with the requirement of an automatic fire
suppression system.
Basic of Fire Protection
System
Three goals of fire protection.
1.Life safety
2.Property protection
3.Continuity of operations
All the elements for basic fire protection can be broken down
into two categories:

1. Passive Fire Protection System

2. Active Fire Protection System

Both rely on good design and installation techniques to

provide the appropriate level of protection each system is
expected to provide
1. Passive Fire Protection System

 Compartmentalize the fire room or space to control the fire

spread.

Compartmentalization in structures, such as land-based buildings,

traffic tunnels, ships, aerospace vehicles, or submarines, is the
fundamental basis and aim of passive fire protection.

The idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments", which may

contain single or multiple rooms, for the purpose of limiting the spread of
fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the three goals of fire
protection.
1. Passive Fire Protection System

 Compartmentalize the fire room or space to control the fire

spread.
1. Passive Fire Protection System
 Provide structural integrity on floor, wall, and ceiling
assemblies during a fire for a specified time period.
1. Passive Fire Protection System
 Provide exiting systems for occupants to evacuate the building
safely.
1. Passive Fire Protection System
 2. Active Fire Protection System
 System that take direct physical action to reduce the growth rate of fire or
the migration of smoke.

 Intended to extinguish or control the fire.

 Water-Based Fire Clean Agent Fire Wet/Dry Chemical Fire
Protection System Extinguishing System
Suppression System
1. Fire Pump
System
2. Fire Hydrant
System
3. Sprinkler
System
4. Stand Pipe
System