BASI

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DRAF
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview
Study Guide
Lesson 1 - DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS ..1
Let's Give It A try: Activity #1….……………...……………………...2
Let's Get Started …………………………………………..................3
Drafting Materials…………………………………………………….11
Activity #2……………………………………………………………..12
Reminders on the use of drafting instruments……………………13
Activity # 3…………………………………………………………….14
Activity # 4…………………………………………………………….15
Lesson 2 - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LETTERS………………...16
Activity #1……………………………………………………………..17
History and development……………………………………………18
Activity # 2…………………………………………………………….19
Four basic letter styles………………………………………………20
Activity #3 & Activity #4….…………………………………………..22
Scoring rubrics………………………………………………………..23
Lesson 3 - SINGLE STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS SPACING,
PROPORTIONING, AND CENTERING
LETTERS……………………………………………….……………24
Four groups of gothic letters………………………………………..25
Spacing of letters and words………………………………………..26
Methods of centering titles………………………………………….27
Activity…………………………………………………………………28
Assessment…………………………………………………………..29
Lesson 4 – INTRODUCTION TO DRAFTING PLATES……………………...30
Let’s Give It A try…………………………………………………….32
Part I: ARRANGE IT!
Part II: TRUE OR FALSE
Let’s Get Started!........................................................................33
Comparison between Free hand Sketching and
Instrumental Drawing…………………………………………….…35
Kinds of Drafting…………………………………………………….36
Criteria of good drawing……………………………………………40
Summary……………………………………………………………………………41
Proper Manipulation of the T-Square……………………………………………42
Drawing a horizonal line…………………………………………………………..43
Drawing a vertical line……………………………………………………………..44
Activity #2…………………………………………………………………………..45
Activity #3: Making drafting Plates………………………………………………46
Plate No. 1: Construction lines (Instrumental)……………….…………………51
A. Horizontal Grid lines………………………………………….………………..56
B. Diagonal Grid lines…………………………………………………………….57
C. Semi-Circles…………………………………………………………………….58
D. Concentric Circles……………………………………………………………...59
Plate No. 2: Construction Lines (Free Hand……………………………………60
Plate No. 3 and 4: Uppercase vertical and inclined letters & numerals….…..61
Plate No. 4: Uppercase inclined letters and numerals…………………………64
References
 Overview
Welcome to Grade 7 TLE- Technical Drafting!

As a student enrolled in a distance learning course, you have taken on a dual role—
that of a student and a teacher. As a student, you are responsible for mastering the
lessons and completing the learning activities. As a teacher, you are responsible to
check your work carefully, noting areas in which you need to improve and motivating
yourself to succeed. In this course, you will study and
learn the basics of technical drafting, including the
following specific topics:

• Prepare Drafting Materials and Tools/Drawing

• Perform Basic Mensuration and Calculation
• Interpret Working Plans and Sketches
• Apply Safety Practices
• Explain the elements of guidelines and their
importance in lettering.
• Discuss the evolution of lettering styles  Perform
lettering exercises.
 Study Guide

A student’s success in this course is directly related to his or her ability to

understand how to proceed in traditional and non-traditional class settings. It is
imperative for students to:

1. Repeat the steps of an exercise over and over to develop mastery. Mastery
means you are able to complete an exercise without looking at the book, and
understand why you performed that particular function.
2. Ask question if you do not understand or if you are having difficulty with the key
strokes.
3. The lessons in this module consist of four (4) different activities namely;

Engage These are activities that grab your interest

and attention to the lesson;

Explore These are activities that allow you to

discover something about the topic before
digging in to the discussion;

Explain This is the part where lessons are

presented to you in whole text;

Elaborate These are activities where you can apply

the learning’s you have acquired from the
lesson.

4. Always do your best and be responsible enough in studying your lessons even
you are not inside my classroom.
5. If you think the materials I have provided are not enough, feel free to read more
from other sources to satisfy your curiosity.
6. Discussions and other activities will be conducted through Schoology, Zoom,
and/or Google Meet, whatever is feasible, during the allotted time for this course.
7. Consultation hours is from __________ from Monday to Friday through e-mail
[email protected] through Schoology, or through my personal
contact number __________ only.

PRAYER BEFORE STUDY/CLASS

O God, the source of all truth and
Wisdom, bless our work and
Study, which we offer you.
Enlighten our minds strengthen
Our memories, direct our will
Towards what is right. Enable us
Always to seek the truth, discover
It and make us truly wise. Grant
Us a deep experience of your
Truth and thus transform our
Lives through Christ Our Lord.

Amen.
LESSON 1- DRAFTING INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION

In this lesson, you will learn about drafting. The content presented is written to assist
student in learning and developing core knowledge of drafting its procedure and
instrument for its proper use.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Identify drafting instruments, equipment and materials.

2. Know the safety practices in using drafting instruments, equipment and materials.
3. Draw line exercises using drafting instruments.

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 Activity #1. Let us determine how much you already know about drafting
instruments, equipment and materials. Take this test.

Direction: Select the drafting material and tool/drawing applicable to a specific job.

1. A drafting tool used for drawing horizontal lines.

A. Compass B. Triangle C. T- square D. Triangular Scales

2. Drafting material used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing table.
A. Compass B. Divider C. Masking Tape D. Triangle

3. The main function of this tool is to reproduce the measurements of an object to

any size.
A. Compass B. Protractor C. Triangle D. Triangular Scales

4. This drafting tool is used to protect the rest of the drawing when removing
unnecessary lines.
A. Erasing Shield B. Eraser C. Masking Tape D. Pencil Sharpener

5. This drafting tool is used when drawing vertical lines.

A. Compass B. Triangle C. Triangular Scales D. Ruler
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Column A Column B
1. Type of pencils when extreme accuracy is required A. Eraser
2. Used to clean the dirt off the drawing B. Medium
pencils
3. An instrument used for transferring measurements C. Protractor
4. Type of pencils used for general purpose in drawing D. Divider
5. Best tool when measuring arcs, angles and circles E. Hard pencils
F. Triangle

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 In drafting, it is necessary to be acquainted with the different instruments, materials
and equipment to be used. This includes the proper use and care of these instruments.
The quality of a draftsman’s work depends largely on the kind of instruments he uses
and how he manipulates his instruments.

Drawing Table . This is a special table with an adjustable top so that it can be tilted to a
desired angle. It is where the drawing table is provided with a special stool for the
draftsman.

Drawing Board . In the absence of a drawing table, a drawing board is used. This board
maybe placed on top of an ordinary table.

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T-square. The T-square is used as a guide in drawing horizontal lines and serves as a
support for the triangles when drawing vertical and inclined lines. The head of the
Tsquare is either fixed or movable.

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Triangles. The two triangles used in drafting work are the 45° and the 30° X 60°
triangles. The 45° triangle is used to draw 45° and 90° lines while the 30° X 60° triangle
is used to draw 30°, 60° and 90 ° lines. Both triangles are usually made of celluloid

Triangular Scale. The scale has various dimensions. Its sole purpose is to reproduce
the dimensions of an object full size on a drawing or to reduce or enlarge them to some
regular proportion.

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French Curve. Various curved lines may be drawn with a French curve. It is applied
after various location points have been identified.

Protractor. The protractor is an instrument used to measure or layout an angle or an

arc. The numbers indicated on it are in degrees. It is a semi-circular instrument divided
into
180 equal parts, each of which is called a degree. It is used to determine gradations of
the degrees when measuring arcs, angles and circles. High quality protractor is usually
made of plastic.

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Compass. The compass is used to draw arcs and circles in pencil or ink. It has the
same shape as the divider and manipulated in the same way.

Divider. Dividers are used for dividing lines into several equal parts and for transferring
measurements.

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Eraser and Erasing Shield. Erasers are used to remove smears or pencil marks. The
erasing shield is made up of metal or celluloid with irregular holes. It is a useful tool to
protect the rest of the drawing when making erasure.

Pencil Sharpener. A pencil sharpener has varied size slots into which different sizes of
pencils can be inserted. A knife or cutter can be a good substitute for pencil sharpener.

Pencil. Pencils are used for marking lines. They are of various grades of hardness and
softness. The letter H means hard and B means soft. Between the soft and hard pencils
are the HB and the F.
 8

Pen. Drawing pens are generally used for lettering and for marking lines. Examples of this
are the steadler, speedball pen and rotring pens. They are made of various sized such as
0.1, 0.2, 0.5, etc.
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Water Color Brush. Water color brush come is various sized and commonly made out of
animal hair.

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The following materials used by Draftsmen are very common to every student:

Double adhesive Cartolina

Masking tape Oslo paper

Thumbtacks White glue

Illustration Sandpaper pad

board

Tracing paper
Scotch tape

Paste
Linen
cartolina

Paper clips

Colored
paper

Ink

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Activity #2
Directions: There are twelve (12) different drafting materials and tools and drawing
instruments that can be found in the puzzle. Identify at least ten (10) of them

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 p

DON’TS

 Don’t fold your drawing paper.

 Don’t use the head of the T -
square as a hammer.
 Don’t fill up pen over the
drawing paper.
 Don’t sharpen your pencil over
the drawing paper.
 Don’t use the scale in drawing
straight lines.
 Don’t put oil on joints of
compasses and dividers. DO’S
 Don’t use the edges of the T -
square as a guide in cutting
 Always keep your drawing
papers with a cutter. instruments after using.
 Always clean the drawing table
and the instruments before
beginning your work.
 Always cover the ink bottle
properly.
 Always use tapes in fastening
the drawing paper instead of
thumbtacks.
 Always keep the needlepoint of
the compass and divider sharp.

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Activity #3

Activity Title: Line Exercises Using Drafting Instruments

Instruments: Oslo paper, T-square, 45° Triangle, compass, French curve
Instruction: Draw borderlines on your Oslo paper ½ʺ from the edges. Divide the Oslo
paper into four quadrants. On the first quadrant, draw horizontal lines with the use of a
T-square. On the second quadrant, draw inclined lines using a 45° triangle. On the third
quadrant, draw centric circles using a compass. And on the fourth quadrant, draw
irregular curves using a French curve. (Use ½ inch. as standard distance for all)
Evaluation: Scoring Rubrics

SCORE CRITERIA
5 Performed all four operations using
appropriate instruments. Lines have even
thickness and without any erasures.

4 Performed all the four operations using

appropriate instruments. Lines have even
thickness but with some erasures.

3 Performed all the four operations using

appropriate instruments. However, lines
are of uneven thickness and with some
erasures.

2 Performed three out of four operations

using appropriate instruments.

1 Performed at two out of four operations

using appropriate instruments.

0 No output.

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 Activity #4
Identify the correct answer of each of the items below. Write your answer on the blank
before each item.

__________1. What drafting tools are used to reduce or enlarge the size of an object in
a drawing?
__________2. How many degrees are there in a triangle?
__________3. Name the two triangles used by a draftsman.
__________4. What are the two common uses of a divider?
__________5. What drawing instruments should never be oiled?

KEY POINTS

• Draw horizontal lines from left to right with a T-square.

• Draw vertical lines from bottom to top with a triangle.
• Draw arcs and circles clockwise with a compass.

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LESSON 2- HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LETTERS

INTRODUCTION

In this lesson, you will able to learn the evolution of letters. You will also know the
different letter styles and its uses and you will discover how to perform lettering
exercises.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Discuss the history and development of letters.

2. Explain the four basic letter styles and its uses.
3. Perform lettering exercises correctly.

Lettering is the forming of numbers and letters with a pen or a pencil and it is considered
the written language of industry. Lettering is necessary in drafting because it
supplements other important information necessary to portray the object under
construction which the drawing or graphical representation fails to show. No matter how
perfect the graphical representations are if the letterings are poor, the entire drawing will
be useless.

Now, let us explore more about lettering. Let’s start with the history and development…
 16

Activity #1

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct word/s to complete the sentences.

1. The technical term for capital letters in lettering is _____________.

2. Small letters are of three kinds, namely: _______, _________, and __________.
3. Another name given to small letter is __________.
4. Each line of letters that we do in lettering is called _____________.
5. Gothic is the simplest letter style because it is done in _________ strokes.
6. The widest letter in the alphabet is ______, while the narrowest is ________.
7. The thin lines that serve as guide in lettering is called __________.
8. Inclined lettering regardless of style is called ____________.
9. Tools that produce single thickness of lines are called ______________.
10. The best lettering tools used for Roman and Text are _____________.
 17

In 2500 B.C., hieroglyphics were developed by the Egyptians into cursive

hieroglyphic or hieratic writing, an abstract form of writing.

In 1000 B.C., the Phoenicians adapted the hieratic writing and developed into an
alphabet of twenty-two letters, nineteen of which are standard consonants of the
present-day alphabet

In 700 B.C., the Greeks later on adapted the Phoenician alphabet. They introduced
and developed the vowel letters and uniform writing. They also contributed thirteen
letters to the Roman alphabet.
In 200 B.C., the Romans introduced the twenty-three letters of the present-day
alphabet. It was divided into two styles, the Old Roman and the Modern Roman.
 In the 9th Century, during the reign of Charlemagne, lowercase letters were

introduced. They were then called Carolingian letters.

In 1722, formal script was introduced by the English. It is similar to long handwriting
but done in a more artistic manner.

In 1890, the English introduced sans serif, a letter style commonly used by
printing press. The term “sans serif” means without serif or spurred endings
In 1945, cartoon script writing was introduced by the Americans.
In 1960, automations letter styles were introduced.

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Activity # 2
Directions: Arrange the following events from the latest to the old times A to
the latest and so on.

1. __ Formal script was introduced by the English. It is similar to long

handwriting but done in a more artistic manner.
2. __ The designs of the modern alphabet had their origin in Egyptian
hieroglyphics or picture writing.
3. __ Hieroglyphics were developed by the Egyptians into cursive hieroglyphic or
hieratic writing, an abstract form of writing.
4. __ The twenty-three letters of the present-day alphabet.
5. __ Automations letter styles were introduced
6. __ Cartoon script writing was introduced by the Americans.
7. __ “Sans serif” a letter style commonly used by printing press.
8. __ lowercase letters were introduced.
9. __ the Phoenicians adapted the hieratic writing and developed into an alphabet
of twenty-two letters, nineteen of which are standard consonants of the present-
day alphabet

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Nowadays, there are various styles of lettering, but there are only four basic
styles, namely the Gothic, Roman, Script, and Text letters.

 Gothic. In this style, all letters have uniform width and thickness.

Elements are usually made with a single stroke of the pen or pencil. It

is perhaps the most easily read style.

  Roman. This style of letters has strokes of different
widths. The characteristics of this letter style are that the
horizontal lines are thin and the verticals are thick. Also
notice the small lines at the end of every stroke. These
are called “serifs”. Roman lettering is very useful in
newspaper, magazine, and book publishing.

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 Script . This is also an artistic letter style. It is common

in greeting cards, wedding invitations and also in
diplomas and certificates.

 Text . This style is the most attractive because of its

very elegant appearance. It is widely used in
certificates and school diplomas.
 21

Activity #3

Self -check :

Name the four basic letter styles and explain their uses. (2pts.)
1. _____________________________________________.
2. _____________________________________________.
3. _____________________________________________.
4. _____________________________________________.

ACTIVITY #4

Activity Title: Four Basic Letter Styles

Materials: Bond Paper, pencil, ruler
Instruction: In a bond paper, Draw borderlines on your Bond Paper ½” from the edges.
Print your complete name in four styles of lettering, namely: Gothic, Roman, Script, and
Text styles. Height of letters is ¾ inch. (Make ½ inch. margin after every ¾ inch. margin)
Example:

22

Scoring Rubrics:

SCORE CRITERIA
5 Printed full name in four basic styles
following the correct form, proportion and
spacing letters.

3 Printed full name in four basic styles of

letters.

1 Printed full name in at least two basic

styles of letters.

0 No output.

Assessment:
Identify the correct answer of each of the items below. Write you answer on the
blank before each item.

__________1. The year when the Romans introduced the twenty-three letters of the
present-day alphabet.
__________2. The year when the Egyptian hieroglyphics or picture writing was
introduced.
__________3. The people who introduced formal script.
__________4. The year when automation letters were first introduced.
__________5. The most attractive style of letters because of its elegant appearance.
__________6. The most artistic style of letters. It is used in greeting cards.
__________7. The letter style with uniform width and thickness.
__________8. The letter style with serifs at the end of every stokes.
__________9. The most easily read style of letters.
__________10. The letter style that is very useful in book publishing.

Key points:

 Always use guidelines to keep the height of letters uniform.

 Remember thata good draftsman will never letter without
guidelines.

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LESSON 3- SINGLE STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS SPACING,

PROPORTIONING, AND CENTERING LETTERS

INTRODUCTION

In this lesson, you will be able to know what is single stroke gothic letters spacing, know
how the proper proportioning and centering of letters. You will also be able to perform
different exercises.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Define single stroke gothic letters spacing.

2. Know the proportioning and centering of letters.
3. Perform lettering exercises correctly.
 The single stroke gothic is the most widely
used and accepted style of letters. The parts
of letters in this style are of uniform thickness
and are formed by single stokes with pencil
or any lettering pen. It is common in posters
and billboard signs.

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FOUR GROUPS OF GOTHIC LETTERS

 Single Stroke Vertical Uppercase Letters-

 Single Stroke Inclined Uppercase Letters
 Single Stroke Vertical Lowercase Letters

 Single Stroke Inclined Lowercase Letters

Example:

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 Expanded Letters. This is used if the space where the letters are to be printed is
ample or wide.

Spacing letters to form words and words to form sentences is very important.
Good lettering has the letters close together to form a word and words to form
sentences.

 Spacing Letters. Spacing of letters should not be made equal or done

mechanically. It is not measured directly but the spacing is done by the eye so
that the areas between letters appear to be equal. This is called visual spacing.

 Spacing Words. The simplest and the most widely used method of spacing
words is by imagining one letter O between each word.

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 Spacing Sentences. The space between sentences must be equivalent to two
capital letter O.

 Trial and Final Method. This method seems to be unsystematic but it is widely
used by skilled drafting students. In this method, a light lettering (trial only) is
made with a pencil in the space where the title is to be located. In finishing the
letters, necessary adjustments should be made in order that the letters or title is
properly centered.

 Scratch Paper Method. This method is advisable for beginners. This is more
systematic than the trial and final method but it is more time consuming. In this
method, lettering is first done in a scratch paper and then the scratch paper is
centered over the space where the title is to be printed. Finally, every letter
printed in the scratch paper is projected vertically to the space to be printed.

27
Activity

Activity Title: Single Stroke Vertical Uppercase Letters

Materials: Oslo paper, pencil, ruler
Instruction: In an Oslo paper, draw borderlines ½ inch from the edges. Draw
guidelines horizontally ½ʺ apart then print the following paragraph using a pencil.
See to it that all letters are printed in a single stroke vertical uppercase style.
Please observe the proper proportion and spacing of letters, words and
sentences. Height of all letters is ½ʺ.

“THE GREATEST DISEASE IS NOT TB OR LEPROSY; IT IS BEING

UNWANTED, UNLOVED, AND UNCARED FOR. WE CAN CURE PHYSICAL
DISEASES WITH MEDICINE, BUT THE ONLY CURE FOR LONELINESS,
DESPAIR, AND HOPELESSNESS IS LOVE. THERE ARE MANY IN THIS
WORLD WHO ARE DYING FOR A PIECE OF BREAD, BUT THERE ARE
MORE PEOPLE DYING FOR A LITTLE LOVE.”

Scoring Rubrics

SCORE CRITERIA
5 Printed the whole text, correct form of
letters, properly spaced letters and words,
letters properly centered.

3 Printed the whole text but the correct form

of letters, but not properly spaced and
centered.

1 Printed the whole text but the correct form

of letters were not followed. Letters are not
also properly spaced and centered.

0 No output.

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Assessment
Identify the correct answer of each of the items below.

__________1. It is used if the space where the letters are to be printed is

ample or wide.
__________2. The best method of spacing letters.
__________3. The most accepted method of centering titles.
__________4. It is used to keep the height of letters uniform.
__________5. The most widely used style of letters.

 Always use guidelines to keep the height of letters uniform.

Remember that a good draftsman will never letter without

guidelines.

 Relax and take it easy. Rest your elbow on the drawing board
or table for firm, easy support.

 Practice spacing letters, words and sentences.

 Practice centering titles.

 Use a soft pencil for lettering, preferably HB. A soft pencil is

easier to control than hard pencil.

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 Introduction:
Good day, my dear students! Welcome to another lesson under the
Technical Drafting.
Technical Drafting is designed to develop the skills for one or more
engineering drawing specialties. Students start with basic drafting procedures and
techniques coupled with a general exploration of the field. Specialization in areas
such as architectural drafting, civil engineering, piping schematics, machine
design and other disciplines are encouraged in the third year. This program may
be used to prepare for entry-level work or post- secondary training. In preparing
drawings, students use computers, compasses, dividers, parallel edges, scales,
triangles, and 3-D modeling.
It is not enough that you learned the concepts on drafting materials and
drawing instruments, and the basic letter styles. In this lesson, you will learn about the
process of making accurate drawings using instruments and equipment: proper
manipulation of the T-
30
square, setting up a drawing paper on the drawing table, and drawing a
horizontal line and vertical line.
Be sure that we will be able to engage, explain, explore, elaborate, and
evaluate ourselves with the skills we have learned from the previous lesson and will learn
in lesson 3.
Are you ready?
Let us take our pre-test to determine our pre-knowledge about this.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Explain the different kinds of drafting, the importance of technical
drawing, good criteria of a drawing,
2. Differentiate free hand sketching from instrumental drawing,
3. Manipulate the instruments and equipment properly in drawing lines
and circles, and;
4. Enforce the criteria of good drawing in drafting plates.

Are you ready to learn and apply the skills? Alright! But first, let’s take our pre-test to
determine our pre-knowledge about this.

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Part I: ARRANGE IT!
Directions: Arrange the following events in chronological order.
Setting up the Drawing Paper on the Drawing Table
Fasten the upper left portion of the drawing paper followed by the lower
portion and finally the remaining corners.
The clips can then be positioned holding the paper securely to the board.
The T-square must be placed up against the edge of the drawing board. There
must be no gaps otherwise the paper will not be set up correctly and drawing
accurate horizontal and vertical lines will be impossible.
Check that the paper rests properly on the T-square and that there are no
gaps between the T-square and the paper OR the T-square and the side of the
drawing board.
The paper is then allowed to rest on the T-square. Slide the working head of
the T-square against the working edge of the drawing table. The two edges
should be in contact until the desired position, while the paper is placed on the top
of the T-square.

PART II: TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Place a T on the line if you think
a statement it TRUE. Place an F on the line if you think the statement is FALSE.
1. Be careful to check that there no gaps between the T-square and the
board AND the set square and the T-square.
2. To draw vertical lines a T-square and set square are used together
3. Each time you draw a line check that the T-square is pressed completely
against the edge of the board
4. Do not use the T-square on an uneven or rough surfaces and never cut paper
along its working edge.
5. Place the head of the T-square on the left side of the table if you are left
handed, and at the right side of the table if you are right handed.

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Every architect, interior designer, or manufacturer knows that a simple sketch on paper can’t
help build a house or make a furniture piece — only professional drawings can turn an idea
into a real thing. Regardless of the types of drafting, any industry requires highly detailed
blueprints with correct elements, lines, and dimensions.

Technical Drawing and Importance:

Technical drawing is the act or discipline of composing drawings that visually

communicate how an object should be constructed or how it should function. This
discipline is necessary to communicate ideas in the field of industry and engineering.

33
 1. Efficient Communication

In order for the drawings to be understood, creators use easy-

to- understand symbols, perspectives, units of measurement,
rotation systems, and visual styles. Together, they construct a
visual language that affirms the understanding of that object.
The need to have precise communication to prepare a functional document is what
distinguishes a technical drawing from the visual arts. Unlike artistic drawings, technical
drawings cannot be interpreted subjectively; Are designed to be
understood in a particular way.

2. Manual

The creator uses several technical drawing tools, such as a

compass, to make curves and circles. To save time, frequently
used templates are often used.
In this way, the author can draw common objects without having
to draw them from the beginning each time.
These templates are commonly sold, although some technicians prefer to create their own
templates.

3. Accurate and Detail Drawing

A drawing technician must create lines, arcs and circles

perfectly. Attention to detail should also be an important
feature in a technician.Its goal is to properly capture the
geometric characteristics of a product or component. A
technical drawing

in the field of engineering must communicate all the

information required so that the manufacturer can
make the product as the creator imagined it.

4. Plan
Unplanned drawing makes interpretation cumbersome
and ambiguous bearing in mind that drawing materials
could be costly. Therefore starting engineering drawing you
should plan how to make the best use of your space. It is
important to think about the number of views your
drawing will have and how much space you will use of the paper.

34
Technical Drawing is the same whether instrumental or free hand sketching is used in
representing ides. However, free hand sketching is preferable to draw easily and freely.

Comparison between Free hand Sketching

and Instrumental Drawing

35
1. Furniture Drafting: includes not only the making of working drawings of the
various types of furniture but also the design appropriate for it.

2. Machine Drafting: Involves the design, development, and drawing of all mechanical
devices from very small machine parts to the largest type of machinery. A few of its
specific application are: automotive design, tools, appliances, machinery, engines, and
so forth.

36
3. Architectural Drafting: Involves the working drawings of building and structures.
The building can be simple cabin or a huge skyscraper.

4. Structural Drafting: Refers to working drawings of steel buildings, bridges,

towers,dams, etc.

5. Sheet-Metal Drafting: It is the development of surfaces of various objects

made of galvanized iron(GI), steel, aluminum and cooper sheets.

37
6. Electrical-electronic Drafting: It refers to the design, development, and
drawing of the products, and the parts of the products that uses electricity as a
power source.

7. Topographical Drafting: Concerns the layout and drawing of maps: simple street
map or complex contour map.

38
8. Aeronautical Drafting: Concerned with design, development, and drawing of all
types of airborne vehicles. These vehicles include everything from balloons to gliders
to the most sophisticated type of jet aircraft and all types of space vehicles.

39
 1. Accuracy:
Inaccurate drawing could not convey the true meaning of the

message that it has to convey. A drafts person therefore, must acquire the habit of preparing
accurate drawing in order that his/her work could be effectively used for graphical
communication.

2. Speed: As the saying goes, “TIME IS MONEY” hence, a draftsperson must be quick in
finishing jobs. Speed however, is not attained by hurrying, it is desired consequence of
intelligent and relentless work.

3. Legibility: The draftsperson should remember that his

drawing is a means of communication: it must be clear and legible in
order to serve its purpose well. Care should be given to details,
especially to lettering.

4. Neatness: Messy drawings are the result of sloppy and hasty methods and not to be
accepted. An accurate and legible drawing must be clean: the student therefore, should
constantly try hard to acquire the habits of neatness.

40
 SUMMARY
Technical drawing is the act or discipline of composing
drawings that visually communicate how an object should
be constructed or how it should function. This discipline is
necessary to communicate ideas in the field of industry and
engineering.
Technical drawings in engineering generally have to do
with manufactured parts and equipment. These
drawings are created according to standardized
conventions of design, nomenclature and
appearance so that there are no errors of
interpretation.

41
1. The T-square must be placed up against the edge of the drawing board. There must be
no gaps otherwise the paper will not be set up correctly and drawing accurate
horizontal and vertical lines will be impossible.

2. The paper is then allowed to rest on the T-square. Slide the working head of the T-
square against the working edge of the drawing table. The two edges should be in
contact until the desired position, while the paper is placed on the top of the T-
square.
3. Check that the paper rests properly on the T-square and that there are no gaps
between the T-square and the paper OR the T-square and the side of the drawing
board.
4. Fasten the upper left portion of the drawing paper followed by the lower portion and
finally the remaining corners.

5. The clips can then be positioned holding the 42

paper securely to the board.
1. Press the head of the T-square against the working edge of the drawing table and lean the
pencil to the desired direction of the line inclined at more or less 60 degrees with the
drawing table.
2. Maintain the position of the pencil while you glide lightly on the blade of the T-square.

3. Draw the line from left to right rotating occasionally to produce uniform line weights.

(Reverse this step if you are left-handed).

43
1. Use 45 degrees triangle or 30 degrees x 60 degrees to draw vertical lines.
2. Place the triangle on top of the blade of the T-square with the vertical edge on the left.
3. With the left hand pressing the T-square and the triangle against the drawing
board, draw the line upward, rotating the pencil slowly between the thumb and
forefinger.

44
 ACTIVITY#2
Let us know if we learned something important for this day!

What is the importance of

technical drawing in visualizing our
concept?

REFLECTION
In this lesson, we have learned that sketches are the starting point
for us to create a detailed and clear final output. Drafting served
to provide a detailed visual representation of how something
should look in real life. A technical drawing must communicate
specifications of the idea. Once the drawing is completed, the
manufacturer must have an accurate idea of how to create the
object in physical form.

Can we now proceed to application of what we learned for this discussion? I will assure
you that you won’t be misguided in creating your final output for this unit! Ready?

45
 ACTIVITY#3
MAKING DRAFTING PLATES
 In a long bond paper, print your cover page and table content’s page.
o For the cover page of your plate:

Format: Font style is Arial, 22 font size(COMPILATION OF DRAFTING) and 14 font

size
names, etc.

46
o For the second page, same font styles and font size.

47
 To make Border: Draw 4 pages of this border respectively for your
plates 1, 2, 3, and 4. Please be guided with our instructions.
Materials Needed:
 Illustration Board 1/4 ( for drafting board if you don’t have any)
 Bond Paper A3 size 298 x 240 mm(11 ¾ inches x 16 ½ inches)
 T-square 24 inches or 32 inches
 Triangle 45 degrees and 30x60 degrees
 Ruler
 Eraser
 Pencil Sharpener
 Sign Pen: 0.2 and 0.4, or 0.3 and 0.6
 Masking Tape
 Compass
 Protractor
 French Curve
 Divider

Procedure:
1. Use the ruler to measure 0.5 inch. in each side of the paper. Mark it with a pencil. Then
using the T-square, connect the dots.

Steps: 0.5 0.5

0.5

0.5
0.5
0.5 0.5

48
 2

2. Now you have margin on your drawing paper. To draw the portion for the names and
titles measure 3 – 1.5 inch. for the bottom margin line. Connect the point using the T-
square.

0.5 inch.
0.5 inch.
1.5 inch.
0.5 inch.

49
3. Divide the 3 lines into 5 parts with the following measurement starting from left to right
4.25”, 4.25”, 4.25”, 2.5” the 5th measurement depends on what’s left. Right the following
information on the space provided.

2.5”

50
51
 Procedure:
1. Now you have drawn full margin and the portion for the names and
title. (Fig. 1). We will start drawing the plate no. 1. To draw the plate
no. 1. First, we identify the center by drawing an intersection line for
the upper left-hand corner to the lower left-hand corner and vice
versa (Fig. 2)
Steps: Fig. 1

Fig. 2

52
2. Upon identifying the mid-point put a mark on it. Then using the T-square project the
point horizontally and vertically. (Fig. 3). Construct a square inside the four-rectangle.
Starting from the 1st quadrant up to the last. Draw an intersection line just like you did on
(Fig. 2).

Fig. 3

I II

1
I II
V I

Fig. 4

53
3. From the intersection of 4 quadrants again draw horizontal as vertical lines like Fig. 3 we
will name it (Fig. 5). From the midpoint of each quadrant measure 2 inch going to left then to
right, up and down a total of 4 inches on both lines (Fig. 6).

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

2” 2” 2”

2”

2
2”

2”

54
4. Now connect the point so that you will have 4x4 squares inside the quadrants. (Fig. 1)
Again, draw intersection line inside the square to identify the midpoint (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

I II
2

IV III

55
 A. HORIZONTAL GRID LINES
Procedure:
1. From the midpoint of the first quadrant draw horizontal and vertical lines measure 1 cm
upward then downward up to the edge. Sideward left to right then using the triangle
draw vertical lines on each 1cm. (Fig. 3) Then using the T-square draw horizontal lines
tracing again the 1cm. (Fig. 4)
Fig. 3

I
Fig. 4

2
`

56
 B. DIAGONAL GRID LINES

Procedure:
1. From the midpoint of the second quadrant measure 1 cm upward then downward up to
the corner (Fig. 5). Then using the 45 degree triangle draw a line, also on the other side
(Fig. 6)

Fig. 5

II
Fig. 6

57
 C. SEMI-CIRCLES

Procedure:
1. To draw the 4th quadrant drawing, Get the midpoint of the square then from the
midpoint draw a horizontal line. Start from the midpoint going to the right, measure 0.1
cm up to the edge of the square, also going to left another 0.1 cm. (Fig. 1). From the
right-side edge point the pointer of the compass and draw a half circle continue until
you reach the left side edge. Then repeat the same starting at the other side which is
the left side edge (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1

Left Right
0.1 0.1 cm

Fig. 2

58
 D. CONCENTRIC CIRCLES

Procedure:
1. For the 3rd quadrant, Draw a vertical line on the center of the square then measure
again 0.1 cm and mark it. Then placing the compass on the center make a circle
starting from the first 1 cm mark then to 2 cm and so on. (Fig. 3)

Excellent,
students! And
now, To draw
plate no. 2
redraw plate no.
Fig. 3
1 using free hand
(without using
any drawing
instruments).
Note: Freehand
drawing will be
done inside the
square box.
Outside the
square box you 59
can use drawing
instruments.
Materials Needed:
 Illustration Board 1/4 ( for drafting board if you don’t have any)
 Bond Paper A3 size 298 x 240 mm(11 ¾ inches x 16 ½ inches)
 Pencil
 Eraser
 Pencil Sharpener
 Masking Tape

REMINDER: You can now draw horizontal grid, diagonal grid, concentric
circles, and semi circles. Follow the same procedure from plate no.1 but, DO NOT USE
ANY INSTRUMENTS! Be honest!

60
Materials Needed:
 Illustration Board 1/4 ( for drafting board if you don’t have any)
 Bond Paper A3 size 298 x 240 mm(11 ¾ inches x 16 ½ inches)
 T-square 24 inches or 32 inches
 Triangle 45 degrees and 30x60 degrees
 Ruler
 Eraser
 Pencil Sharpener
 Sign Pen: 0.2 and 0.4, or 0.3 and 0.6
 Masking Tape
 Compass
 Protractor
 French Curve
 Divider

PLATE NO. 3: UPPERCASE VERTICAL LETTERS AND

NUMERALS

61
Procedure:
1. In making the margin of the 1st box for letter A. Measure 6 cm from the left
side margin horizontally and mark it with a point then make a vertical line from
that point 2 cm. (Point A). From that point A make again another line going to right 3 cm
(Point B), From point A, make again a line this time downward 3 cm (Point C), Form
point B make again a vertical line downward 3cm (Point D). From point C make a
horizontal line, going to right that will meet point D. Now you have the 1 st square for
letter A. But provide a 1 cm margin every square.

2 cm

1 6 cm

A 3 cm B

2
3 cm 3 cm

C 3 cm D

2. Repeat the procedure in making the square provided, put 1 cm margin every
square. Make up to 6 squares horizontally. Then downward make 4 squares
downward vertically again don’t forget the margin of 1 cm per square. On the last
squares add one more on the right and again one more box on the left.

62
63
PLATE NO.4: UPPERCASE INCLINED LETTERS AND
NUMERALS
 64
Procedure:
1. From the upper left corner of the drawing area, Use a ruler to
measure 4cm from the left side border going to the right. Again, from the
top side border measure 2 cm connecting to the 4cm line. Now you have
this point of origin. (lets call this point A)

Steps:

1
4 cm

(Point A)

2 cm
2

3
A

2. From the intersection (point A) draw a line downward measuring to 3 cm. (Again,
lets call this point B). From that 3 cm point draw a line 3 cm horizontally going to
the right. (Lets call this point C)

A
1
3 cm

B
 65

2 A

3 cm
B C
3. From point B draw a 60 angle upward using a 30 x 60 triangle lets call this point E.
Again for point C draw a 60 angle. (lets call this point F)

60

E F
A
2

B C
4. Connect the two point E and F now you have the first slant square. From point C
and F measure 1 cm going to the right. (lets call this point G and H)

E F
1 A
11

B C

1 cm
E F
A H
2 11 11 11 11

B G
11 C11 1 cm 11
 66

5. Then repeat the procedure in making 8 slanting square with an in between of 1 cm

per square.

Fig. 1

1 cm 3 cm

3 cm

3 cm
 67

6. Make 5 rows of these squares again on the bottom put a margin of 1 cm.

Fig. 2

A B C D E F G H
1 cm

I J K L M N O P
1 cm

Q R S T U V W X
1 cm

Y Z & 1 2 3 4 5
1 cm

6 7 8 9 0

Note: The illustration on (Fig. 2) is just to show the letters in each box. It must be written in
a diagonal position.

68
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