MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR

Department of chemical Engineering

CE-2130 Transport Phenomena Labrotory-1

II YEAR, SEMESTER-3

EXPERIMENT#2
BERNOULLIE’S APPARATUS

INSTRUCTUR
Mr.Anees y. Khan

Group Number-1
MEMBERS.AMOLUCK BHATIA
KUSHAL MAVDIKAR
YOGESH MALANI
NAME-Amoluck Bhatia
ID-209101001

DATE OF EXPERIMENT-17/11/2021

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…………………………………………………………............... (10)

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE ……………………….….. (30)
RESULTS & DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………............. (30)
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………….. (10)

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………….. (5)

APPENDIX Original data, sample calculations, other information………. (5)

GENERAL COMPLETENESS Conciseness and neatness………………………… (10)

TOTAL…………………………………………………………………………………………………. (100)

CONTENT TABLE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.OBJECTIVE
2.INTRODUCTION
3.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.PROCEDURE
5.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.REFRENCE
8.APPENDEX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy presents in the form of pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluids with no
energy exchange due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work (pump or
some other device). The relationship among these three forms of energy was first
stated by Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), based upon the conservation of energy
principle. Bernoulli’s theorem pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three
assumptions: steady flow, incompressible fluid, and no losses from the fluid
friction. The validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be examined in this experiment.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli
equation when it is applied to a steady flow of water through a tapered duct.

INTRODUCTION
According to the Bernoulli’s principle when area available for the fluid to
flow decrease then flow velocity of the fluid increase and at the mean
while time the fluid pressure or the fluid potential energy decreases (R.K.
Bansal (n.d)). This principle was name after the Daniel Bernoulli who first
writes this principle in book named Hydrodynamic. 

According to Miller, R.W (1996) Law of conservation of energy was the

main deriving factor behind the derivation of the Bernoulli’s principle.
Bernoulli’s principle state that the in a steady flowing fluid the sum of all
the mechanical energies including kinetic energy, dynamic head, fluid
pressure and potential energy should remain same at all the point of the
flow. So if any type of energy increase like if kinetic energy increase then
the other type of the energy like potential energy, pressure will decrease
to make the final sum same as before. 

According to the Bernoulli equation a flowing fluid have three things

Pressure head
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy

So we have

P+  1/2×ρ×v^2+ ρgh=C

P/ρg+  1/2×v^2/g+h=C

According to the law of conservation of energy, energies at the input

should be equal to the output so

P_1/ρg+  (V_1^2)/2g+h=  P_n/ρg+  (V_n^2)/2g+h

In the above equation 

P = fluid pressure
V = flow velocity
Z = height
ρ = density 

From Bernoulli’s principle it can be stated that the density and pressure
are inversely proportional to each other’s means high density fluid will
apply more pressure while moving than the low density fluids. 

In the horizontal pipe where the inlet and outlet of the are at same
height, the z quantity can be removed to give the above mention
equation of Bernoulli’s principle a new look from where we can calculate
the height at any point of the flow if we have the initial height of flow and
velocity at respective positions. 

P_1/ρg+  (V_1^2)/2g=  P_n/ρg+  (V_n^2)/2g

P_1/ρg=h1 and  P_n/ρg=hn 

h_1+  (V_1^2)/2g= h_n+  (V_n^2)/2g

h_n= h_1-[  (v_n^2)/2g-  (v_1^2)/2g]

PRINCIPAL OF BERNOULLI’S APPARATUS
The Bernoulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of
manometers tapped into the venturi to measure the pressure head, and a
hypodermic probe that can be traversed along the center of the test section to
measure the total head. The test section is a circular duct of varying diameter
with a 14° inclined angle on one side and a 21° inclined angle on other side. Series
of side hole pressure tappings are provided to connect manometers to the test
section

Manometers allow the simultaneous measurement of the pressure heads at all of

the six sections along the duct. The dimensions of the test section, the tapping
positions, and the test section diameters are shown in Figure 2.2. The test section
incorporates two unions, one at either end, to facilitate reversal for convergent or
divergent testing. A probe is provided to measure the total pressure head along
the test section by positioning it at any section of the duct. This probe may be
moved after slackening the gland nut, which should be re-tightened by hand. To
prevent damage, the probe should be fully inserted during transport/storage. The
pressure tappings are connected to manometers that are mounted on a
baseboard. The flow through the test section can be adjusted by the apparatus
control valve or the bench control valve [2].

THEORY
Bernoulli’s theorem assumes that the flow is frictionless, steady, and incompressible. These
assumptions are also based on the laws of conservation of mass and energy.  Thus, the input
mass and energy for a given control volume are equal to the output mass and energy:

These two laws and the definition of work and pressure are the basis for Bernoulli’s theorem
and can be expressed as follows for any two points located on the same streamline in the
flow:

where:

P: pressure,

g: acceleration due to gravity,

v: fluid velocity, and

z: vertical elevation of the fluid.

In this experiment, since the duct is horizontal, the difference in height can be disregarded,
i.e., z1=z2

The hydrostatic pressure (P) along the flow is measured by manometers tapped into the duct.
The pressure head (h), thus, is calculated as:

Therefore, Bernoulli’s equation for the test section can be written as:

in which   is called the velocity head (hd).

The total head (ht) may be measured by the traversing hypodermic probe. This probe is
inserted into the duct with its end-hole facing the flow so that the flow becomes stagnant
locally at this end; thus:

The conservation of energy or the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed as:

The flow velocity is measured by collecting a volume of the fluid (V) over a time period (t).
The flow rate is calculated as:

The velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area of  is determined
as:

For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass through the test section should be also
satisfied (Equation 1a), i.e.:

PROCEDURE
Start up:
1. The sump tank is filled with water ensuring the drain valves are closed.

2. It is ensured that the control valve for the apparatus is open and adjusted only after each reading
is taken.

3. The power supply and pump are switched on.

4. It is ensured that there are no air bubbles in the manometer.

Operation:
1. The manometer reading is noted.

2. The flow is diverted to the measuring tank and change in the water level was noted for 10
seconds.

3. The same is repeated for different positions of the control valve.

4. The position of the control valve is adjusted after every reading is taken.

5. The above steps are repeated.

Shut down:
1. The sump tank and measuring tank are emptied using their respective drain valves.

2. The power supply and the pump are switched off.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that there are no air bubbles in the manometer.

2. Change the position of the control valve carefully to prevent mercury from falling into the sump
tank.

3. Note the readings of the manometer carefully.

REFRENCE
Uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/ex
periment-6/
1. Alan S. Foust, Leonard A. Wenzel, Curtis W. Clump, Louis Maus, L. B. A.
Principles of unit operations, 2nd edition. (Wiley, 2008)
2. De Nevers, N. Fluid mechanics for chemical engineers. (McGraw-Hill Higher
Education,2005)