Russia (Russian: Россия, Rossiya,

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Russia 

(Russian: Россия, Rossiya, Russian pronunciation: [rɐˈsʲijə]), or the Russian Federation,[b] is a


country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, covering
over 17,125,191 square kilometres (6,612,073 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's
inhabitable landmass. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any
country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations.[c] It has a population of 146.2 million; and is
the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world. Moscow,
the capital, is the largest city in Europe; while Saint Petersburg is the second-largest city and cultural
centre. Russians are the largest Slavic and European nation; they speak Russian, the most
spoken Slavic language, and the most spoken native language in Europe.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.
The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from
the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian
culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, until it was finally reunified by
the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century. By the 18th century, the nation had vastly
expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to evolve into the Russian Empire,
the third-largest empire in history.
Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian SFSR became the largest and leading constituent of
the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive
role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a superpower and rival to the United States
during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of
the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first
human in space. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian SFSR
reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation. In the aftermath of the constitutional crisis of 1993, a
new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-
presidential republic. Vladimir Putin has dominated Russia's political system since 2000, and his
government has been accused of authoritarianism, lack of civil liberties, and corruption.
Russia is a great power, and a potential superpower. It is ranked as "very high" in the Human
Development Index, with a universal healthcare system, and a free university education.
Russia's economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and the sixth-largest by PPP. It is
a recognized nuclear-weapons state, possessing the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons;
with the second-most powerful military, and the fourth-highest military expenditure. Russia's
extensive mineral and energy resources are the world's largest, and it is among the
leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. It is a permanent member of the United Nations
Security Council, a member of the G20, the SCO, the Council of Europe, the APEC, the OSCE,
the IIB and the WTO, as well as the leading member of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. Russia is
also home to the ninth-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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