Geotechnical Earthquake

Engineering
by
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg.,
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dc/

Lecture – 3 1
 Module – 1

Introduction to Geotechnical
Earthquake Engineering

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Soil Liquefaction

Termed liquefaction, the

strength of the soil reduced,
often dramatically, to the point
where it is unable to support
structures or remain stable.

Fukui 1948 Earthquake, Liquefaction Failure

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Collapsed Buildings (Kawagishicho Apartments) due to Soil Liquefaction
Accelerometers: At bldg. top: 184 Gal, At bldg base: 159 Gal

340 RC Buildings were damaged in Niigata City. The damage ratio of RC building is 22%.
Nigata 1964 Earthquake, Liquefaction and Bearing Failure
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 Data of Kobe 1995 Earthquake
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 Sand Boil: Ground water rushing to the surface due to liquefaction

Sand blow in mud flats used for salt production southwest of Kandla Port, Gujarat

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Principal Types of Earthquake Damage

Landslides

Can occur due to liquefaction

Can occur in non-liquefiable soil

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Earthquake Destruction: Landslides

Devastating effect of earthquake on slope stability

during San Fernando 1971 earthquake
Courtesy: EERC library, UC Berkeley
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 Earthquake Destruction:
Retaining Structure Failure

September 1999 Chi Chi Earthquake, Taiwan

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Earthquake Destruction: Lifelines

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 Earthquake Destruction: Fire

Earthquakes
sometimes cause fire
due to broken gas lines,
contributing to the loss
of life and economy.

The destruction of lifelines

and utilities make
impossible for firefighters to
reach fires started and
make the situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Tsunami
Tsunami Movement: ~800 kmph in deep water
~350 kmph in medium depth water
~50 kmph in shallow water

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Geomorphological Changes
•Geomorphological changes are often caused by an
earthquake: e.g., movements--either vertical or horizontal--
along geological fault traces; the raising, lowering, and
tilting of the ground surface with related effects on the flow
of groundwater;
•An earthquake produces a permanent displacement across
the fault.
•Once a fault has been produced, it is a weakness within
the rock, and is the likely location for future earthquakes.
•After many earthquakes, the total displacement on a large
fault may build up to many kilometers, and the length of the
fault may propagate for hundreds of kilometers.
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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Year Location Deaths Magnitude
1556 China 5,30,000 8.0
1906 San Francisco 700 7.9
1960 S. Chile 2,230 9.5
1964 Alaska 131 9.2
1976 China 7,00,000 7.8
List of
1985 Mexico City 9,500 8.1
Major
1989 California 62 7.1 Historic
1995 Kobe 5,472 7.2 Earthqu
2001 Gujarat, India 1,00,000 7.7 akes in
2004 Sumatra 2,20,000 9.1 World
2005 Pakistan 1,00,000 7.6
2008 China 90,000 7.9
2010 Haiti 2,22,000 7.0
2010 Chile 50,000 8.8
2011 Japan 1,00,000 9.1 15
Table: Worldwide largest and deadliest earthquakes during 2000 to 2010
Largest Earthquakes Deadliest Earthquakes
Magn
it
Fataliti
Date u Region Date Magnitude Fatalities Region
es
d
e
Offshore
February 27,
8.8 507 Maule, January 12, 2010 7.0 222,570 Haiti
2010
Chile
Southern
September Samoa Islands Sumatra,
8.1 192 September 30, 2009 7.5 1,117
29, 2009 region Indonesi
a
Eastern Eastern
May 12, 2008 7.9 87,587 Sichuan, May 12, 2008 7.9 87,587 Sichuan,
China China
Southern Near the
September Sumatera Coast of
8.5 25 August 15, 2007 8.0 514
12, 2007 , Central
Indonesia Peru
Java,
November 15,
8.3 0 Kuril Islands May 26, 2006 6.3 5,749 Indonesi
2006
a

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Choudhury, D. (2010) in Structural Longivity.
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Share of Earthquake Disaster in 20th Century

Walling and Mohanty (2009)

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 Earthquake Fatalities vs. Magnitude

Hough and Bilham, 2005

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 End of

Module – 1

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 Module – 2

Basics of Vibration
Theory

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 Reference:
NPTEL Video Course on

Soil Dynamics
Module – 2

by
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury,
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
 Dynamic loads :
1. Earthquake load,
2. Wind load,
3. Moving load,
4. Guide way unevenness,
5. Machine induced load,
6. Blast load,
7. Impact load etc.

Vibration

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

o No of independent co-ordinates (displacements) required to define the
displaced position of all the masses relative to their all the position is
defined as degrees of freedom.

o Generally in Dynamics, mass property dictates the DOF whereas in

Statics , the stiffness property dictates the DOF

 Examples

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Force-displacement relation

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Linear Elastic System (fs=ku)

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

Simple Vibrating System (SDOF system)

 Mass-Spring-Damper (MSD) System

 m Kinetic Energy
 k Potential Energy
 c Dissipation

 D’Allembart’s principle
 For any object in motion, the externally applied forces, inertial force and
forces of resistance form a system of forces in equilibrium.

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 26

 Linear Model for Equation of Motion
d 2u du
m. 2 c. k .u p(t )
dt dt
 Governing Equation of Motion

mu cu ku p(t )
Units MLT FLT system SI unit
system
m M F/LT-2 kg

k MT-2 F/L N/m

c MT-1 F/LT-1 N-s/m

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 Type of vibrations
Vibration

Free Vibration Forced Vibration

[p(t) = 0)] [p(t) = 0)]

Undampe Damped Undampe Damped

d (c = 0) (c = 0) d (c = 0) (c = 0)

Periodic Aperiodic

Transient (t tf) Steady state (t )

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ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 SDOF system
 Free Vibration
 1. Undamped Free Vibration
The structure is disturbed from its
static equilibrium and then vibrates
without any applied forces.

The equation of motion is:

The solution is: u(t) A cos( n t) Bsin( n t)

n k m (rad/s) natural circular frequency

A and B are determined by the initial conditions

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India 29

ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

ut 0 uo uo A
ut 0 uo uo B n

which can be written as u(t) C sin( n t )

2 2 uo n uo
C u o (u o n ) cos sin
C C

2π 1
natural period Tn (s) natural frequency fn n
(Hz)
n Tn 2π

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ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Equation of motion: Earthquake excitation

fS ku
fD cu mut cu ku 0
fI mu t

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ln PHA( g ) 4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

 Equation of motion: Earthquake excitation (Cont)

The motion can be replaced by the effective earthquake force.

mu cu ku peff (t )
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Forced Vibration: Response to Step Excitation

Now,
f(t) u (t ta )
= 1, t>t a
= 0, t<t a
= 1/2, t=t a
Equation of motion
mx cx kx Fu (t )
Initial conditions x(0) x0 , x(0) x0

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Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Response to Step Excitation

x(0) x(0) 0
2 F0
x 2 n x n x
m
x(t ) CF PI
nt
F0
=e ( A cos D t B sin D t)
m 2n
Using the initial conditions,

F0 nt
x(t ) 1 e cos D t sin D t
k 1 2

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Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Response to Step Excitation

a. Now, for =0 F0
x(t ) (1 cos D t)
k
For undamped forced vibration,
Dynamic displacement = 2 x Static displacement

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Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Response to Step Excitation

b. Now, for 0

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Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
Forced Vibration due to Arbitrary excitation
(Duhamel’s Integral)
dx(t ) f ( )d .h(t - ) h(t - ). f ( ) d
t
So, x(t ) h(t ). f ( ) d
0

x(t ) CF PI
t
nt
=e ( A cos D t B sin D t) h(t ). f ( ) d
0

Initial conditions, x(0) x0 , x(0) x0

t
nt
x0 n x0
x(t )= e ( x0 cos D t si n D t) h(t ). f ( )d
d 0

1 nt
where, h(t ) e .sin D t
m d
If , x(0) 0, x(0) 0
t
x(t ) h(t ). f ( )d Duhamel's Integral
0

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Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
 End of

Module – 2

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D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India