Running Head: TITLE

Summary
Introduction

There are different researches on the impact values have in social frameworks in the field of

sociology and psychology. Values are the most common characteristics that speculate

socialization and they describe individualistic behavior. But there are rare researches that link

values to the individual’s personality characteristics. This study explores the relation of values

and personality by using a conceptual framework and then test the hypothesis by using data from

German sample.

Values

Values are the beliefs regarding a specific behavior and evaluate the events and are ordered by a

relative significance. There are different definitions of values in research but none of them

distinguish one value from another. They can be distinguished from one other by the

motivational aspect they both have. Values represent the motivations of human they want to

communicate with each other to express their behaviors. Researches show that values are

classified into ten well defined categories.

Personality

Personality is a distinct pattern of characteristics that differs one individual from another.

Personality focuses on two areas. First one is to understand personality differences in an

individual and second one is how different personalities make a complete person. Patterns of

emotion plays a vital role in personality characteristics. There are different perspectives on

personality development like trait approach and motivational approach.

Distinguishing Values from Personality Traits

Researches shows that values can be distinguished from personality in three ways. One is
Summary 2

personality describes the observed behavioral patterns while individuals use values to judge the

behavior’s desirability. Personality characteristics differ in extent to which characteristics an

individual reveal whereas values differ in respect of importance an individual give to his specific

goals. Personality traits express about what the person really is without involving his intention

while values point out the individual’s intentions.

Theoretical Link between Values and Personality

Deficiency and Growth

Character of person can be judged by the personality that was before seen as a collection of traits

but now the concept is revised and it is seen as a set of values. This new definition is based upon

the motivational aspect both personality and values have. Motivational traits such as needs and

attitudes are influenced by the goals that leads to behavior. So both the variables are moving in

same directions and both have same effect on each other. Maslow gave a complex relationship

between deficiency and growth. He suggests that deficiency works as a motivational factor for

growth. Deficiency needs disappear when individual reaches his desired level of satisfaction. On

the other hand growth needs never disappear even individual has achieved the highest level of

satisfaction. The association between values and personality traits differs depending upon the

method used to analyze them. Both variables are covariant if traits are deduced by using growth

needs satisfaction whereas both variables compensate for traits in case of deficiency needs

satisfaction.

Structure of Value System

In order to track a type of value there may be social or psychological consequences that may be

in conflict with other type or may be well suited with the other type. For example: politeness and

social order are well suited for each other because both are obeying social norms whereas
Summary 3

benevolence values may conflict with other. Research findings also supported that there are two

dimensions that help in organizing the value systems. The first dimension resist those values that

emphasize on individual’s independent thoughts. Second dimension resists those values that

stress upon the acknowledgment of others as equal. Researchers classify values into six types

that are political values, social values, economic values, theoretical values, religious values and

aesthetic values.

Personality Assessment

In current research, FPI is used to compute personality traits. FPI consists of ten primary scales

and two secondary scales. Two secondary scales are Extroversion and Neuroticism. Frankness,

Achievement Orientation, Life Satisfaction, Somatic Complaints, Social Orientation,

Aggressiveness, Health Concern, Social Orientation, Strain, Inhibitedness are the ten primary

scales of FPI. Six primary scales measure extraversion whereas five primary scales measure

neuroticism.

Hypothesis

Meta Hypothesis: The interpretation of values and personality traits will result a similar structure

to that we get when we analyze the values alone.

Covariant Relationships

Achievement Orientation, Frankness, Social Orientation and aggressiveness are the four

variables that are measured by FPI scale. These variables report patterns of interest and behavior

that address the needs best categorize as growth needs. These personality traits should vary with

the value types.

Social Orientation is situated in the higher-request self-amazing quality locale that is opposite to

self-improvement zone. Accomplishment Orientation is situated toward the focal point of the
Summary 4

multidimensional Space, between the higher-request receptiveness to change district and the

accomplishment esteems locale. Aggressiveness is situated in the higher-request self-upgrade

area, inverse the self-greatness region. Frankness is situated in the higher-request self-

improvement district.

Compensatory Relations

Three character factors evaluated by the essential sizes of the FPI, strain, inhibitedness and

impulsiveness, can presumably best be allotted to Guilford's methodology of personalities.

Inhibitedness is situated in the higher-request protection locale inverse to the receptiveness to

change area. Impulsiveness is situated in the higher-request protection area inverse receptiveness

to change. Strain is situated in the higher-request preservation area. Somatic Complaints are

likewise situated in the higher-request protection area. Health concern is situated in the higher-

request protection area inverse to receptiveness to change. Life satisfaction is situated close to

the focal point of the spatial arrangement of the relative multitude of variables.

The Secondary Scales

Extraversion is situated close to the line between the locales of the indulgence and incitement

esteem types with which it is generally compatible. Emotionality is found near the focal point of

the worth construction.

Interpreting Past Empirical Findings

Neuroticism was addressed by the measure of depression, instability and introspectiveness.

These scales were totally found near the focal point of the map, exhibiting no direct affiliation

either with the radicalism, conservatism or the tender mindedness dimensions. This finding

recommends that neuroticism is likewise not related with the fundamental worth dimensions: it

gives indirect support for Hypothesis 12 above.

Summary 5

As per Eysenck, extraversion was addressed by the Guilford lightheartedness and social modesty

scales. These pointers of extraversion are situated close to the boundary between the

superimposed areas for the hedonism and stimulation value types and far off from the higher-

order conservation and self- transcendence esteem types. This offers backhanded help for

Hypothesis 11.

Methods

Sample and Procedure

The sample consists of 331 students from six German Colleges. Average age of sample was 22

yrs. Sample includes both male and female.

Instruments

Participants originally finished the Rokeach Value Survey. After rating the values from most to

least significant as core values in their own lives, subjects compared the value with those beside

them on a seven-direct scale that show the amount by which each value was more significant

than the value placed promptly beneath it. For every individual, we registered value significance

evaluations by scoring the value positioned least significant as unity and appointing to each

higher-positioned value that gives a score comprising of the amount of all the value comparison

scores for the underneath positioned values it in addition to unity. The subsequent evaluations

have a possible reach from solidarity to 120 and lessen impassivity. Five out of ten motivational

kinds of values can be best measured by Rokeach list of 36 qualities. Then, subjects finished the

FPI test.

Analysis

To analyze the theories in regards to the underlying connections between personality traits and

values, we utilized Similarity Structure Analysis. SSA addresses factors as points in

Summary 6

multidimensional space with the end goal that the distances between the points mirror the pattern

of experimental relations among the factors, as estimated by their inter correlations. Since the

SSA finds every factor comparable to all others, it is fitting for inspecting the general pattern of

relationship between personality traits and the entire structure of value needs, the target we set

previously. In the main SSA, the 36 Rokeach values and the ten primary scales of the FPI were

incorporated at the same time. In the subsequent SSA, the Rokeach values were mutually

dissected with the two secondary FPI scales, extraversion and emotionality. It was essential to

analyze primary and secondary scales separately because of the overlapping. In order to compare

with the previous studies, four-dimensional results were picked for deciphering the outcomes.

Results

After both the analyses, conformity and security value types are so blended that make them both

identical. Most important finding from the two analyses was that the value sorts were organized

to frame the two fundamental bipolar elements of the all-inclusive construction of values:

receptiveness to change versus conservation and self-transcendence and self enhancement. This

bipolar design was integral to our hypothetical thinking and to the hypothesis testing.

The primary personality scales and value priorities

After analyzing the both primary scales of personality traits 36 Rokeach values results in 0.14

alienation coefficient. This coefficient indicates that four dimensional solutions are reasonably

suitable. As the personality variables are positioned in the value regions. This result confirmed

the hypotheses from 1-9. The life satisfaction variable was positioned very close to the mid-point

of the plot. This was predicted in hypothesis 10.

Extraversion, emotionality, and value priorities

0.13 coefficient of alienation yielded as a result of SSA analysis between two secondary scales of
Summary 7

personality traits and 36 Rockeach values. This coefficient shows a solid match of the four-

dimensional arrangement, practically identical to the fit with alone 36 values. The positions of

extraversion, hedonism and stimulation value types confirmed the hypothesis 11. The emergence

of emotionality in the focal point of the map confirms the hypothesis 12.

Discussion

The discoveries uncover both significant and orderly relationship of significant value needs with

personality factors. If see differently, the objectives individuals use as core values in their day to

day activities, as communicated in their value needs, are connected in hypothetically

unsurprising approaches to the reliable patterns of motivated behavior discovered by FPI scores.

The theory proposed by Maslow clarifies when values and personality traits acts as covariant and

when compensatory. In case of covariant, the tendency of both variables will increase. In case of

compensatory, both variables work in inverse ways. The results shows that FPI is not covering

all the motivations that may entered into the personality region.

Conclusion

There are minimal researches on relationship between values and personality traits. In this study

we utilized the recent improvement taken place in value theories to reach a theoretical result.

These hypothetical advancements empowered us to create a bunch of theories in regards to

relationships between values and traits. Maybe the accomplishment of these initial steps will

provoke research in this untapped region.