Activity 1.

2
Equivalence Relation
Objective
To veity that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R = (a. b): a|| b and a, b e Lis
an equivalence relation.

Method of Construction
Take the drawing board. Place it on the table and fix a white paper sheet
on it. With scale and pencil draw some
parallel lines and name them a, Material Required
a and a3. Draw a line perpendicular to given drawn lines and name it b. A drawing board
Draw a line cj inclined to the given drawn lines. See
figure. A white paper sheet
Board pins, pencil and
Demonstration, Observation and Conclusion scale
1. R is reflexive relation: Since every line is parallel to itself as
a a1, a2 ll a and as l| a, etc. Therefore, the relation R is reflexive.
2. Relation R is symmetric:
(a) By construction, we know that a ll a and a || a
(a1, a) E R and (a2, a) e R
Relation R is symmetric.
(b) Also by construction, we know that a|| a3 and a3 || a
(a1, a) e R and (a3, a1) e R
Relation R is symmetric.
3. Relation R is transitive: a, a and a3 are three lines.
By construction - a || az and a | | a3, then a, || a3

Hence (a, a) e R and (a2, ag) e R

(a, a2) E R D C

Relation R is transitive.
We have verified that the relation R = {(a, b): a || b and a, b e L} is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Hence, relation R is an equivalence relation.

Application
This activity is useful () in understanding the concept of an equivalence relation. (i) to check whether a given
relation is an equivalence relation or not.

Viva Voce
1. Can you define an equivalence relation? Give one example of it.
Ans. A relation R in set A is called equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
or

A and such that

If a, b, ce are

() (a, a) e R R is reflexive
( b , a) e R
(i) (a, b) e R R is symmetric
R and (b, c) R (a, ) e R R is transitive
i) (a, b) e e

Then R is an equivalence relation.

E.g. A relation R is a set L of lines detined as "parallel to" is an equivalence relation because R is
transitive.
reflexive, symmetric and

Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12 13

 Activity 1.4 One-One but Not Onto Function

Objective
To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto.

Method of Construction
1. Take the drawing board and place it on a table and fix the white papeT
sheet on it with the help of board pins. Material Required
2. Take two s e t s A = {1, 2, 3} a n d B {a, b, c, d .
A drawing board
3. Take three points on the left hand side of the white paper sheet and A white paper sheet
name them a s 1, 2, 3. It represents set A. Take 4
points o n right Board pins, pencil
hand side on the white paper sheet and name them as and
a, b, c and d. Scale
It represents set B. (see figure)
4. Join the point 1 of the set A to point a of the set B,
point 2 of the set A
to point bof the set B and point 3 of the set A to
point c set B. of the
2 b
Demonstration, Observation and Conclusion
1. The 3
image of the element 1 of the set A is element a of the set B.
The image of the element 2 of the set A is element b of the set B. Set A
Set B
The image of the element 3 of the set A is element c of the set B. Functionf
This demonstrate that each element of set A has
set B. Hence, we conclude that the function
only one image in
1
fis one-one.
2.Element a of the set B has
pre-image element 1 of the set A. 2
Element b of the set B has
pre-image element 2 of the set A. 3
Element cof the set B has d
pre-image element 3 of the set A.
And element d of the set B has no Set A Set B
This demonstrates that all the
pre-image in the set A
elements but one element of the set B has
conclude that the function is not onto. pre-image in set A. So, we
Hence,the function from set A {1, 2, 3} to set B
={a, b, c, d} defined as {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c} is one-one
=

but not onto.

Application
This
activity can be used to verify whether a given function is one-one but not onto or not.

1. Define a function which

is one-one.
Viva Voce
Ans. A function from set A to
set B is one-one function when each element
image in set B. of set A has n e and y

2. Give an
example of one-one function.
Ans. A function from set A = {1, 2, 3) to set B {a, b, c, d defined as (1, a), (2, b), (3, c} is one-one function
because each element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
3. Define a function which is not onto.
Ans. A
in
nunction from set A to set B is not onto if one or more elements of set B do not have pre
set A.
4. Give an
example of a function which is not onto. n
Ans. from is not an
Afunction set A
={1, 2, 3) to set B {a, b, c defined as ((1, a), (2, b), (3, b}} o
because the element C of set B does not have a pre-image in set A.

athematics-12
 Suggested Activity 1 One-One and Onto Function

Objective
To demonstrate a function which is one-one and onto.

Method of Construction
1. Take two functions A = {1, 2, 3 and B = {a, b, c) as shown in figure.
Material Required
2. Take three points on left hand side of the white paper sheet and name
A drawing board
them as 1, 2, 3. It represents set A.
A white paper sheet
3. Take three points on the right hand side of the white paper sheet and
name them as a, b, c. It represents set B. Board pins, pencil and
scale
4. Join point 1 of set A to point a of set B, point 2 of set A to point b of
set B and join point 3 of set A to point c of set B.

Demonstration, Observation and Conclusion

1. We observe from figure that: b

Element 1 of set A has element a of set B as its image.

Element 2 of set A has element b of set B as its image.
Set A Set B
Element 3 of set A has element cof set B as its image.
It shows that each element of set A has one image in set B. Function f

From this observation, we conclude that the function is one-one.

2. From the figure, we observe that:
Element a of set B has its pre-image 1 in set A.
Element b of set B has its pre-image 2 in set A.
Element c of set B has its pre-image 3 in set A.
Set A Set B
This observation shows that each element of set B has a pre-image
in set A.
From the above demonstration and observation we conclude that the function is onto.
Hence, the function from set A = {1, 2, 3) to set B = (a, b, c defined as {(1, a), (2, b). (3, c} is one-one

and onto.

Application
This activity can be used to verify whether a given function is one-one and onto or not.

Viva Voce
1. Define function which is one-one as well as onto.

Ans. A function from set A to set B is called one-one when each element of set A has one and only one image
in set B and the function is called onto when each element of set B has a pre-image in set A.
2. Give an of a set which is o n e - o n e and onto.
example
Ans. A function from set A = {1, 2, 3 , 4} to set B = ta, b, c, d defmed as (1, a). (2, b), (3, c). (4, d i s one-one

because each element of set A has one image in set B and it is also onto because each element of set

B has a pre-image in set A.

3. Can you define an invertible function.

Ans. Invertible function: A function which is one-one and onto is invertible function.

Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12 17

 Activity 3.6 Word Problems on Maxima and
Minima
Objective
To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal square pieces
from each corner.

Method of Construction
1. Take a rectangular chart-paper of size 45 cm x 24 cm and name it
as rectangle ABCD.
Material Required
2. Cut-out four equal square pieces
Chart papers of size
1 cmx 1 cm from eachofsize
Now fold up the flaps to form an open rectangular box from this chart
corner 45 cm x 24 cm, cellotape

paper with the help of cellotape. Measure the length, breadth and
pencil, scissor, calculator
height of this open box with the help of scale. Work out the volume
of the open box using the formula V length x breadth x height.
3. The another rectangular chart paper sheet of same size (45 cm x 24 cm) and repeat the above process
by cutting out squares of size (2 cm x 2 cm) from each corner and measure its length, breadth and
height and find the volume of the open box.
45 cm
D,
x

B
45 cm

4. Now take a third rectangular chart paper sheet of same size (45 cm 24 cm). Again remove equal
square pieces of size 3 cm x3 cm from each corner and measure its length, breadth and height and
find its volume.
5. Go on repeating this process by cutting out equal squares pieces from each corner of sizes 4 cm x 4
cm, 5 cmx 5 cm, 6 cm x 6 cm and 7 cm x 7 cm. In each case make an open rectangular box by folding
up the flaps. Now measure the length, breadth and height of the each box and calculate their volume.

Demonstration
1. When x = 1, 1= (45 - 2 ) cm = 43 cm, b = (24 2) cm = 22 cm and height = 1 cm

V o l u m e V, = (43 x 22 x 1) cm* = 946 cm

2. When x = 2 cm, l = (45-4) cm = 41 cm; 6 = (24 - 4) cm 2 0 cm and h = 2 cm

Volume V2 = (41 x 20 x 2)cm = 1640 cm

3. When x = 3cm, l = (45 -6) cm 39 cm, b (24-6) cm= 18 cm and height = 3 cm
V o l u m e = V3 = 39 x 18 x 3 cm = 2106 cm
4. Whenx= 4 cm, l = (45 - 8) cm = 37 cm, b = (24 - 8) cm = 16 cm a n d h = 4 cm

37 x 16 x 4 cm° =
2368 cm°
5.
Volume
Whenx= 5
=

V4
cm, l
=

= (45 - 10) c m = 35 cm, b (24 - 10) c m = 14 cm and h 5 cm

35 14 x 5 cm" =
2450 cmn
'Volume
6. W h e n x = 6
=
Vs
cmn, l
=

= (45 -
x

12) c m = 33 cm, b= (24 - 12) c m = 12 c m a n d h = 6 cm

Volume = Vs = 33x 12 x 6 cm = 2376 cm

7. Whenx= 7 cm, l = (45 - 14) c m = 31 cm, b= (24 - 14) c m = 10 c m a n d h = 7 cm

Volume = V7 = 31 x 10 x 7 cm' 2170 cm

Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12

 Observation
=
1 cm, then V, =
946 cm*
x
1. When

2. W h e n x = 2 cm,
then V =
1640 cms
then 2106 cm*
V =

3. Whenx*=3 cm,
4. Whenx= 4 cm, then V4 = 2368 cm
5. Whenx = 5 cm, then Vs 2450 cm° (Maximum Volume)
6. When x = 6 cm, then Vs = 2376 cm

7. When x = 7 cm, then V7 2170 cms

From the above values, we conclude that volume is maximum 2450 cm when size of square to be
removed from each corner is 5 cm x 5 cm.

Application
This activity is useful in explaining the concept of maximum or minimum value of a function.

Viva Voce
1. Which concept of local maxima/minima or absolute maxima/minima has bean used in the above
activity?
Ans. Concept of local maxima/local minima has been used.

Notes
Assume that size of the square corners to be removed from the rectangular sheet of size (45 x 24) cm is
(xx
) cm' then l (45 2x) cm, b (24 2x) cm and h =
= = -

x cm.
Let v be the volume of the open box, then
U =
lbh =
(45 2x) (24 -

2x) x
x =2(2x 69x +540x)
-

U = 2(2x
69x+540x]
dv
dx
2[6x-138x + 540]
dv
dx
=

12[x -23x +
90)
du
dx
=

12[x -

18x- 5x +90] 12[x(x - 18) 5(x - 18)]

-

dv
d(x5)
dx
(x- 18) =O
x =
5, 18 (18 is rejected)
x = 5 cm

a =
12[ -23x +90
dx

d
dx2 1212x- -23]

5 12[10 -
=
23] 12 x
-13 =
-156 <0
ddx
x = 5 maximize the volume.

Exemplar Activities in Mathematics-12

E