Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Diego Alejandro Cardona Giraldo

Group 203058_62
1007423285

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. A medium is considered open when the propagation of the wave does not
encounter any obstacles on the way to its destination.
2. It is a basic measurement parameter that aims to determine the behavior of
a medium. Through the loss tangent the type of medium can be determined.
3. They are classified as not dissipative, lost low dielectric, Dieletrics with
losses, good conductors, and perfect conductors
4. Phase Constant (Beta): is the phase gain obtained for each unit of length
that the wave travels
Propagation Constant (gamma): orthogonally relates the attenuation
constant and the phase constant
Attenuation Constant (Alpha): is the attenuation of the amplitude of the
wave as a function of the distance

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.

Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
1. Copper 5.80 x 107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5 x 10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10−4 3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10−3 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 / N m2
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(CCC+10) MHz. Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

Identification number: 1007423285, then CCC=285

Then: f =( 285+10 ) MHz=295 MHz=295 x 106 Hz

Selected propagation medium: Vegetable soil

Conductivity: σ =1.00 x 10−2 S /m

Electrical permittivity: ε r=14

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

σ σ 1.00∙ 10−2 S /m
tan ( δ )= = =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o 2 ∙ π ∙295 ∙ 106 Hz∙ 14 ∙ 8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 / N m2

Note that ω=2 πf and ε =ε r ε o

Example:

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

tan ( δ )=0.0435231933245

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the

chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

δ =tan−1 (0.0435231933245)
δ =2.4921224995846 °
 Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

The Medium ( Vegetable Soil ) isa Lost low dielectric

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Paramete Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

r dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ+ j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10−6 T m/ A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

γ = jω √ με
γ = j∙ 2 ∙ π ∙ f √ μr ∙ μo ∙ ε r ∙ ε o

γ = j∙ 2 ∙ π ∙295 ∙ 106 Hz √ 1 ∙1.2566 ∙ 10−6 T m/ A ∙14 ∙ 8.8542∙ 10−12 C2 / N m2

γ =0+23.1333800992883i

α =ση /2
S
1.00∙ 10−2 ∙100.6838574310724 ohm
m
α=
2
α =0.5034192871554 Np/m
 β=ω √ με
β=2 πf √ μr ∙ μ o ∙ ε r ∙ ε o

β=2 ∙ π ∙ 295∙ 106 Hz √1 ∙1.2566 x 10−6 T m/ A ∙14 ∙ 8.8542 ∙10−12 C2 / N m2

β=23.1333800992883 rad /m

μ
η=
√ ε

μr ∙ μo
η=
√ εr ∙ εo

1 ∙1.2566 ∙ 10−6 T m/ A
η=
√ 14 ∙ 8.8542∙ 10−12 C2 / N m2
η=100.6838574310724 ohm
 Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.
4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed v p .
b. Wavelength λ .
c. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.

ω
vp=
β
2 πf
vp =
β

2 ∙ π ∙ 295∙ 106 Hz
vp =
23.1333800992883rad /m
v p =80124031.060856625438 m/s

2π
λ=
β
2π
λ=
23.1333800992883rad /m
 λ=0.2716068849521 m

1
δ p=
|α |
1
δ p=
|0.5034192871554 Np/m|
δ p=1.9864157482932 m

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Interpretation

 The loss tangent allows me to identify that the vegetable soil medium is
a lost low dielectric, since when calculating the loss angle from the loss
tangent it is evident that the medium is in the range between 0 and 6
degrees.
 V p is the speed with which the wave travels through the medium.
 the wavelength λ is the distance of 2 maximum points on the wave which
is 0.2716068849521 m
 Depth of penetration δ p identifies me the measure of decay of the
amplitude of the signal corresponding to the attenuation which is
1.9864157482932 m

Application example

Ultraviolet radiation
its name comes from the fact that its range starts from shorter wavelengths in
which we humans identify as the color violet. It is used for the disinfection of
water, air, and surfaces.

Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/9xHqyhnC2xc

References

 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's

Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction
for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
(pp. 46-60). Recovered from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press. (pp. 513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed

Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

 Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Recovered

from http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139

 Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic

waves in open media. [Video]. Recovered
from https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439