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21 views2 pages

Attachment Student 1

Uploaded by

j-ann
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INTEGRAL CALCULUS

The Indefinite Integral


Suppose the derivative (or differential) of a function is given, how can the function be
found? For instance, what function has for its derivative 3𝑥 2 or for its differential 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥? From
𝑑𝑦
our experience with differentiation, we know that (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 or 𝑑(𝑥 3 )= 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. Hence, our
𝑑𝑥
answer to the question above is 𝑥 3 . But that is not the only possible answer. Recalling that the
derivative or differential of a constant is zero, we may also give the following functions as valid
answers:
𝑥3 + 4
𝑥 3 – 15

𝑥 3 + √2
Basic Integration Formulas
The first five basic formulas are given below. In these formulas, u and v are differentiable
functions of x. The letters a, n, and C are constants.
•  𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
•  (𝑢 + 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 =  𝑢𝑑𝑥 +  𝑣𝑑𝑥
•  𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎  𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
•  𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
•  = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

Example 1
Evaluate  5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 6)𝑑𝑥
Solution: =  5𝑥 4 dx +  3𝑥 2 dx +  6dx
= 5  𝑥 4 dx + 3  𝑥 2 dx + 6  dx
𝑥5 𝑥3
= 5( ) + 𝑐1 + 3( ) + 𝑐2 + 6x + 𝑐3
5 5

= 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + C
The above integral is simply evaluated in the following manner:
 (5𝑥 4 dx + 3𝑥 2 dx + 6)dx = 5  𝑥 4 dx + 3  𝑥 2 dx + 6  dx
𝑥5 𝑥3
=5( ) + 3( ) + 6x + C
5 3

= 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 6x + C
Example 2
4 2
 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥) dx
2
Solution:  (4𝑥 −3 + 𝑥) dx
𝑑𝑥
4  𝑥 −3dx + 2  𝑥

𝑥 −3
4( ) + 2ln x + C
−2
2
- 𝑥 3 + 2ln x + C

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
This method involves a change of variable, say from x to another variable u. the purpose of
substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form for which a standard formula can be
applied.
Example 1
 (3x + 4)2dx
1
Solution: Let u = 3x + 4. Then du = 3dx or 3du = dx. Then the given integral becomes
1
 (3 + 4)2dx =  𝑢2 • du
3

1 𝑢2
=3(3)+C

𝑢3
= +C
9

(3𝑥 + 4)3
= +C
9

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