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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

DEFINITIONS
1. An equation that involves independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of
the dependent variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary , if the differential coefficients have
reference to a single independent variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there
are two or more independent variables . We are concerned with ordinary differential
equations only .
d2 y dy
eg. 2
3  2 y  0 is an ordinary diffrential equation
dx dx
y x y  2z  2z
  0 ;   x 2  y are partial differential equation .
x y z x 2 y 2
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential equation.
The solution of the differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE , because the
differential equation can be regarded as a relation derived from it .
4. Order and Degree of Diffrential Equation
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential
coefficient occuring in it.
The degree of a differential equation which is expressed or can be expressed as a
polynomial in the derivatives is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring in it,
after it has been expressed in a form free from radicals & fractions so far as
derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
p q
 dmy   d m1( y) 
f(x , y)  m  + (x , y)  m1  + ....... = 0 is order m & degree p .
 dx   dx 
1/ 4
d2y   dy  6 
e.g. (i)  y    
dx 2   dx  

dy 1
(ii) y 
dx dy
dx
d3y
3 d2y
(iii) e dx  x  y0
dx 2
 dy  dy
(iv) sin 1   x  y   sin( x  y)
 dx  dx

 dy  dy
(v) ln   = ax + by  = eax + by
 dx  dx

5. FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION :

If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary constant
is given , then a differential equation is obtained as follows :

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 1

 Differentiate the given equation say f(x,y,c1) = 0 w.r.t. the independent variable (say x)
as many times as the number of arbitrary constants in it.
 Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
The eliminant is the required differential equation .
Note: A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common
properties. This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.
EXAMPLES:
(i) Form the diffrential equation of family of lines concurrent at the origin (y = mx) ;
dy dy
 m  y  .x  xdy – ydx = 0
dx dx
Note that the order is 1 , same as number of constants.
(ii) Diffrential equation of all concentric circle at the origin
x2 + y2 = r2  xdx + ydy = 0
Note that the order is 1.
(iii) Diffrential equation of all circles touching the x axis at the origin and centre on y-axis
x2 + (y – a)2 = a2
x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0 ....(1)
dy dy dy dy
differentiating , 2x + 2y = 2a or x + y =a
dx dx dx dx
substituting the value of ‘a’ in (1)
dy
(x2 – y2) = 2xy (order is one again and degree 1)
dx
(iv) Form the diffrential equation of the family of parabolas with focus at the origin and axis of
symmetry along the x-axis.
equation of the parabola is
(x2 + y2 ) = (x + 2A)2
y2 = 4A ( A + x)
dy
2y  4A
dx
dy
y  2A
dx
2 2
 dy  dy dy 
2 dy
Hence y 2   y   2 y . x or 2
y y    2 xy
 dx  dx  dx  dx

(v) Form the diffrential equation of family of lines situated at a constant distance p from the
origin.
y = mx + p 1 m 2 ( Tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = p2 )
dy
where m=
dx
Note that order is 1 and degree is 2.
[Alternative : Consider the line x cos + y sin = p where p is a constant and  varies. Diffrentiate
w.r.t. x i.e. cos + y sin = 0  y = – cot . Put in the given line ]
(vi) Form the diffrential of the system of rectangular hyperbola
xy = c2 ; diff., xdy + ydx = 0
dy y
 
dx x

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 2

 Note
(i) The radius vector of the point and tangent at P are equally inclined to the x-axis.
(ii) Area of the OAB is independent of the coordinates of P.
(vii) y2 = 2c ( x + c )
(viii) Form the diffrential equation of the family of concentric ellipse ax2 + by2 = 1 with principal
axes along the co-ordinate axes.
Note that the order is 2.
[Sol. 2ax + 2byy1 = 0  ax + byy1 = 0 ...(1) equate a/b to get a D.E. of
again diff. a + b (yy2 + y12 ) = 0 ....(2) order 2 and degree 1 ]
(ix) Family of parabolas with axis of symmetry | | to y axis ; y = ax2 + by + c ;
d3y
diff. thrice  =0.
dx 3
6. GENERAL AND PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS :
The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary
constants equal to the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION (OR
COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR COMPLETE PRIMITIVE). A solution obtainable from the general solution
by giving particular values to the constants is called a PARTICULAR SOLUTION.

Note that the general solution of a differential equation of nth order contains ‘n’ & only ‘n’
independent arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential
equation are said to be independent, when it is impossible to deduce from the solution an
equivalent relation containing fewer arbitrary constants. Thus the two arbitrary constants A,
B in the equation y = A ex + B are not independent since the equation can be written as y = A
eB. ex = Cex. Similarly the solution y = A sin x + B cos (x + C) appears to contain three
arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent to two only . Similarly y = (C1 + C2) cos
( x + C3) – C 4 e x C5 has only 3 independent arbitrary constants hence will be of order 3.

7. ELEMENTARY TYPES OF FIRST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.

dy
 f (ax  by  z)
dx

VARIABLES SEPARABLE : If the differential equation can be expressed as ;

f(x) dx + g(y) dy = 0 then this is said to be variable  separable type .
TYPE1 :
A general solution of this is given by  f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = c ;
where c is the arbitrary constant.
EXAMPLES :
dy dy ax  by  by
(i) ln  ax  by  e = eax . eby or e dy   e ax dx
dx dx

(ii) x (y2 + 1) dx + y (x2 + 1) dy = 0

(iii) y sinx = y ln y ; y x    e [ Ans: y = e cosecx – cotx ] (iv) (dy/dx) = exy + x2. ey.
2

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 3

 dy
[Solution:  lny . y   cos ecx dx  ln (lny) = ln (cosecx – cotx) + C ]
(iv) Find the foci of the conic passing through the point (1, 0) and satisfying the diffrential
equation (1+ y2) dx – xydy =0. Find also the equation of a circle touching the conic at  2 ,1
and passing through one of its foci.
[ Ans: x  2 2  ( y  1) 2    2 x  y  1 where  = –1/2 or 3
eccentricity = 2 ; conic: x2–y2 = 1 (Rectangular Hyperbola) ]
dy
(v) Find a particular solution of the differential equation (1 + ex)y = ex. Satisfying the initial
dx
2
 1  ex 
condition y (0) = 1. [Ans. y = 1  ln  ]

 2 
(vi) Find the curve passing through the point (0, –2) such that the slope of the tangent at any of
its points is equal to the ordinate of that point augumented by a factor of 3.

(vii) Find the nature of the curve not passing through the origin for which the length of the
normal (tangent) at the point P is equal the radius vector of the point P. [Ans: straight line or
rectangular hyperbola]
1
[ Equation of normal : Y – y =  (X –x)
m
ON2 = GN2
x2 + y2 = m2 y2 + y2
x
 m=+ y
with +ve, xdx – ydy = 0
x2 – y2 = C (Rectangular Hyperbola)
with –ve x2 + y2 = C (circle)
|||ly we can do for tangent where Y– y = m (X – x) ]

(viii) Find the curve for which the segment of the tangent contained
between the co-ordinate axes is bisected by the point . Curve
passes through (2, 3).
In the figure, find the curve if passes through (2, 0) and l(PA) = 2.
[ Ans: xy = 6]

(ix) Find the curve y = f(x) (f(x) > 0 and f(0) = 0 )

bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x] if area bounded by curve, coordinate
axes & var. ordinate.
Area  (f(x))n+1 and f(1) = 1
x
n 1
 y dx  K. (f ( x)) now diffrentiate both sides ; [ Ans: f(x) = x1/n]
0

(viii) Show that the curve passing through (1, 2) for which the segment
of the tangent between P and T is bisected at its point of intersection
with the y-axis is a parabola.
[ Ans: y2 = cx  y2 = 4x ]

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 4

 Further show that if, P, Q, R are three points on this parabola such that three normals at them
are concurrent on the line y = d then the sides of the PQR touch another parabola x2 = 2dy.
(ix) Find the curve for which area bounded by the curve, the co-ordinate axes and a variable
ordinate is equal to the length of the corresponding arc. Given that the curve passes through
e x  e x
(0, 1). [ Ans: y = & y =1 ]
2
x P x 2
 dy 
 y dx   dl = 2 2
=  1    dx
 (dx )  (dy )
0  dx 
0 A
No diffrentiate both sides.

(x) Show that if m1 and m2 grams of a radioactive substances are present at time t 1 and t2
ln 2
respectively then its half life is T = (t2 – t1) lnm m 
1 2
[Hint: Use : m = m0 e– k t ]

dy
TYPE2 : = f (ax + by + c) , b  0 . (If b = 0 this is directly variable separable)
dx
To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c . Then the equation reduces to separable type
in the variable t and x which can be solved.
Examples :
dy 1   dy
(i) (x + y)2 = a2 (start with x + y = t) (ii) sin  dx   x  y (start with x + y = t)
dx  
dy
(iii) 1 x  y  x  y 1 (put x + y + 1 = t2 )
dx
(iv) Find the curve passing through the origin in the form y = f(x) and satisfying the diffrential
dy
equation = cos (10x + 8y) (start with 10x + 8y = t) [Ans. 4y = tan–1(3 tan3x) – 5x]
dx
dy 2x  3y 1
(v)  (start with 2x + 3y = t )
dx 4 x  6 y  5
dy a x  b1y  c1
TYPE  3  1 where b1 + a2 = 0
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2

Examples: (Simply cross multiply & note the perfect diffrential of xy , Integrate term by term)

dy 4 x  3y
(i) 
dx 3x  2 y
[ Sol. 3xdy – 2ydy = 4xdx – 3ydx or 3(xdy + ydx) – 2y dy – 4xdx = 0
or 3 d(xy) – 2ydy – 4xdx = 0 ; Integration gives 3xy – y2 – 2x2 = c ]
dy x  2y  5
(ii) 
dx 2 x  3y  1

Type 4: Polar Coordinates

Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of variables.
In this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials. If x = r cos  ;
y = r sin  where r and  both are variable.
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) x dy  y dx = r2 d
If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then x dx  y dy = r dr and x dy  y dx = r2 sec d.

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 5

Note: x = r cos ; y = r sin  x2 + y2 = r2 and tan = y/x
Hence x dx + y dy = rdr and xdy – y dx = x2 sec2 d
xdy – ydx = r2 d
|||ly x = r sec and y = r tan x2 – y2 = r2 and y/x = sin
Hence xdx – ydy = rdr and xdy – ydx = x2 cos d = r2 sec d

Examples :
xdx  ydy 1  x 2  y2
(i)  (x = r sec)
xdy  ydx x 2  y2

dy
xy 2 2
(ii) dx  1  x  y (x = r cos)
dy
x y x 2  y2
dx
(iii) xdx + ydy = x ( xdy – ydx )
y
[Sol. x = r cos ; y = r sin ; tan =
x
 x dx + y dy + r dr ; xdy – ydy = r2 d
 rdr = r cos r2 d
dr
 r 2   cos  d
1 1 y
  sin   C 
 or x 2  y2 x 2  y2
=C
r

y + 1 = C x 2  y2 or (y + 1)2 = C2 (x2 + y2) ]

xdx  ydy ydx  xdy

(iv) 2 2 =
x y x2
[Sol. Put x = r cos ; y = r sin
 x2 + y2 = r2  xdx + ydy = rdr
y xdy  ydx
& = tan  = sec2 d
x x2
rdr
    sec 2  d
r
r = – tan + C
y
x 2  y2  C Ans ]
x

2. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :

dy f (x , y)
A differential equation of the form = , where f (x , y) &  (x , y) are
dx  (x , y )
homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called HOMOGENEOUS.
dy
This equation may also be reduced to the form = g  x  & is solved by putting y = vx so
dx  y
that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v , where v is some unknown
function, the differential equation is transformed to an equation with variables separable.
dy y (x  y )
Consider + = 0.
dx x2

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 6

IMPORTANT NOTE :
(a) The function f (x , y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for any real
number t ( 0) , we have f (tx , ty) = tn f(x , y).
e.g. f(x , y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3.
dy
(b) A differential equation of the form = f(x, y) is homogeneous if f (x , y) is a homogeneous
dx
function of degree zero i.e. f (tx , ty) = t° f (x , y) = f(x , y). The function f does not
depend on x & y separately but only on their ratio y or x .
x y
Examples on Homogeneous:
dy y 2  2xy  x 2
(i)  given y x 1   1 [ Ans: x + y = 0]
dx y 2  2xy  x 2

v 2  2v  1 2v( v  1)  (1  v 2 )
 (1  v)(1  v 2 ) dv =  dv =  dx
[ Hint: start with y = vx to get
(1  v)(1  v )2 x
 dy  y
(ii) x  y  tan 1 =x given y x 1  0
 dx  x

 dy  y1 y  dy y  1 y
[Sol. x dx  x  . tan x  x or    tan =1
   dx x  x

dy dv  dv 
put y = vx v x or vx  v  tan 1 v  1
dx dx  dx 
dv dx
x tan 1 v  1 or  tan
1
v dv  
dx x
v
v tan–1v –  1  v2 dv = lnx + C

1
v. tan–1v – ln(1+v2) = lnx + C
2
where x = 1 ; y =0  v = 0  C = 0
y y y2 y2
tan 1  ln 1  2  lnx = ln x 1  2 = ln x 2  y 2
x x x x
y y
tan 1
 x y 2 2
e x x ]
Sometimes a Homogeneous Diffrential equation is given in the form of a quadratic equation
dy
in ( i.e. degree 2, consider the example)
dx
2
 dy  dy
(iii) y   2 x  y  0 ; y x  0  5
 dx  dx

2 2 2 2
dy  2 x  4 x  4 y dy  x  x  y
[Sol.  =  which is homogeneous
dx 2y dx y
dy dv
put y = vx  v  x
dx dx

vx
dv  x  x 1  v2  1 1  v 2
= =
dx vx v

x
dv  1 1  v 2 1 1  v2  v2
= v =
dx v v

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 7

 Taking +ve sign
v dv dx v dv dx
  
 v 2  1  (1  v 2 )
 x or v  1  1  v 1
2 2 x
 
v
or dv  dt
1  v 2 1  t 1  v2
dt dx
  
t x
ln tx = C
 y2  
ln  1  2 1 x   C or ln  x 2  y 2  x   C
 x    
  
put x = 0 ; y = 5
ln  5  0 C  C = ln 5
 x 2  y2  5  x
x2 + y2 = 5 + x2 + 2 5 x
 y2 = 5 + 2 5 x  y  52 5 x
|||ly with –ve sign , y = 5 – 2 5 x 
2 ]

(iv) The area of the figure bounded by a curve, the x-axis and two ordinates, one of which is
constant, the other variable is equal to the ratio of the cube of the variable ordinate to the
variable abscissa. Find the curve if it passes through (1, 0). [Ans. (2y – x2)3 = cx2]
x
y3
[Sol.  y dx  x
c

x. 3y 2 y1  y 3
y=
x2
x2 = 3xyy1 – y2 ( y  0)
dy x 2  y 2
  which is Homogeneous.
dx 3xy

(v) Find the equation of the curve intersecting with the x-axis at the point x = 1 and possesses
the property that the length of the subnormal at any point of the curve is equal to the A.M. of
the co-ordinates of this point. [ Ans: (y–x)2 (x+2y) = 1]
dy xy dy x  y
[Sol. S.N. = y    ]
dx 2 dx 2y

(vi) Find the curve such that the ordinate of any of its points is the proportional mean between
the abscissa and the sum of the abscissa and subnormal at the point.
x4  c
[ Ans: y 2  or y2 + 2x2 lnx = cx2]
2x 2
dy y2  x 2
[Hint: y2 = x (x + | my | )  y2 – x2 = x |my|  =± ]
dx xy

(vii) Find the curve such that the angle, formed with the x-axis by the tangent to the curve at any
of its points, is twice the angle formed by the polar radius of the point of tangency with the
x-axis. Interpret the curve. [ Ans : x2 + y2 – 2cy = 0]

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 8

 dy y
[Sol. Given tan2 = where tan =
dx x
2 tan  dy
2

1  tan  dx
y
dy 2  1  v2 1  v 2  2 v 2 
or = x  2 xy 
 dv   dv
 v(1  v 2 ) v(1  v 2 ) 
dx y2 x 2  y2  
1 2
x
Note that the curve is a circle with centre on y-axis and touching the x-axis at the origin.
(viii) Find the curve such. that the ratio of the subnormal at any point to the sum of its abscissa
and ordinates is equal to the ratio of the ordinate of this point to its abscissa. If the curve
passes through (1, 0) find all possible equations in the form y = f (x).
1
[Sol. Normal : Y–y=  ( X – x)
m
| my | y

xy x
dy xy

dx x
with +ve sign solution is y = x ln | cx |
with –ve sign solution is x2 + 2xy = c ]

(ix) Find the curve for which the sum of the normal and subnormal is proportional to the abscissa,
the proportionality constant being k.
[Sol. Refer to the figure of
m 2 y 2  y2  (my)  kx

| y | 1  m 2  kx – | my |
squaring y2 (1+m2) = k2x2 + m2 y2 – 2kx my
dy k 2x 2  y2
 2kx | my | = k2 x2 – y2 ,  ]
dx 2kxy

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE HOMOGENEOUS FORM :

dy a 1x  b1y  c1 a1  a 2
If = ; where a1 b2  a2 b1  0 and a 2  b1  0 , i.e. 
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 b1 b2

then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a homogeneous

type in the new variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary constants to be chosen
so as to make the given equation homogeneous which can be solved by the method
as given in Type  3. If
(i) a1 b2  a2 b1 = 0, then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential
equation to an equation with variables separable. and

(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d (xy) for

x dy + y dx & integrating term by term yields the result easily.
(iii) Consider
x  2y  5 2x  y  1
(a) dy
= ; (b) dy
= 2x  3y  1 & (c) dy
=
dx 2x  y  1 dx 4x  6y  5 dx 6x  5y  4

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 9

[Sol.(c) x = u + h ; y = v + k ; dx = du ; dy = dv
dy dv

dx du
dv 2( u  h )  ( v  k )  1 2u  v
  
du 6(u  h )  5( v  k )  4 6u  5v
where 2h – k + 1 = 0 and 6h – 5k + 4 = 0
dv dz
put v = u z  u z
du du v
2
dz 2z 2
u +z= = v
du 6  5z 65
u
u dz 2z
 z ]
du 6  5z

3. LINEAR DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & all its differential
coefficients occur in degree one only and are never multiplied together.
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;
dn y d n 1 y
a0 (x) + a1(x) + ...... + an (x) . y =  (x) . Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are
dxn d x n 1
called the coefficients of the differential equation .
Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every
differential equation of the first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential
3
d2 y  d y
equation   + y2 = 0 is not linear , though its degree is 1.
d x2  d x

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER :

dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q, where
dx
P & Q are functions of x . ( Independent variable)
ds
In physics it will look like  f ( t ) .s  g( t)
dt
Pd x
To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e  or e  f ( t ) dt

NOTE :
Pd x
(1) The factor e  on multiplying by which the left hand side of the differential equation
becomes the differential coefficient of some function of x & y, is called integrating
factor of the differential equation popularly abbreviated as I. F.
(2) It is very important to remember that on multiplying by the integrating factor, the left hand
side becomes the derivative of the product of y and the I.F.
(3) Some times a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent
variable and x as the dependent variable. e.g. the equation ;
dy dy x  2 y 3 1
(x + 2y3) = y can be written as = = y x + 2y2
dx dx y
which is a linear differential equation.

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 10

Examples :

(i) t (1+ t2) dx = (x + xt2 – t2 ) dt ; x t 1  
4
dx x(1  t 2 )  t 2 x t
[Sol. dt  2
 
t 1 t2
t (1  t )
1
dx 1 t   dt 1
 x ; I.F. e t  e  ln t 
dt t 1 t2 t
1 dx 1 1 d 1  1
 2x   .x  
t dt t 1 t 2 dt  t  1 t2
x dt
 = – tan–1t + c  x = t (c – tan–1 t)
t 1 t2

t= ;x=–  c=0 hence x = – t tan–1t Ans ]
4
dy
(ii) x (x2+ 1) = y(1– x2 ) + x2 lnx
dx
dy y(1  x 2 ) xlnx
[Sol.  
dx x (1  x 2 ) 1  x 2
dy (1  x 2 ) y xlnx
 
dx x (1  x ) 1  x 2
2

1
1 2
x
 1  1
x 2 1 x ln  x   1
I.F.  x ( x 2 1) dx
=e x =e  x = x
e x
 x 2  1  x ln x x 2  1  x 2 1
y.  . dx   y  ln x dx + c ]
  x   x2 1 x
  x  
   
dy
(iii) x lnx + y = 2 lnx [Ans. y ln x = ln2 x + c ]
dx
dy
[Sol. x lnx  y  2ln x
dx
1
dy 1 2  x ln x dx
 y I.F. e  e ln ( ln x )  ln x
dx x lnx x
dy 1 2
 lnx  y  .lnx
dx x x
d
 y.lnx   2 lnx
dx x
lnx
y lnx = 2  dx  c ]
x
dy
(iv) (x2 – 1) sinx + [ 2x sinx + (x2– 1) cosx ] y – (x2 – 1) cosx = 0.
dx
[Ans. y (x2 – 1)sin x = (x2 – 3)sin x + 2x cos x + c ]

(v) Find the curve such that the initial ordinate of any tangent is less than the abscissa of the
point of tangency by two units. [ Ans: y = cx – x ln |x| – 2 ]

(vi) Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle constructed on the abscissa of any point
and the initial ordinate of the tangent at this point is a2
a2
[ Ans: y = cx + ]
2x

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 11

 2 2 dy
[Hint: D.E. derived for solution is xy  x dx  a ]
dy 1 dx dx
(vii) = x cos y  sin 2y or dy
= x cos y + sin 2y or dy
– (cos y) x = sin 2y
dx
dx d  sin y
I.F. = e 
cos ydy
 e sin y  e
sin y
 e sin y cos y dx  e sin y sin 2 y  dy ( x e )  e  sin y sin 2 y
dy

x e  sin y   e  sin y 2 sin y cos y dy

dy y dx
(viii) = 2 y ln y  y  x (linear in dy /variable separable)
dx
dx 2 y lny  y  x
or 
dy y
dx 1
or  x  (2 lny  1)
dy y
xy = y2 ln y + c Ans. ]

(ix) Let the function ln (f (x)) is defined where f (x) exists for x  2 and k is fixed (+)ve real
d
number, prove that if x f ( x)   – k f (x) then f (x)  A x – 1 + k where A is independent
dx
of x.
dy
[Sol. x f ' (x) + f (x)  – k f (x) Note : x + (K + 1)y  0
dx
dy K 1
x f ' (x) + (k + 1) f (x)  0 + y 0
dx x
K 1 K 1
xk + 1 f ' (x) + (k + 1) xk f (x)  0 IF = e  Pdx  e  x
dx = e(K + 1) ln x = eln x = xK + 1
d [ x k1 · f ( x ) ] dy
0  xK+1 + xK (K + 1)y  0
dx dx
Let F (x) = xk + 1 · f (x)
F (x) is decreasing x  2
F (x)  F (2) for all x  2
F (x)  A
xk + 1 · f (x)  A
f (x)  A x –1 + k ]
(x) Given a function ‘g’ which has a derivative g (x) for every real ‘x’ and which satisfy
g  (0) = 2 and g(x + y) = ey . g(x) + ex . g(y) for all x & y.
Find g(x) and determine the range of the function. Also compute the area bounded by f (x)
  2
and the x axis. [Ans: g(x) = 2x ex,   e ,  ; 2 sq. units ]
 
[Sol. Put x = 0 ; y = 0  g (0) = 0
Limit g ( h)
and g  (0) = h0 = 2
h
Limit g (x  h )  g (x ) Limit e h . g (x )  e x . g ( h)  g (x)
Now g  (x) = h0 = h0
h h

 h 
= g (x) Limit  e  1 + ex Limit g (h) or g  (x) = g (x) + 2 ex
h0   h0
 h  h

dy dy
Let g (x) = y then = y + 2 ex  e x  y e x = 2
dx dx

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 12

 d x  0
 (y ex) = 2 y e x = 2 x + c ; If  c = 0
dx y  0 
Hence y = 2 x ex = g (x)
dy
Now = 2 [ ex + x ex ] = 0  x =  1
dx
 minima at x =  1
  2
 range is  e , 


x
y(u )
(xi) The function y (x) satisfies the equation y (x) + 2x  1  u 2 du = 3x2 + 2x + 1. Show that the
0

x
y(u )
substitution z (x) =  1  u 2 du converts the equation into a first order linear differential
0

equation for z(x) solve for z (x) . Hence solve the original equation for y (x).
x
y( u )
[Sol. y (x) + 2x  1  u 2 du = 3x2 + 2x + 1 ....(1)
0

x
y(u )
Let z (x) =  1  u 2 du
0

y( x )
 z ' (x) =  y (x) = (1 + x2) z ' (x) ....(2)
1 x2
substituting y (x) in equation (1)
(1 + x2) z ' (x) + 2x · z(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
dz
Let z ' (x) =
dx
dz 2x 3x 2  2 x  1
+ z (x) = which is linear DE
dx 1 x2 1 x2
2x
 1 x 2 dx ln (1 x 2
)
I.F. = e = e = 1 + x2
Hence z (1 + x2) =  (3x 2  2 x  1) dx
z (1 + x2) = x3 + x2 + x + C
but z = 0 when x = 0  C = 0
x3  x2  x
Hence z (x) = .....(3)
1 x2
now y (x) = (1 + x 2)·z ' (x) .....(4) (from 2 )
x (1  x 2 )  x 2 x2 11 1
also z (x) = = x+ 2 = x+1–
1 x2 1 x 1 x2
2x (1  x 2 )  2 x
 z ' (x) = 1 + =
(1  x 2 ) 2 (1  x 2 ) 2

(1  x 2 ) 2  2 x
 y (x) = [ from eq n (4) ]
(1  x 2 )

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 13

 MIXTURE PROBLEMS :
A chemical in a liquid solution (or dispersed in a gas) runs into a container holding the liquid
(or the gas) with, possibly, a specified amount of the chemical dissolved as well. The
mixture is kept uniform by stirring and flows out of the container at a known rate. In this
process it is often important to know the concentration of the chemical in the container at
any given time. The differential equation describing the process is based on the formula.
Rate of change  rate at which   rate at which 
   
of amount =  chemical  –  chemical  ....(1)
in container  arrives   departs 
If y (t) is the amount of chemical in the container at time t and V (t) is the total volume of
liquid in the container at time t, then the departure rate of the chemical at time t is
y( t )
Departure rate = V( t ) ·(out flow rate)
concentration in
=  container at time t  ·(out flow rate)
 
Accordingly, Equation (1) becomes
dy y( t )
= (chemical's arrival rate) – ·(out flow rate) ....(2)
dt V( t )
If, say, y is measured in grams, V in liters, and t in minutes, then unit in equation (2) are
grams grams grams litre
= – ·
minute minute litre minute
EXAMPLES :
(i) A tank initially contains 100 litres of brine in which 50 gms of salt dissolved. A brine containing
2 gm/litre of salt runs into the tank at the rate of 5 litre/min. The mixture is kept stirring and
flows out of the tank at the rate of 4 litres/min then
(a) At what rate (gms/min) does salt enter the tank at time t.
(b) What is the volume of the brine in the tank at time t.
(c) At what rate (gms/min) does salt leave the tank at time t.
(d) form the DE of the process and solve it to find an expression for the amount of salt
present at time t.
[Sol.
2 gm 5 litres
(a) Rate at which salt is added = · = 10 gm/min.
litre min
(b) Volume V (t) of brine at time t = 100 + (5 – 4) t = (100 + t) litres
y( t ) y
(c) Rate at which salt leaves = V( t ) (out flow rate) = ·4
100  t
dy 4y dy 4y
(d) Hence DE is = 10 – which is linear + = 10
dt 100  t dt 100  t
4
 dt
I.F. = e 100  t
= e+4(ln (100 + t)
 y (100 + t)4 = 10  (100  t ) 4 dt = (100 + t)4 + c
y (100 + t)4 = 2 (100 + t)5 + c
if t = 0 ; y = 50
50 · 1004 = 200 · 1004 + c
 c = – 150 · 1004
 y (100 + t)4 = 2 (100 + t)5 – 150 · 1004
150·100 4 150
y = 2 (100 + t) – 4 ; y = 2 (100 + t) – 4
]
(100  t )  t 
1  
 100 

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 14

 FOR PRACTICE :
(ii) A storage tank contains 2000 litres of gasoline which initially has 100 gms of an additive
dissolved in it. Gasoline containing 2 gms of additive per litre is pumped into the tank at a
rate of 40 litre/min. The well mixed solution is pumped out at a rate of 45 litre/min. Form the
DE and express the amount of additive in gasoline as a function of t.
dy y
[Sol. dt  80  (2000  5t) · 45 t = 0 ; y = 100
9
 t 
y = 10(400 – t) – 3900 1   Ans ]
 400 
1
(iii) A tank contains 200 litres of brine in which 20 gms of salt dissolved. Brine containing gm
4
of salt/lit. runs into the tank at the rate of 2 litre/min. The mixture is kept stirring runs out at
the same rate. Express the concentration of solution in tank in grams as a function of time t.
What is the limiting value approached by the amount of salt as
t  . Whenever was the amount of salt in solution be 20 gm.
t

[Ans. (i) y = 50 – 30 · e 100 , (ii) y when t   = 50 gms, (iii) y > 20 for all t > 0 ]
[Sol. t = 0 ; y = 20
dy 1 y dy 1 y 50  y
  ·2    
dx 2 200 dx 2 100 100
dy dt
Hence 50  y  100

t
– ln (50 – y) = +c
100
t
or ln (50 – y) = – +c
100
t = 0 ; y = 20 ; c = ln 30
t t
50  y t 50  y  
Hence ln = , = e 100 , y = 50 – 30· e 100 Ans. ]
30 100 30

8. EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR FORM : ( BERNOULLI’S EQUATION)

dy
The equation + py = Q . yn where P & Q functions of x , is reducible to the linear form
dx
by dividing it by yn & then substituting yn+1 = Z. Its solution can be obtained as in the
normal case.

Examples :
dy 1 dy x 1 dy x
(i) = xy + x3y2 [Solution. 2 =  x3 or 2 – = x3
dx y dx y y dx y
1 1 dy dz dz
put – y =z  2
y dx
=  + z· x = x3 which is linear..
dx dx

(ii) Find the curve such that the y-intercept cut off by the tangent on any arbitrary point is
(a) proportional to the square of the ordinate of the point of tangency.
(b) proportional to the cube of the ordinate of the point of tangency.
a b a b
[ Ans: (a) x  y  1 ; (b) x 2  y 2 1 ]

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 15

9. CHANGE OF VARIABLE BY A SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION :
dy dy dz
(i) y sinx = cos x (sin x – y2) put y2 = z  2y =
dx dx dx
dz
sin x = 2 cos x (sin x – z)
dx
dz dz
= 2 cos x – 2 cot x z or + 2 cot x z = 2 cos x which is linear.
dx dx
dy
(ii) x + y lny = xyex [Ans. x ln y = ex (x  1) + c ]
dx
[Hint: put ln y = t ]
dy
(iii) = exy (ex  ey) [Ans. ey = c . exp (ex) + ex  1 ]
dx
[Hint: multiply by ey & put ey = t ]

ILLUSTRATION :
In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + xg (xy) dy = 0 the variables can be separated by
the substitution xy = v. Consider the example
(x3 y3 + x2y2 + xy + 1 ) y dx + (x3y3 – x2y2 – xy + 1) x dy = 0
v
[Sol. xy = v  y =
x
dy dv
x y = ....(1)
dx dx
dy
now equation become y.(v3 + v2 + v + 1) + (v3 – v2 – v + 1) x. =0
dx
 dv 
y.(v3 + v2 + v + 1) + (v3 – v2 – v + 1)  dx  y  = 0
 
dv 3
y. [ (v3 + v2 + v + 1) – (v3 – v2 – v + 1) ] + (v – v2 – v + 1) = 0
dx
v dv 3
(2v2 + 2v) + (v – v2 – v + 1) = 0
x dx

2 v 2 ( v  1) dv 3 dx v3  v 2  v  1
 (v  v 2  v  1) = 0  2  dv
x dx x v 2 ( v  1)

dx ( v 2  1) ( v  1) dx v 2  2v  1
2  dv or 2  dv ]
x v 2 ( v  1) x v2
(iv) Series of substitution
(x cos y – y sin y) dy + (x sin y + y cos y) dx = 0
[Sol. Let x siny + y cosy = t
dy dy dy dt
diff. w.r.t. x x cosy + siny + cosy – y siny =
dx dx dx dx
dy dy dt
(x cosy – y siny) + siny cosy =
dx dx dx
dt dy
– (siny + cosy )+t=0
dx dx
dy dz
siny = z ; cosy =
dx dx
dt  dz  d
–  z  dx  + t = 0 or ( t  z) + (t – z) = 0
dx   dx
Let t–z=u

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 16

 du
+u=0  lnu + x = C  ln (t – z) + x = C
dx
ln (x siny + y cosy – siny) = C – x  x siny + y cosy – siny = C e–x ]

10. GENERAL & MISCELLANEOUS :

x x
2 2
zx  z z 2 4
(i) Prove the identity  e dz = e x 4
e dz
0 0
x
2
zx z
deriving for the function I (x) =  e dz a D.E. and solving it.
0

x  2
zx z 2 2 x2  x 
[Sol: I (x) =  e dz zx  z   z   
0  4  2  
2
x  x
 z   x
x2 4
 I (x) = e  e  2 dz put z– = t, dz = dt
0
2
x
2 2
t2
ex 4
e dt
= x

2

x
2 2
t 2
I (x) = 2.e x 4
e dt ....(1) (f (t) is an even function )
0

Diff. (1) with respect to x.

 2
x2
x   x
dI  x
 1  2 2  x2 x  x2 2 I
4 4  t  4 t 2
= 2 e .e .   e dt .e .  = 1  x e 4 e dt = 1 + x.
dx  2 0  2 2
  0
   

x2
dI x 
 I 1 ; IF = e 4
dx 2

x2 x2 x2
  
4 dx  C 4
 I. e 4 = e = F (x) + C ( say, where  e dx = F(x) ]

when x = 0 then I = 0  C = – F (0)

x2 z2
x2 x z2
 x


I. e 4 = F (x) – F (0) = 4  I= e . e 4 dz
4
 = R.H.S. ]
e dz
0
0

dy
(ii) A family C of integral curves of the linear differential equation + p(x)y = q(x) is given,
dx
where p(x) and q(x) are functions of x. Show that the tangents at corresponding points to
the curves C determined by the linear equation intersect at one point. (Corresponding
points of curves C are those points which lie on the same straight line parallel to the
ordinate axis.)
[Sol. consider the tangent to some curve C 1 at point M1(x1, y1)
The equation of tangent will be
dy
y – y1 = dx (x – x1) ............(1)
( x1 ,y1 )

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 17

 since C 1 is a solution of differential equation
dy
dx = q(x1) – p(x1)y1
( x1 ,y1 )

dy
Substituting in equation (1)
dx
 y – y1 = [q(x1) – p(x1)y1] (x – x1)
 y – q(x1)[x – x1] = y1 [1 – p(x1) (x – x1)] ...(2)
Similarly equation of tangent of C  2 at M2 (x1, y2) will be
y – q(x1) (x – x1) = y2 [1 – p(x1) (x – x1)] ...(3)
(2) & (3) represent the tangent to these curves C 1 & C  2 , solving (2) and (3)
y – y1 = (q – py1) (x – x1) ....(4)
y – q (x – x1) = y1 [ 1 – p(x – x1) ] ....(5)
y – q (x – x1) = y2 [ 1 – p(x – x1) ] ....(6)
eqn (5) – eqn (6) gives
y1 – p y1 (x – x1) = y2 – p y2 (x – x1)
 y1 – y2 = p (x – x1) [ y1 – y2 ]
hence p (x – x1) = 1 (as y1  y2 )
1 1
(x – x1) = p  x = x1 + p( x )
substituting the value of x in (4)
1 q q
now y – y1 = (q – py1) p  y – y1 = p – y1  y= p

1 q(x 1 )
x = x1 + p(x ) & y = p(x ) , independent of y1 & y2
1 1

hence must be same for any pair of tangent

 11 q(x ) 
S  x1  p(x ) , p(x )  , (Note that abcissa is same to all points of tangencies.)
1 1

hence tangents at corresponding points are concurrent ]

dy
(iii) Show that the solution of the D.E. (1 – x2) + xy = ax are ellipses or hyperbolas with
dx
the centres at the point (0,a) and the axes parallel to the co-ordinate axes, each curve having
one constant axis whose length is equal to 2.
y x
(iv) Misleading appearance of a D. E. containing terms like & y , however may not be
x
homogeneous and this can not be solved by substituting y = v x.
1 x y y  1 y x x 1 
e.g.  sin  2 cos  1 dx +  cos  2 sin  2  dy = 0
y y x x  x x y y y 
y x 1
[Ans: sin  cos  x   0 ]
x y y
x y
[Sol. Isolating sin & cos
y x
 dx x dy  dy y dx  y dy
   sin x +    cos  dx  2 = 0
 y 2 
y  y  x 2
x  x y

ydx  xdy x xdy  ydx y dy
2
. sin . cos + dx + =0
y y x 2 x y2

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 18

 x x y y dy
sin . d  + cos . d  + dx + 2 = 0
y y x x y
x y 1 1 x y
 cos  sin + x – = C or  cos  x  sin
y x y y y x
However note that the D.E.
 y y  y y
 x cos  y sin  ydx +  x cos  y sin  xdy = 0 is Homogeneous and can be
 x x  x x 
solved conviniently with y = vx
2 dx cos v  v sin v
simplifies to  =   v cos v dv
x
y
 ln ( v cosv) + ln x2 = 0  xy cos =C ]
x
1 2   2
  y  dx +  x 1 
(v)  x (x  y)2   ( x  y) 2  y  dy = 0
   
dx dy x 2 dy  y 2 dx dx dy x 2 dy  y 2 dx
[Sol.   0 or   0
x y ( x  y) 2 x y 2 21 1
2
x y   
y x
dy dx

dx dy y2 x 2
or   2
0]
x y 1 1
  
y x

y  sin x cos 2 ( xy) x dy

(vi) 2 dx + cos 2 xy + sin y dy = 0
cos ( xy)
x dy  y dx
[Sol: cos 2 xy
+ sin x dx + sin y dy = 0

d( xy)
 cos 2 xy   sin x dx   sin y dy  0
tan (x y) = cos x + cos y + C]

12. PHYSICAL PROBLEMS :

(i) The force of resistance encountered by water on a motor boat of mass 'm' going in still water
with velocity 'v' is proportional to the velocity v. At t = 0 when its velocity is v0, the engine is
shut off. Find an expression for the position of motor boat at time t and also the distance
travelled by the boat before it comes to rest. Take the proportionately constant as k > 0.
k
v 0 m   t
m  v 0m
S (t) = k 1  e  , distance moved = k
 
dv
[Sol. The resistance force oppositing the motion = m × acceleration = m .
dt
dv dv k
Hence DE is, m = – kv  =– dt
dt v m
integrating
k
 ln v = – ·t + c
m
at t = 0, v = v0, Hence c = ln v0
v k
 ln v = – · t
0 m
IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 19
 k
 ·t
v = v0 e m ....(1)
where v is the velocity at time t
k k
ds  ·t  ·t
now = v0 e m  ds = v0 e m dt
dt
kt
v0m 
m
Body's position at time t is, s (t) = – e +c
k
v 0m
if t = 0, s = 0  c=
k
kt
v 0m 1  e  m 
 s (t) = ....(2)
k  
mv 0
To find how far the boat go, we have to find Lim
t
s( t ) = ]
k

12. TRAJECTORIES :
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves.
F (x, y, a) = 0
depending on a single parameter a.
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle  with the curve of the family passing
through that point is called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in particular  =/2,
then it is called an orthogonal trajectory.
A. Orthogonal trajectories : We set up the differential equation of the given family of curves.
Let it be of the form
F (x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
 1
F  x, y,  y  = 0
 
The general integral of this equation
F1 (x, y, C) = 0
gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.
ILLUSTRATION :

1. x2 + y2 = a2 [Ans. cy = cx ] 2. x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0 [Ans. x2 + y2 = cx ]

Note: FOLLOWING EXACT DIFFERENTIALS MUST BE ReMEMBERED :

xdy  ydx  y ydx  xdy  x
(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii)  d  (iii) 2
 d 
x2  x y  y

xdy  ydx dx  dy xdy  ydx  y

(iv)  d (ln xy) (v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi)  d  ln 
 x
xy xy xy

ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx  y ydx  xdy  x

(vii)  d  ln  (viii) 2 2
 d  tan 1  (ix) 2 2
 d  tan 1 
xy  y x y  x x y  y

xdx  ydy  1  x dy  y dx  e x  y e x dx  e x dy
(x)  d ln x 2  y 2  (xi) d    (xii) d  
x2  y2    xy x2 y2  y y2

 e y  x e y dy  e y dx
(xiii) d  
 x x2

IIT-ian’s PACE ; ANDHERI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / CHURCHGATE ; 26245223 / 09 # 20