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Chapter 1: Matrices and Matrix Operations.: Definitions

This document defines matrices and basic matrix operations. It describes how a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers with rows and columns. The main types of matrices include symmetric, identity, diagonal, upper/lower triangle, column, and row matrices. Basic operations on matrices are defined, including addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. Matrix multiplication involves multiplying the rows of the first matrix by the columns of the second matrix. Examples are provided to illustrate transpose, addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication.

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Amirul Syahidin
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61 views

Chapter 1: Matrices and Matrix Operations.: Definitions

This document defines matrices and basic matrix operations. It describes how a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers with rows and columns. The main types of matrices include symmetric, identity, diagonal, upper/lower triangle, column, and row matrices. Basic operations on matrices are defined, including addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. Matrix multiplication involves multiplying the rows of the first matrix by the columns of the second matrix. Examples are provided to illustrate transpose, addition, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication.

Uploaded by

Amirul Syahidin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1 : MATRICES AND MATRIX OPERATIONS.

DEFINITIONS

- A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers of the form.

- The numbers inside a matrix are called the elements or entries of the matrix.

- The sequence of all entries on a horizontal line is called a row, and the sequence of
all entries on a vertical line is called a column. We number the rows from top to
bottom, and the columns from left to right.

- A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m × n matrix, or a matrix of order


mxn.

- The entry in the kth row and lth column of a matrix A is denoted by akl.

a11 a 12 a13 ⋯ a1 n

[ a21 a 22 a23
a31 a 32 a33
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
am 2 am 2 a m 3
⋯ a2 n
⋯ a3 n
⋮ ⋮
⋯ a mn
]
EXAMPLE 1:

A= [−32 48], is a matrix 2x2 since it has 2 rows and 2 columns.


a11=2 , a12=4
a21=-3 , a22=8
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIC.

-The transpose of a matrix is simply a flipped version of the original matrix. We can
transpose a matrix by switching its rows with its columns. We denote the transpose of
matrix A by AT.

Example:

A= [ 14 2 3
5 6 ]
The transpose of A is

1 4

[ ]
At = 2 5
3 6

-We can take a transpose of a vector as a special case. Since an n-dimensional vector x is
represented by an n×1 column matrix

x1

[]
x2
x= x 3 ,
⋮
xn

the transpose xT is a 1×n row matrix

xT= [x1 x2 x3 ⋯ x n]
TYPES OF MATRICES.

Symmetric matrix 5 1 2

[ ]
A= 1 3 7
2 7 8

Identify matrix 1 0 0

[ ]
I= 0 1 0
0 0 1

Diagonal matrix a11 0 0 0


A=
0
0
[
0 a22 0 0
0 a33 0
0 0 a33
]
Upper triangle matrix a11 a12 a13 a 14
A=
0
0
[
0 a22 a23
0
0
0
0
a 24
a 34
a 44
]
Lower triangle matrix a 11 0 0 0
a

[
a
A= 21 22
0
a 31 a32 a33 0
0

a 41 a42 a43 a 44
]
Column matrix 1

[]
2
3

Row matrix [1 2 3 ]

Zero matrix
[ 00 0 0
0 0 ]
BASIC OPERATION ON MATRICES.

-Matrix Addition
Two matrices can be added if they have the same size. We add two such matrices by adding
the corresponding entries.

[ ac bd ]+[ eg hf ]=[ ca+e+ g b+ f


d+ h ]
EXAMPLE:

[ 14 23]+[ 57 68]=[ 116 118 ]

-Scalar Multiplication
Any matrix can be multiplied by a single number (scalar). We do this by multiplying all the
entries of the matrix by that number.

k [ ac bd]=[ kakc kdkb]


EXAMPLE:

4 [ 13 −22 ]=[ 124 −88 ]


-Matrix Multiplication
The product AB of two matrices A and B is defined if and only if the number of columns of A
is equal to the number of rows of B.

n columns→ [ ⋮⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
A ]
n rows→ [ ⋯⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
⋯ ⋯ ⋯
B ]
To calculate the entry in the (i, j) position (that is, in the i th row and jth column) of AB,
multiply the ith row of A by the jth column of B.

EXAMPLE 1:

[ ab cd ][ eg hf ]=[ ae+bg
ce +dg
af + bh
cf +dh ]
EXAMPLE 2:

[ 31 24][ ad b c
e f
=
3 a+2 d 3 b+2 e 3 c +2 f
][
4 a+1 d 4 b+1 e 4 c+1 f ]
EXAMPLE 3

2 3
[ 1 2 −3
4 5 6
1 6=
4 5
][ ][
(1 ×2+2 ×1+ (−3 ) × 4) (1× 3+2 ×6+ (−3 ) × 5)
( 4 × 2+ 5× 1+ 6 ×4 ) ( 4 ×3+5 × 6+6 ×5) ]
= [−837 720 ]
Reference:

-http://www2.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/~rbroekst/Notes/BOOK2.pdf
-https://mathinsight.org/matrix_transpose
-http://www.kkuniyuk.com/PrecalcBook/Precalc08.pdf
-https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~v1ranick/papers/matrices.pdf

Vertical-menegak-columns
Horizontal-melintang-rows

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