MA;fpy nyf;fzg; gapw;rp

nyf;fzk; - Xu; mwpKfk;

nyf;fzk; vd;why; vd;d? Xu; mwpqu; TWfpwhu;, “It is an art of putting

right words in the right places”. mjhtJ rupahd thu;j;ijfis rupahd nlA;fspy; vg;go
gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wpj; bjupe;J bfhs;tBj nyf;fzkhFk;.

MA;fpy bkhHpapy; bkhj;jk; brhy; tiffs; bkhj;jk; vl;L ghfA;fs; cs;sd mitfis
(Parts of speech – brhy; tiffs;) vd;W TWfpBwhk;. mitfs; ahbjdpy;

1. Nown – bgau;r;brhy;
2. Pronoun – gpujpg; bgau;r;brhy;
3. Verb – tpidr;brhy;
4. Adverb – tpidiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy;
5. Adjective – bgau;r; brhy;iyr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy;
6. Preposition – Btw;Wik cWg[fs;
7. Conjection – nizg;g[r; brhw;fs;
8. Interjection – Mr;rupar; brhw;fs;

LESSON - 1

NOUN – bgau;r;brhy;

Noun-d; Ie;J tiffshtd:

1. Proper Noun – rpwg;g[ bgau;r;brhy;

2. Common Noun – bghJg; bgau;r;brhy;
3. Collective Noun – Tl;Lg; bgau;r;brhy;
4. Material Noun – cByhfg; bgau;r;brhy;
5. Abstract Noun – gz;g[g; bgau;r;brhy;

1. Proper Noun – rpwg;g[ bgau;r;brhy;

xU Fwpg;gpl;l egupd; bgaiuBah my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Cupd; bgaiuBahr;

Rl;;of;fhl;LtjhFk;.

2. Common Noun – bghJg; bgau;r;brhy;

 xU ndj;ijr; Bru;e;j egu; my;yJ xU nlj;ijBah Fwpg;gpLtJ bghJg;
bgau;r;brhy;yhFk;. kdpjd;, Cu;, efuk; vd;w brhw;fis bghJg; bgau;r; brhy;
vdyhk;.

3. Collective Noun – Tl;Lg; bgau;r;brhy;

xBu ndj;ijr; Bru;e;jtw;iw xl;L bkhj;jkhff; Fwpg;gpLtJ Tl;Lg;

bgau;r;brhy;yhFk;. Army – gl;lhsk;, Committee – fkpl;o, Assembly – rig,
Herd – Ml;L ke;ij, Crowd – Tl;lk;, Sangam – rA;fk;.

4. Material Noun – cByhfg; bgau;r;brhy;

cByhfA;fspd; bgau;fis Fwpg;gpLtJ cByhfg; bgau;r; brhy;yhFk;. Gold –
jA;fk;, Silver – bts;sp, Iron – nUk;g[, Copper – brk;g[.

5. Abstract Noun – gz;g[g; bgau;r;brhy;

kdpju;fspd; gz;g[fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ gz;g[g; bgau;r;brhy;yhFk;.
Kindness – md;g[, Honesty – Beu;ik, Love – md;g[.

LESSON - 2
PRONOUN – gpujp bgau;r;brhy;
Noun-f;F gjpyhf gad;gLj;Jk; brhy;By Pronoun vdg;gLk;. BkYk;
MA;fpyj;jpy; I Person (jd;ik), IInd Person (Kd;dpiy), IIIrd Person (glu;f;if) vd
K}d;W epiyfs; cs;sd.

Ist Person jd;ik (Kjy; egu;)

I ehd;
We ehk;
Me vd;id, vdf;F
My vd;Dila
Our ek;Kila / vA;fSila
Ours ek;KilaJ / vA;fSilaJ
Us ek;ik / vA;fis
Mine vd;DilaJ
 IInd Person Kd;dpiy (2k; egu;)
You eP / ePA;fs;
You cd;id / cA;fis
Your cd;Dila / cA;fSila
Yours cd;DilaJ / cA;fSilaJ

IIIrd Person glu;f;if (K}d;whk; egu;)

He mtd;
Him mtid/mtDf;F
His mtDila / mtDilaJ
She mts;
Her mtis/mtSila
Hers mtSilaJ
It mJ/mij
Its mjDila
They mtu;fs;/mitfs;
Their mtu;fSila/mitfSila
Theirs mtu;fSilaJ/mitfSilaJ
kw;w Pronoun-fs;:-

This nJ, ntd;, ne;j, nts; That mJ, mtd;, me;j mts;
These ntu;fs;, nitfs; Those mtu;fs;, mitfs;
Some rpy, rpyu; Somebody ahBuh xUtu;
Something VjhtJ xd;W Same mBj
Such mJBghd;W Many gy, gyu;
Few rpy, bfhq;rk; Other kw;bwhd;W
Others gpw / gpwu; Anybody ahuhfpYk; xUtu;
Nobody ahUkpy;iy Everybody vy;ByhUk;
Anything VjhtJ Nothing xd;Wkpy;iy
Self jhd; Myself jhBd
Yourself ePBa Himself mtBd
Herself mtBs Itslelf mJBt
Themselves mtu;fBs
Note:- Myself, yourself Bghd;wtw;iw MA;fpyj;jpy; Reflexive personal
pronoun vd;fpBwhk;. Reflexive – jpUk;gg; gpujpgypj;jy;.

LESSON - 3
ADJECTIVE–bgau;r;brhy;iy rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy;
Noun-ia rpwg;gpj;J (tptupj;J) TWtJ Adjetive MFk;.
Good Boy - ey;y igad;
Bad Boy - bfl;l igad;
Beautiful Car - mHfhd fhu;
Big Building - bgupa fl;olk;
Tall Girl - caukhd bgz;
Long Hair - ePz;l Te;jy;
In the above examples underlined words are “Adjective” words and
general words are “Noun” words.

LESSON - 4

NUMBER– vz;fs;

Number vd;gJ Singular and Plural (xUik kw;Wk; gd;ik) vd nUtifahf

gpupf;fg;gLk;.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Book Books Tree Trees
Boy Boys Student Students
House Houses Shop Shops
Brother Brothers Sister Sisters

Mdhy; Bkw;fz;lthW midj;J Singular thu;j;ijfSf;Fk; ‘S’ Bru;j;J Plural

thu;j;ijfis cUthf;f KoahJ.

(1) ch / sh / s / o / x – Bghd;w vGj;Jf;fspy; Kotila[k; Noun thu;j;ijfis

Plural-Mf khw;w ‘es’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Bench Benches Brush Brushes
Class Classes Mango Mangoes
Bush Bushes brog;g[ju;fs; Bunch Bunches
Potato Potatoes Watch Watches
Branch Branches Kiss Kisses
Negro Negroes Volcano Volcanoes
Echo vjpbuhyp Echoes Hero Heroes
Buffalo Buffaloes Mosquito Mosquitoes
Fox Foxes Inch Inches
Church Churches
tpjptpyf;F:-

Bkw;fz;ltw;wpy; ch / sh / s / o / x – y; Koe;jhYk; ‘es’ Bru;f;fhky; ‘s’

kl;Lk; BrUk; nlA;fSk; cz;L. (c-k;):- Photos, Dynamos, Pianos, Bamboos.

(2) ‘y’ vd;w vGj;ij nWjpahff; bfhz;L Kotila[k; Noun thu;j;ijfis Plural
thu;j;ijfshf khw;Wtjw;F ‘y’-ia epf;fptpl;L ‘ies’-ia Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;. (c-k;):- City –
Cities, Baby – Babies, Fly – Flies, Body – Bodies, Lady – Ladies, Lorry –
Lorries, Country – Countries, Glory – Glories.

‘Y’ vd;W Kottila[k; vy;yh Noun-fisa[k; ‘y’-ia vLj;JtplL ‘ies’ Bru;f;f

KoahJ. mjhtJ Boy vd;gjid Plural Mf khw;Wk;BghJ boies vd vGjf;TlhJ. Vbddpy;
Singular Noun-ia Plural-f;F khw;Wk;BghJ nWjp vGj;jhd ‘y’-f;F Kd;du;
A,E,I,O,U Bghd;w Ie;J vGj;Jf;fspy; VBjDk; xU vGj;J nUg;gpd; me;j Noun
Singular-ia Plural Mf;Ftjw;F btWk; ‘s’ kl;Lk; Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;. (c-k;):- Key –
Keys (Y-f;F Kd;du; ‘e’), Monkey – Monkies (Y-f;F Kd;du; ‘e’), Storey –
Stories (Y-f;F Kd;du; ‘e’)

xU rpy singular thu;j;ijfis plural Mf khw;Wtjw;F ‘S’ kl;Lk; Bru;j;jhBy

BghJk;. (c-k;):- Day – Days, Bay – Bays (tpupFlhf;fs;)

(3) ‘F’ my;yJ ‘FE’-ia nWjpahff; bfhz;L Koa[k; Noun fSld; ‘ves’ Bru;f;f
Btz;Lk;. nA;F ‘ves’ Bru;f;Fk; BghJ ‘F’, ‘FE’-ia ePf;fptpl Btz;Lk;. (c-k;):- Leaf –
Leaves, Knief – Knives, Calf – Calves (fd;Wf;Fl;ofs;), Wife – Wives, Thief –
Thieves, Wolf – Wolves (Xeha;fs;)

Note:- rpy Noun-fspd; nWjpapy; F,FE vd Koe;jpUg;gpDk; mitfSld;

btWk; ‘s’ kl;Lk; Bru;j;J Plural-Mf khw;wg;gLk;. (c-k;):- Chief – Chiefs, roof –
roofs, proof – Proofs, Kerchief – Kerchiefs, Gulf – Gulfs (tisFlh), Belief –
Beliefs, safe – safes.

V.V.I.:- Singular-Yk; Plural-Yk; XBu khjpupahf tUk; Noun-fs; (c-k;):- 1.

Sheep – ML/MLfs;, 2. Deer – khd;/khd;fs;, 3. Pair – B$ho, 4. Dozen – lrd;, 5.
Hundred - #z;l;ul;. (One pair xU B$ho vd;gJ rup, two pair nuz;L B$ho vd;gJ
rup, nuz;L B$hofs; vd;gJ jtwhdJ, nuz;L lrd;fs; vd;gJ jtwhdJ nuz;L lrd; vd;gJ
rupahdJ) 6. Cattle – fhy;eil / fhy;eilfs;, 7. Poultry – BfhHpg;gz;iz, 8. People –
kf;fs;, 9. Furniture – kur;rhkhd;/kur;rhd;fs;, 10. Trouble – bjhe;jut[, 11.
Information – jfty;/jfty;fs;, bread – buhl;o/buhl;ofs;, luggage – bghUl;fs; / Rik,
Fish – kPd; / kPd;fs;, Cod – xUtifahd kPdpdk;, Staff – gzpahsu; / gzpahsu;fs;,
Police – fhtyu; / fhtyu;fs;, Gross – FBuh!; (144 bghUl;fs;).
 V.V.I.:- fPGs;stw;wpy; cs;s Noun-fs; Plural BghypUe;jhYk; mitfs;
Singular-fs; jhd;. ntw;iw ‘S’ Bru;f;fhky; Twf;TlhJ.

Scissors – fj;jpup, Tongs – nLf;fp, Spectacles – K}f;Ff;fz;zho, News –

bra;jp(fs;) Thanks – ed;wp, Physics – naw;gpay;

V.V.I.:- gpd;tUk; Singular-Yk; Plural-Yk; tUk; khw;wk; kpft[k;

tpj;jpahrkhditfs;. (c-k;):- Man – Men, ghjk; Foot – Feet, Tooth – Teeth, thj;J
Goose – Geese, Rz;blyp Mouse – Mice, vUJ Ox – Oxen.

LESSON - 5

GENDER– ghypdk;

MA;fpyj;jpy; Gender ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:

1. Masculine Gender – Mz;ghy;

2. Feminine Gender – bgz;ghy;
3. Common Gender – bghJg;ghy;
4. Neuter Gender – capuw;w bghUl;ghy;

1. Masculine Gender – Mz;ghy;

Mz;fs; gpuptpy; Bru;e;jtu;fs; midtUk; Masculine Gender gpuptpy;

mlA;Fk;.

2. Feminine Gender – bgz;ghy;

bgz;fs; gpuptpy; Bru;e;jtu;fs; midtUk; Feminine Gender gpuptpy;

mlA;Fk;.

3. Common Gender – bghJg;ghy;

bghJthf FHe;ijfs; vd Fwpg;gpLfpBwhk;. njpy; Mz; FHe;ijfSk;, bgz;

FHe;ijfSk; nUf;fyhk;. (c-k;):- Children, They.

4. Neuter Gender – capuw;w bghUl;ghy;

capuw;w $lg;bghUl;fs; midj;Jk; Neutor Gender-y; mlA;Fk; (c-k;):- Table,

Chair, Pen, Cycle.
Masculine Gender Mz;ghy; Feminine Gender bgz;ghy;
Boy igad; Girl bgz;
Brother rBfhjud; Sister rBfhjup
Uncle rpj;jg;gh/khkh Aunty rpj;jp / khkp
Husband fztd; Wife Kidtp
Son kfd; Daughter kfs;
Man Mz; Woman bgz;
Sir ma;ah Madam mk;kh
King murd; Queen Murp
Dog Mz;eha; Bitch bgz;eha;
Horse Mz;Fjpiu Mare bgz; Fjpiu
Cock Brty; Hen BfhHp
Stag Mz;khd; Hind bgz;khz;
Drone Mz; BjdP Bee bgz; BjdP
Gander Mz; thj;J Goose bgz; thj;J
Monk rd;dpahrp Nun rd;ahrpdp
Milk man ghy;fhud; Milk maid ghy;fhup
Bride groom kzkfd; Bride kzkfs;
Bachelor jpUkzkhfhjtd; Maid / Spinster fd;dpg;bgz;

Note:- rpy Mz;ghy; bgau;fis bgz;ghy; bgau;fshf khw;w mitfSld; ‘ess’ Bru;f;f
Btz;Lk;.

Masculine Gender Mz;ghy; Feminine Gender bgz;ghy;

Actor eofd; Actress eoif
Conductor elj;Jdu; Conductress elj;Jdu;
Lion Mz; rpA;fk; Lioness bgz; rpA;fk;
Poet ftpqd; Poetess bgz; ftpqu;
Hunter Btl;ilf;fhud; Huntress Btl;ilf;fhup
Tiger Mz;g[yp Tigress bgz;g[yp
Murderer bfhiyfhud; Murderess bfhiyfhup
Prince nsturd; Princess nsturp
Author fjhrpupau; Authoress fjhrpupia
Heir Mz;thupR Heiress bgz; thupR
Host tpUe;jspg;gtu; Hostess tpUe;jspg;gts;
Emperor kfhuh$h Empress kfhuhzp
Master v$khdd; Mistress v$khdp (kidtp)
God Mz;ltd; Mz; flt[s; Goddess bgz;flt[s;
Hero fjhehafd; Heroine fjhehafp
 Note:- Mz;ghypd; Kd;dhy; my;yJ gpd;dhy; g[jpa thu;j;ijfisr; Bru;j;J
bgz;ghyhf gpd;tUkhW khw;wyhk;.

Masculine Gender Mz;ghy; Feminine Gender bgz;ghy;

He goat Mz; ML She goat bgz; ML
Washer man tz;zhd; Washer woman tz;zhj;jp
Pea-cock Mz; kapy; Pea-hen bgz; kapy;
Man servant Btiyf;fhud; Maid servant Btiyf;fhup

LESSON - 6

TENSE– fhyk;

MA;fpyj;jpy; Tense K}d;W tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:

1. Present Tense – epfH;fhyk; - jw;BghJ eilbgWk; bray;fisg;

gw;wpaJ.
2. Past Tense – nwe;jfhyk; my;yJ fle;j fhyk; - Kotile;j bray;fisg;
gw;wpaJ.
3. Future Tense – vjpu;fhyk; - ndp elf;fg;BghFk; bray;fisg; gw;wpaJ.

VERB – tpidr;brhy;

fhiyapy; vGe;jjpy; nUe;J ehk; bra;a[k; midj;J bray;fSk; Verb-y; mlA;Fk;.

Present Tense Verb cld; ‘ed’ Bru;j;jhy; Past Tense Verb fpilf;Fk;. Mdhy;
midj;J Verb-fisa[k; nijg; Bghd;W khw;w KoahJ. BkYk; Verb-MdJ Weak Verb
kw;Wk; Strong Verb vd nuz;L tifg;gLk;.

WEEK VERBS WITH TAMIL MEANINGS

WEAK VERB gw;wp tpsf;fk;:-

Weak Verb gl;oaypy; cs;s verbs midj;Jk; Present Tense Verb MFk;.
ntw;iw Past Tense Verb-fshgf khw;w ntw;wpd; nWjpapy; ‘ed’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
Mdhy; Kotpy; ‘e’ cs;s Verb-fis Past Tense-f;F khw;w ‘d’ kl;Lk; Bru;j;jy;
BghJkhdJ.

Ask Bfs; Announce Mwptp

Agree xj;Jf;bfhs; Accept Vw;Wf;bfhs;
Admit xg;g[f;bfhs; / Appear Bjhd;W
Bru;j;Jf;bfhs;
Advice g[j;jp g[fl;L Arrange Vw;ghL bra; /
 xGA;fhf mLf;F
Aim Fwp it Appoint epakp
Arrive te;jil Argue tpthjp
Attack jhf;F Abscond jiykiwthF
Accommodate nlk; bfhL Act el, eo
Admire bkr;R Advance Kd;BdW
Affect ghjpf;fr; bra; Borrow fld; thA;F
Believe ek;g[ Blame jpl;L
Bother ftiy bfhs; Beware vr;rupf;ifahf nU
Call miH Consider fUJ, ftdp, MByhrp,
Bahrid bra;
Change khw;W Cheat Vkhw;W, Bkhro bra;
Criticize Fiw TW Cry mG, fj;J
Capture ifg;gw;W Carry Rke;J bry;
Collect Brfup Continue bjhlu;e;J bry;
Convert khw;W Convey bjuptp
Construct fl;L, mik Clash BkhJ
Commence Muk;gp Compensate NLfl;L
Calculate fzf;fpL Canvass Mjut[ bfhL
Caution vr;rupf;if bra; Clarity bjspthf;F
Challenge rthy; tpL Communicate bjuptp
Close K}L Consult fye;J MByhrp
Count vz;Z Chase gpd; bjhlu;
Despatch btspaDg;g[ Depend ek;gpapU
Dismiss ePf;F Depart gpupe;J Bgh, g[wg;gL
Delay jhkjg;gLj;J Demand cupikBahL Bfs;
Discuss tpthjp Desire tpUk;g[
Dash BkhJ Deliver btspahf;F
Decrease Fiw Divide gpup, Jz;o
Expect vjpu;ghu; Enjoy mDgtp
Enquire tprhup Entrust xg;gil
Exempt tpjptpyf;F Help cjtp bra;
Happen BeupL, epfH; Hesitate jaA;F
Form cUthf;F Fail jtwp tpL
Frame cUthf;F Fear gag;gL
Frighten gaKUj;J Fine mguhjk; tpjp
Follow gpd; bjhlu; Gather Brfup, Bru;
Guide tHpfhl;L Guess a{fp, Bahrp
Inform bjuptp Impress gjpait
Interest Mu;tk; bfhs; Indicate Fwpg;gpL
Instruct Bghjp Invent fz;Lgpo
Increase mjpfg;gLj;J Insist typa[Uj;J
Interfere jiyapL, FWf;fpL Interfere FWf;fpL
Introduce mwpKfg;gLj;J Invite miH
Jump Fjp Join xd;W Bru;
Kill bfhy; Kidnap flj;J
Like tpUk;g[ Love tpUk;g[, Berp
Listen ftdp Lift cau;j;J
Look ghu; Lecture tpupt[iu bra;
Move mir, efu; Murmur KZKZ
Manufacture cw;gj;jp bra; Mourn tUe;J
Neglect cjhrPdk; bra; Owe fld;gL
Pass fl Prove epU}gp
Perform bra; Purchase thA;F
Present rku;g;gp Pull nG
Push js;S Permit mDkjp
Prevent jL Preside jiyik jhA;F
Proceed BkBy bry; Punish jz;o
Place it Practice gHf;fg;gLj;J
Possess itj;jpU Quarrel rz;ilBghL
Refuse kW Return jpUk;g[, jpUg;gpf;
bfhL
Remain jA;fpapU Remark Fwpg;gpL
Report g[fhu; bra;, vLj;Jf; Ridicule Fiwj;Jf; TW
TW
Recall epidtpy; bfhz;L th Reflect gpujpgyp
Release tpLtp Remind qhgfg;gLj;J
Require Bjitg;gL Reject Vw;f kW
Store Brfup, Brkp Spoil ghHhf;F
Suggest fUj;Jf; TW Support Mjup
Suspect re;Bjfp Suffer tUe;J
Seize ifg;gw;W Search BjL
Stop epWj;J Seem fhzg;gL
Select Bju;e;bjL Scold jpl;L
Surprise Mr;rupag;gL Step mobaLj;J it
Sympathize nuf;fk; bfhs; Turn jpUk;g[
Try Kaw;rp bra; Tempt Mira{l;L
Treat fUJ Trust ek;g[
Train gHf;F Threaten gaKUj;J
Use cgBahfp Vote thf;fsp
Verify rupghu; Want tpUk;g[
Walk El Waste ghHhf;F
Warn rup Worry ftiy bfhs;
STRONG VERB gw;wp tpsf;fk;:-

Strong Verb–fs; midj;Jk; rw;W fodkhd Verb-fs; MFk;. ne;j Strong Verb-
fspy; K}d;W gpupt[fs; cs;sd. mitahtd:-

1. Present Tense Verbs

2. Past Tense Verbs
3. Past Participle Verbs

ntw;wpy; Past Participle gw;wp gpd;du; tpsf;fkhf gof;fyhk;.

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

Abide xj;Jg;Bgh, cld;gL Abode Abode
Arise Bjhd;W, vGk;g[ Arose Arisen
Bring bfhz;L th Brought Brought
Build fl;L Built Built
Burn vup, bfhSj;J Burnt Burnt
Buy thA;F Bought Bought
Beat mo Beat Beaten
Begin Muk;gp, JtA;F Began Begun
Bite fo Bit Bitten
Bind fl;L, niz Bound Bound
Break Cil Broke Broken
Become MF, khW Became Become
Bear bghWj;Jf; bfhs; Bore Borne
Blow CJ Blew Blown
Catch gpo Caught Caught
Come th Came Come
Choose Bju;e;bjL Chose Chosen
Do bra; Did Done
Dig Bjhz;L Dug Dug
Drink Fo Drank Drunk
Drive Xl;L Drove Driven
Eat rhg;gpL Ate Eaten
Fight rz;il bra; Fought Fought
Find fz;Lgpo Found Found
Fly gw Flew Flown
Forget kw Forgot Forgotten
Feel czu;, tUe;J Felt Felt
Feed cz;zr;bra; Fed Fed
Give bfhL Gave Given
Go Bgh Went Gone
Grow tsu; Grew Grown
Get bghW Got Got
Hold gpo, itj;jpU Held Held
Hide Kiw Hid Hid
Have bgw;wpU, itj;jpU Had Had
Keep itj;jpU Kept Kept
Know bjupe;J bfhs; Knew Known
Lay it Laid Laid
Learnt fw;Wf;bfhs; Learnt Learnt
Lose nH, gwp bfhL Lost Lost
Lend fld; bfhL Lent Lent
Meet re;jp Met Met
Make cz;lhf;F, jahu; bra; Made Made
Mean fUJ, mu;j;jk; bra; Meant Meant
Pay brYj;J Paid Paid
Run XL Ran Run
Rise vG, fpsk;g[ Rose Risen
Ride rthup bra; Rode Ridden
Say brhy; Said Said
Seek ehL, vjpu;ghu; Sought Sought
Send mDg;g[ Sent Sent
Sell tpw;gid bra; Sold Sold
Spend brytpL Spent Spent
Sweep Rj;jk; bra; Swept Swept
Sit cl;fhu; Sat Sat
Sink K}H;F Sank Sunk
Speak BgR Spoke Spoken
Stand epy; Stood Stood
Stick xl;L Stuck Stuck
Strike mo / jo Struck Struck
Swim ePe;J Swam Swum
Sing ghL Sang Sung
See ghu; Saw Seen
Shake Mir Shook Shaken
Take vL Took Taken
Throw vwp, tPR Threw Thrown
Tear fpHp Tore Torn
Teach fw;gp Taught Taught
Tell brhy; Told Told
Think epid Thought Thought
Wear mzpe;J bfhs; Wore Worn
Win btw;wp mil Wrote Written
Weep mG Wept Wept

Note :- ndptUk; Verb-fs; midj;Jk; Present, Past, Past Participle midj;J Tense-
fspYk; xBu khjpupahf nUf;Fk;.

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle

Cut btl;L Cut Cut
Hit jl;L Hit Hit
Put it, BghL Put Put
Set Mik, xd;W Bru; Set Set
Shut K}L Shut Shut
Spread gug;g[ Spread Spread
Telecast xspgug;g[ Telecast Telecast
Burst bto Burst Burst
Cast tpiyahf;F Cast Cast

tpidr; brhw;fis thf;fpaA;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw:-

Verb-fspy; cs;s Weak, Strong-ia bkhj;jkhf Main Verbs vd;W TWBthk;.

ne;j Verb-fis bray;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Action Verbs vd;Wk; brhy;YtJz;L.

ehk; mikf;Fk; xt;bthU thf;fpaA;fspYk; Verb nUf;f Btz;Lk;. Verb-apd;wp

ve;jbthU thf;fpaKk; nUf;f KoahJ.

BkYk; vy;yh nlA;fspYk; Main Verb-fisg; gad;gLj;j KoahJ. mg;go Main

Verb ny;yhj nlA;fspy; Auxiliary Verb-fisg; gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;.

Auxiliary Verb vd;why; vd;d?

Auxiliary Verbs-ia jkpHpy; Jiz tpidr; brhw;fs; vd;fpBwhk;. am, are, is,
was, were, will be kw;Wk; shall be nitfis jhd; Auxiliary Verb vd;W
TWfpBwhk;.

nitfspy; am, is, are Mfpa K}d;Wk; Present Tense-Yk;, was, were Mfpa
nuz;Lk; Past Tense-Yk;, will be, shall be Mfpa nuz;Lk; Future Tense-Yk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Note:-

1. Verb MdJ Week Verb my;yJ Strong Verb vd ftiy Bjitapy;iy.

2. Announce, inform, convey, communicate vd;w verb-fs; midj;Jk;
jkpHpy; xBu bghUspy; cs;sjhy; R{H;epiyf;F Vw;wgo gad;gLj;j
Btz;Lk;.
3. brhy;ypd; nWjpapy; ‘Y’ tUk; Weak Verb-fis Past Tense-f;F
khw;Wk;BghJ ‘Y’-ia vLj;Jtpl;L ‘ied’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
Try + ed = Tried, Carry + ed = Carried, Marry + ed = Married,
Worry + ed = Worried.

Past Participle? vd;why; vd;d?

Past Participle vd;gJ jkpHpy; fle;j fhy tpidbar;rk; vd Twg;gLk;. Past

Participle-ia Present, Past kw;Wk; Future Tense-fspYk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Past Participle-d; cgBahfA;fs;:-

1. Passive Voice-fspy; fz;og;ghf Past Participle-iajl jhd; gad;gLj;j

Btz;Lk;.
2. MA;fpy thf;fpaA;fs; mika[k; tpjj;ij ehd;F tpjA;fspy; mlf;fptplyhk;.
i. Simple
ii. Perfect
iii. Continuous
iv. Perfect Continuous

ne;j Past Participle-ia Passive Voice thf;fpaA;fspYk;, Perfect vd;w

gpuptpYk; nlk;bgWk; thf;fpaA;fspYk; gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;.

LESSON – 7

ADVERBS – tpidbar;rj;ij rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy;

Adverb vd;why; tpidiar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy; vd;W bgau;. tpidia

Bkw;bfhz;L tptupj;Jf; TWk; brhy; vd;Wk; Twyhk;. Adverb vd;why; jkpHpy;
tpid cupr;brhy; vd;W bgau;. (c-k;):- Rrpyh ndpikahfg; ghodhs;. njpy; ghLtJ
vd;gJ verb MFk;. ne;j Verb-ia rpwg;gpf;f ndpikahf vd;w adverb te;jJ Rrpyh
ndpikahf ghodhs; vd;gij MA;fpyj;jpy; vGjpdhy; Suseela sang sweetly vd;W
khWk;. nA;F sang vd;gJ verb, sweetly vd;gJ adverb MFk;. bgUk;ghYk; adverb
brhw;fs; ‘ly’ vd;W Kotila[k;. Rama walked slowly, The children played
happily.

Adjective, Adverb nuz;ow;Fk; nilg;gl;l BtWghL:-

Adjective vd;gJ Noun-iar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy; MFk;. Adverb vd;gJ Verb-

iar; rpwg;gpf;Fk; brhy; MFk;. ntw;iw cjhuzj;Jld; tpsf;fyhk;.

1. rPjh mHfhdts;, 2. rPij ndpikahfg; ghodhs;.

Bkw;go thf;fpaA;fspy; rPij vd;gJ Noun, mHfhdts; vd;gJ adjective,

ndpikahf vd;gJ adverb, ghodhs; vd;gJ verb MFk;.

Adverb-y; gytiffs; cz;L. Beuj;ijf; Fwpf;f, nlj;ijf; Fwpf;f, jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;f

gad;gLk; brhw;fs; adver MFk;. mjw;fhd gl;oay;fs; fPBH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Adverb of time – Beuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; brhw;fs;:-

Ago Kd;g[ Already Kd;Bg

Again kWgoa[k; Again and again jpUk;gj; jpUk;g
Afterwards gpwF Always vg;bghGJk;
Before Kd;g[ Daily jpdrup
Early Kd;djhf Ever vg;BghJk;
Frequently mof;fo Formerly Kd;g[, Ke;ija
Immediately clBd Lately fhye;jhH;j;J
Monthly khje;BjhWk; Never xUBghJk;
Once xUKiw Once in week thuj;jpw;F xUKiw
Often mof;fo Quickly tpiuthf
Regularly bjhlu;e;J Rarely vg;BghjhtJ
Recently mz;ikapy; Seldom Mupjhf
Scarcely Mupjhf Slowly epjhdkhf
Since nJtiu Then gpwF
Twice nUKiw Thrice Kk;Kiw
Twice a week thuj;jpw;F nUKiw Today nd;W
Tomorrow ehis Urgently Mtrukhf
Weekly thue;BjhWk; Yesterday Bew;W
Yet nd;Wk;, Yearly tUle;BjhWk;
ng;BghJk;

Adverb of place – nlj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk; brhw;fs;:-

Above BkBy Away J]u
Anywhere ve;j nlj;jpYk; Below fPBH
Backward gpd;dhy; Behind gpd;dhy;
Closely beUf;fkhf Everywhere vy;yh nlj;jpYk;
Far bjhiytpy; Far away kpfj;bjhiytpy;
Here nA;Bf In cs;Bs
Inside cs;gf;fk; Near mUfpy;
Nowhere vA;Bfa[kpy;iy Out btspBa
Outside btspg;gf;fk; Off bjhiytpy;
Somewhere vA;BfahtJ There mA;Bf
Up BkBy Within cs;Bs
Where vA;Bf Whether vA;Bf

Adverb of manner – jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpLk; brhw;fs;:-

Actively RURUg;ghf Accidently jw;brayhf,

vjpu;ghuhtpjkhf
Awkwardly rA;flkhf Boldly ijupakhf
Brightly Xspkakhf Bravely Jzpr;ryhd
Carefully $hf;fpuijahf Continuously Bjhlu;e;J
Cleverly rhJupakhf Calmly rhe;jkhf
Cautiously vr;rupf;ifahf Cheerfully re;Bjh&khf
Cruelly bfhL}ukhf Correctly rupahf
Certainly epr;rakhf Completely KGikahf
Clearly bjspthf Directly Beuoahf
Easily Rygkhf Entirely KGikahf
Excellently mw;g[jkhf Foolishly Kl;lhs;jdkhf
Fairly epahakhf, mHfhf Generally bghJthf
Gratefully ed;wpa[ld; Hardly mupjhf
Happily kfpH;r;rpahf Honestly Beu;ikahf
Indirectly kiwKfkhf Indeed cz;ikahf
Luckily mjpu;&;ltrkhf Lightly Byrhf
Mostly bgUk;ghYk; Nicely ndpikahf
Normally bghJthf Obediently jhH;ikahf
Politely kupahijahf Perfectly fr;rpjkhf
Personally me;juA;fkhf Practically ajhu;j;jkhf
Proudly bgUikahf Promptly rupahf, Fwpj;j
fhyj;jpy;
Properly rupahf Partly gFjpahf
Purposely Btz;Lbkd;Bw Possibly elf;ff;Toa
Quickly rPf;fpukhf Quietly Mikjpahf
Rightly rupahf Strictly fz;og;ghf
Sincerely Beu;ikahf Slowly bkJthf
Seriously Mgj;jhf Smoothly kpUJthf
Stupidly Kl;lhs;jdkhf Sensibly g[j;jprhypjdkhf
Successfully btw;wpfukhf Suddenly jpObud;W
Severely jPtpukhf Steadily xGA;fhf
Sharply Tuhd, cupa Slightly Byrhf
Beuj;jpy;
Scarcely mupjhf Strongly tYthf
Simply rhjhuzkhf, vspikahf Safely gj;jpukhf
Thoroughly KGikahf, g{uzkhf Tidily Rj;jkhf
Thoughtfully rpe;jida[ld; Usually tHf;fkhf
Unfortunately vjpu;ghuhtpjkhf Warmly btJbtJg;ghf,
gpupakhf
Wonderfully tpag;ghf Willingly nzf;fkhf, tpUg;gkhf
Wholly KGikahf Wealthily
nd;Dk; rpy adverb-fs;:-

Yes Mkhk; Alright rup, guthapy;iy

Too much kpft[k; mjpfkhf Well eyk;
No ny;iy Sorry kd;dpf;ft[k;,
tUe;JfpBwhk;
ARTICLES

A, an, the Mfpatw;iw ehk; Articles vd;fpBwhk;. ‘a, an’ vd;gjw;F ‘xU’
vd;W bghUs;. ‘the, vd;gjw;F ‘me;j’ vd;W bghUs;. A, an ntw;iw Indefinite
Article vd;Wk;, the-ia Definite Article vd;Wk; TWfpBwhk;.

ARTICLE ‘A’-it gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw:-

xU bghUis my;yJ xU kdpjiur; Rl;of;fhl;Lk;BghBjh my;yJ mJ my;yJ

mtiug; gw;wp Kjypy; Fwpg;gpLk;BghBjh ‘A’ vd;gij bgau;r;brhy;Yf;F Kd;dhy;
Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.

ARTICLE ‘An’-ia gad;gLj;Jk; nlA;fs;:-

A, E, I, O, U vd;w Vowels vGj;Jf;fspd; cr;rupg;gpy; tUk; bgau;r; brhy;

thu;j;ijfSf;F Kd;du; ‘An’ vd;gij bgau;r; brhy;Yf;F Kd;dhy; Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;. (c-
k;):- an apple, an ant, an umbrella, an ink bottle, an orange, an honest man, an
hour.
ARTICLE ‘A’-it gad;gLj;Jk; nlA;fs;:-

A union, a university, a European, a one rupee note.

ARTICLE ‘An’-ia gad;gLj;jf; Tlhj nlA;fs;:-

A, E, I, O, U vd;w Vowels vGj;Jf;fis bfhz;Lk;, ‘Vowels’ Xir tuhj

nlA;fspy; ‘an’ gad;gLj;jf;TlhJ.

ARTICLE ‘The’-ia gad;gLj;Jk; nlA;fs;:-

Kjd;Kjypy; xU bghUis my;yJ xU kdpjiu Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘a’ gad;gLj;j

Btz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; Kd;g[ te;j mBj bghUisBah my;yJ mBj kdpjiuBah
Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘the’ vd;w article-ia gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. mjhtJ Vw;fdBt
mwpKfkhdtu;fisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘the’ vd;w definite article-iag;
gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;.

1. ejp, fly;, kiyfs;, gfH; tha;e;j fl;olA;fs;, g[fH;bgw;w g[j;jfA;fs; ntw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ Article ‘the’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
The Kaveri, The Bay of Bengal, The Himalayas.
2. jpirfisf; Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘the’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
The East, The West, The North, The South.
3. nirf;fUtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘the’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
The Veena, The Flute.
4. Superlative Adjective-f;F Kd;ghf fl;lhak; ‘the’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
The largest City, The best book, The most difficult.
5. gjtp bgau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘the’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
The Chief Minister, The Manager, The Prime Minister.
6. tupirf; fpukj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘the’ Bru;f;f Btz;Lk;.
The first, the second, the third, the last.

A, An, The nlk;bgwf; Tlhj nlA;fs;:-

1. ‘The Rama and the Sita’ is wrong and ‘Rama and Sita’ is right.
bghJthf proper noun-fs; mjhtJ rpwg;g[ bgau;r; brhw;fSf;F Kd; ‘the’
nlk;bgwf;TlhJ. njw;F tpjptpyf;F cz;L.
2. Cu;fspd; bgau;fSf;F Kd;ghf ‘the’ Bghlf;TlhJ. mjhtJ ‘The
Madras’vd;gJ jtW.‘Madras’vd;gJ rup.
3. cByhfA;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; Material Noun-f;F Kd;du; ‘a’,
‘the’ Bru;f;ff;TlhJ. Iron, Gold, Silver vd;W vGjpdhy; BghJk;.
 4. bkhHpfspd; Kd;du; ‘the’ Bghlf;TlhJ. ‘The English and the Tamil’
vd;gJ jtW. ‘English and Tamil’ vd;gJ rup.
5. gz;oif bgau;fspd; Kd;du; ‘a’ ‘the’ Bghlf;TlhJ. ‘The Pongal and the
Deepavali’ vd;gJ jtW, ‘Pongal and Deepavali’ vd;gJ rup.

LESSON – 8
PREPOSITION – Btw;Wik cUg[fs;
MA;fpyj;jpy; ‘pre’ vd;why; ‘Kd;dhy;’ vd;Wk;, ‘position’ vd;why; ‘nlk;’
vd;Wk; bghUs; MFk;. ‘g[j;jfk; Bkirapd; kPJ nUf;fpwJ’ vd;w thf;fpaj;jpy;
g[j;jfk; vA;Bf nUf;fpwJ vd;W Bfs;tp Bfl;Fk;BghJ ‘Bkirapd; kPJ’ vd;W gjpy;
Twyhk;. vdBt nJBghd;w nlj;ijf; Fwpg;gjw;F Preposition gad;gLfpwJ.

nJBghy Preposition thu;j;ijfs; cUtj;jpy; rw;W rpd;dq;rpwpajhf nUe;jhYk;

njd; Mjpf;fk; MA;fpyj;jpy; rw;W mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. MA;fpyj;jpy; ne;j
Preposition brhw;fs; bkhj;jk; 40-f;F Bky; nUe;jhYk; mof;fo gHf;fpy; nUg;git 20
brhw;fs; kl;LBk MFk;.

At ny; After gpwF

About gw;wp Along CBl, cld;
Among kj;jpapy; Amongst kj;jpapy;
Amidst kj;jpapy; Around Rw;wpYk;
Against vjpuhf As Bghy
Above BkBy By My;, K}ykhf
Before Kd;dhy; Behind gpd;dhy;
Below moapy; Beside gf;fj;jpy;
Between nilapy; Beyond mg;ghy;
Beneath moapy; Except jtpu
In cs;Bs, ny; Inside cs;gf;fj;jpy;
For f;fhf, f;F From nUe;J
Like Bghy Of cila
On BkBy To f;F
Through K}ykhf Towards rhu;ghf/Beuhf
Upon BkBy Underneath moapy;
Near mUfhikapy; During bghGJ
With cld; Without ny;yhky;
Within cs;Bs Under fPBH
 BkBy cs;s ml;ltizapy; cs;s thu;j;ijfspy; Bfhol;l thu;j;ijfs; kpft[k; mjpfkhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Preposition thu;j;ijfs; MFk;. (c-k;):-
On the table Bki$apd; Bky;
Under the table Bki$apd; moapy;
From Tambaram jhk;guj;jpypUe;J
To Kancheepuram fhq;rpg[uj;jpw;F
In Chennai brd;idapy;
to the Manager BkBd$Uf;F
by post jghy; K}ykhf
Preposition thu;j;ijfs; vg;BghJk; Noun thu;j;ijfSf;F Kd;ghf jhd; tUk;.
mjhtJ ‘to the Manager’ vd;gjpy; ‘to’ vd;w preposition MdJ ‘the Manager’ vd;w
Noun-f;F Kd;dhy; te;Js;sJ. BkYk; nA;F gjtpg; bgau;fSf;F Kd;dhy; ‘the’ vd;w
article tu Btz;Lk; vd;w tpjpg;go ‘the’ te;Js;sJ.
Preposition-fis gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw:-

In, at Mfpa nuz;ow;Fk; jkpHpy; ‘ny;’ vd;W bghUs;. nlA;fisg;gw;wp

Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ nitfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. bghJthf bgupa efuA;fis
Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘in’ vd;gija[k;, me;j bgupa efuA;fspy; cs;s rpwpa Cu;fis
Fwpg;gpLk;BghJ ‘at’ vd;gija[k; cgBahfpf;f Btz;Lk;. (c-k;):- In Madras, at
Porur.

In the morning – fhiyapy;, in the evening – khiyapy;, in my house –

vd;Dila tPl;oy;, in his pocket – mtDila igapy;, in her box – mtSila
bgl;oapy;, at Mambalam – khk;gyj;jpy;, at 8’O Clock – 8 kzpastpy; / 8
kzpf;F.

Note:-

Preposition kw;Wk; Pronoun-y; khw;wk; cz;L. mjhtJ preposition-k;

gpwF pronoun-k; tUk;. Mdhy; jkpHpy; tUk;BghJ pronoun-d; mu;j;jk; KjypYk;
preposition-d; mu;j;jk; gpwFk; tUk;. mjid gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapd; K}yk;
mwpayhk;.

To me vdf;F To us vA;fSf;F
To him mtDf;F To her mtSf;F
To them mtu;fSf;F / mitfSf;F For me vdf;fhf
For us vA;fSf;fhf For you cA;fSf;fhf / cdf;fhf
For him mtDf;fhf For her mtSf;fhf
For them mtu;fSf;fhf By me vd;dhy;
/mitfSf;fhf
By us vA;fshy; By him mtdhy;
By her mtshy; By them mtu;fshy; / mitfshy;
From me vd;dplkpUe;J From us vA;fsplkpUe;J
From him mtdplkpUe;J From her mtsplkpUe;J
From them mtu;fsplkpUe;J With me vd;Dld;
/mitfsplkpUe;J
With us vA;fSld; With him mtdplkpUe;J
With her mtspkpUe;J With them mtu;fsplkpUe;J
/mitfsplkpUe;J

LESSON – 9

CONJUNCTION – nizg;g[r; brhy;

MA;fpyj;jpy; Junction vd;why; jkpHpy; re;jpf;Fk; nlk; vd;W bghUs;.

Conjunction vd;why; nuz;L thf;fpaA;fs; BrUk; nlk; vd;W bghUs;. Preposition
Bghd;Bw Conjunction-k; cUtj;jpy; rpwpajhf nUg;gpDk; njd; cgBahfk; kpft[k;
mtrpakhdjhfpwJ. (c-k;):- ‘Rama and Sita’ njpy; ‘Rama’ kw;Wk; ‘Sita’ vd;gitfs;
Noun, ‘and’ vd;gJ conjunction MFk;.

And ck;, BkYk; But Mdhy;

Or my;yJ Either or nJ my;yJ mJ
Neither nor nJt[kpy;iy If My; / nUe;jhy;
mJt[kpy;iy
Whether ‘M’ vd;W As Bghy
Because Mjyhy; Before Kd;g[
After gpd;g[ As soon as clBd
Than tpl, fhl;oYk; Until tiu
When vg;bghGJ While bghGJ
No sooner than clBd Though \ nUe;jhYk; Tl /
Although nUe;jBghjpYk;
Even though / nUe;jhYk; Tl So that vd;gjw;fhf
Even if /nUe;jBghjpYk;
Unless My; / xHpa Provided that nUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;
Only kl;Lk; / khj;jpuk; On condition that epge;jidapd;
Bgupy;
For Mf/ Vbdd;why; For that mjw;fhf
 LESSON – 10

INTERJECTION – Mr;rupar; brhy; / tpag;g[r; brhy;

kdpju;fspd; Bkk;ghl;il btspg;gLj;Jk; brhy; Mr;rupar; brhy; MFk;. mjhtJ

Bfhgk;, tUj;jk;, mjpu;r;rp, Mr;rupak;, kpFe;j re;Bjh&k; Bghd;witfs;
Vw;gLk;BghJ btspg;gLk; czu;r;rp thu;j;ijfis Interjection vd;fpBwhk;.

Oh! X! ha! #h!

ah! M#;! hi! #p!
alas! IBah! Oh my God flt[Bs
What a beautiful vd;d xU mHfhd How sweet? vd;d ndpg;g[?
flower? kyu;?

Common Nown vd;gjw;Fk; Proper Noun vd;gjw;Fk; cs;s BtWghL

vd;d?

kdpju;fs; Bru;e;J thGk; nlbky;yhk; Cu; jhd;. Mdhy; ciwa{u; vd;gJ xU

Fwpg;gpl;l Cupd; bgauhFk;. vdBt ‘ciwa{u;’ vd;gJ rpwg;g[ bgau;r;brhy; MFk;.
‘Cu;’ vd;gJ bghJ bgau;r;brhy; MFk;. vdBt ‘Cu;’ vd;gJ Common Noun kw;Wk;
‘ciwa{u;’ vd;gJ Proper Noun MFk;.

Collective Noun vd;gjw;Fk; Common Noun vd;gjw;Fk; cs;s

bjhlu;g[ vd;d?

Collective Noun vd;gjw;Fk; Common Noun vd;gjw;Fk; nilBa

bjhlu;g[ VJk; ny;iy.

Collective Noun vd;gJ Tl;Lg; bgau;r;brhy; MFk;. (c-k;):-

Class – tFg;g[ - Mrpupau;fSk;, khztu;fSk; FGkpa[s;s xU nlk;.

Family – FLk;gk; - cwtpdu;fs; xd;whfr; Bru;e;J thGjy;

Crew – flw;gazpfs; - fg;giuy Xl;Lk; FGtpdu;.

Forest – fhL – gytifahd kuA;fs; epiwe;j nlk;.

Abstruct Noun vd;Dk; gz;g[g;bgau;r; brhy;iy tpsf;Ff:-

 cjhuzkhf md;g[ vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;r; brhy;yhFk;. md;g[ vd;gjid fz;zhy;
ghu;f;fBth, ifahy; vLf;fBth KoahjJ. tpiy bfhLj;J thA;fBth bfhLf;fBth nayhjJ.
czu;r;rpapdhy; kl;LBk mwpaKoa[k;. (c-k;):- Wisdom – qhdk;, bravery – ijupak;,
strength – gyk;, Poverty – VH;ik, ignorance – mwpahik.

This, that vd;gitfs; vg;go pronoun-fs; gl;oaypy; nlk;bgWfpd;wd?

‘mij vL, nij vL’ vd;W ‘mij, nij’ vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;F this, that vd;w
pronoun-fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

Hundred vd;why; E]W. nUE]W vd;gjw;F two hundred vd;W vGj

Btz;Lk;. Mdhy; two hundreds vd;W vGJtJ jtwhFk;. BkYk; ‘thousands’ vd;why;
‘Mapuf;fzf;fhd’ vd;W bghUs;. vdBt plural-y; Twg;gLk; BghJ thousands vd;Wk;
hundreds vd;Wk; vGjyhk;. MdhYk; 5 thousands vd;Bwh 5 hundreds vd;Bwh
vGJtJ TlhJ.

R{H;epiyf;Bfw;g tpidr; brhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw:-

‘bjuptp’ vd;w fUj;ijj; bjuptpg;gjw;F bkhj;jk; ehd;F verb-fs; MA;fpyj;jpy;

cs;sd. mitahtd: 1. Infopr,, announce, 3. Convey, 4. Communicate. nitfis
ve;bje;jr; R{H;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jp tp&aj;ijj; bjuptpg;gJ vd;gij ghu;f;fyhk;.

xU tp&aj;ij ez;gu;fsplBkh my;yJ kw;wtu;fsplBkh bjuptpf;f inform vd;gij

gad;gLj;jyhk;. xUtu; xU tp&aaj;ij xU Tl;lj;jpduplk; bjuptpf;Fk;BghJ mjw;F
‘announcement’ vd;W bgau;. xU tp&aj;ij gyu; Toa[s;s rigapy; ‘brhd;Bdd;’
vd;gijf; Fwpf;f ‘announcement’ vd;gij gad;gLj;jyhk;, bfhq;rk; nU ne;j tp&aj;ij
mk;khtplk; announce gz;zptpl;L tUfpBwd; vd;W TWtJ jtW. mk;khtplk; jftiy
bjuptpf;f inform vd;gij kl;Lk; jhd; gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. xU Ist person jdf;F
Kd;g[ cs;s xU IInd person-aplk; xU tp&aj;ij Twp mjid bjhiytpy; cs;s IIIrd
person-aplk; TWk;go brhy;Yk;BghJ convey vd;gij gad;gLj;jyhk;. (c-k;):-
convey my best wishes to your sister – vd;Dila ey;thH;j;Jf;fis cdJ rBfhjupaplk;
bjuptpf;ft[k;. communicate vd;gjid official language cd;ghu;fs;. vdBt ehk; mjid
ciuahlypy; gad;gLj;j Bjit ny;iy.
Clash – BkhJ, dash – BkhJ:-

nU egu;fs; rz;ilapl;L Bkhjpf;bfhs;Sk;BghJ clash vd;gija[k;, xU egu; xU

thfdj;JlBd my;yJ xU thfdk; kw;bwhU thfdj;JlBdh Bkhjpf;bfhs;Sk;BghJ dash
vd;gija[k; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Start, begin, commence – JtA;F, Muk;gp:-

Class begin MapLr;rh vd;Wk; class commence MapLr;rh vd;Wk; class

start MapLr;rh vd;Wk; Twyhk;. Mdhy; tz;o start MapLr;rh vd;W kl;Lk; midj;J
R{H;epiyapYk; gad;gLj;j naYk;. jpUkz tuBtw;g[ tpHh commence MapLr;rh
vd;W Bfl;f KoahJ. Mdhy; jpUkz tuBtw;g[ tpHh start MapLr;rh vd;Bwh begin
MapLr;rh vd;Bwh Bfl;fyhk;.

Change, alter – khw;W:-

rl;il mGf;fhf cs;sJ change gz;zpf;bfhz;L tUfpBwd; vd;why; rl;ilia

khw;Wtijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Mdhy; alter vd;gJ mBj rl;ilia gpupj;Bjh, btl;oBah, Jzp
Bru;j;Bjh kPz;Lk; ijg;gij Fwpf;Fk;.

See, look – ghu;, ftdp:-

See, liik vd;gdtw;iw btt;BtW R{H;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. ekJ

fz;zpy;gLk; fhl;rpia ghu;f;Fk;BghJ see vd;gij gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. Mdhy; vd;Dila
ez;gd; tUfpwhdh vd;W ehd; Tu;e;J ftdpj;Bjd; vd;gjw;F look vd;gijj; jhd;
gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. Mdhy; look vd;w verb cld; at vd;w preposition-ia nizj;Jj; jhd;
thf;fpaA;fis mikf;f Btz;Lk;. (c-k;):- look at me – vd;idg; ghu;, look at this
picture – ne;j glj;ijg; ghu;. Mdhy; look here vd;W mGj;jkhf brhy;Yk;BghBjh
vGJk;BghBjh at BruhJ. nJBghyBt preside vd;why; jiyik jhA;Fjy; vd;W bghUs;.
Mdhy; preside over vd;W jhd; gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. The Chief Minister will
preside over the function – Kjy;tu; jiyik jhA;Fthu; vd;gJ jhd; njd; bghUshFk;.
vdBt preside vd;gij jdpahf gad;gLj;jf; TlhJ.

Say, tell – brhy;:-

 Say, tell nuz;ow;Fk; ‘brhy;’ vd;W xBu bghUshFk;. Tell vd;gjidg;
gad;gLj;Jk;BghJ njd; mUfpy; pronoun-ia gad;gLj;j Btz;Lk;. (c-k;):- I shall tell
you, I told him, He told me, she told them, Ramu will tell us a story.

Bkw;fz;l thf;fpaA;fspy; tell, told vd;w verb-fspd; mUfpy; you, him, me,
them, us vd;w pronoun-fs; nlk; bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. He said – mtd; brhd;dhd;, He
said to me – mtd; vd;dplk; brhd;dhd;. BkYk; ‘He told me’ vd;gJ rup, ‘He told to
me’ vd;gJ jtW, mBjBghd;W ‘He said to me’ vd;gJ rup, ‘He said me’ vd;gJ jtW.

Noun, Verb nuz;ow;Fkhd BtWghL:-

Act vd;w thu;j;ij verb Mf tUk;BghJ ‘el’ my;yJ ‘eo’ vd;W bghUs;gLk;.
Mdhy; mBj Act vd;w brhy; Noun-y; tUk;BghJ ‘rl;lk;’ vd;W bghUs;gLk;.
mBjBghd;W work vd;w brhy; verb Mf tUk;BghJ ‘Btiy bra;’ vd;Wk;, noun Mf
tUk;BghJ ‘Btiy’ vd;Wk; bghUs;gLk;. work vd;w verb noun Mf khWk;BghJ
worker vd;W khWgLk;. mBjBghy; drive vd;gJ criver vd;W khWk;. ntw;iw
gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; tpupthf ghu;f;fyhk;.

VERB NOUN
Advise g[j;jp g[fl;L Advice g[j;jpkjp
Appear Bjhd;W Appearance Bjhw;wk;
Announce bjuptp, mwptp Announcement bjuptpj;jy;,
mwptpj;jy;
Alter khw;W Alteration khw;wk;
Agree rk;kjk; Agrrement rk;ke;jk;, xg;ge;jk;
Arrange Vw;ghL bra; Arrangement Vw;ghL
Argue tpthjp Argument tpthjk;
Arrive te;JBru; Arrival te;J BrUjy;
Attack jhf;F Attack jhf;Fjy;
Aim Fwp it Aim Fwpf;Bfhs;
Accomplish epiwBtw;W Accomplishment epiwBtw;wk;
Achieve rhjp / mil / bgW Achievement rhjid / epiwBtw;wy;
Acknowledge xg;g[f;bfhs; Acknowledgemen xg;g[f;bfhs;sy;
t
Admire bkr;R Admiration bkr;Rjy;
Advance Kd;BdW Advance Kd;gzk;
Associate fye;Jbfhs; Association rA;fk;
Affect ghjpf;fr;bra; Affection ghrk;
Add Bru; / Tl;L Addition Bru;j;jy; / Tl;ly;
Authorize mjpfhuksp Authorization mjpfhukspj;jy;
Attach niz / Bru; Attachment nizj;jy; / Bru;j;jy;
Assure cWjpasp Assurance cWjp
Begin Muk;gp / JtA;F Begginning Muk;gk; / Jtf;fk;
Bind fl;L, gpiz Binding nizg;g[
Bother ftiy bfhs; Bother / ftiy
botheration
Believe ek;g[ Belief ek;gpf;if
Credit tut[ it Credit tut[
Certify rhd;wsp Certificate rhd;W
Conclude Kot[ bra; Conclusion Kot[iu
Conduct elj;J Conduct / elj;J / elj;Jdu;
Conductor
Cost tpiyahF Cost tpiy
Challenge rthy; tpL Challenge rthy;
Commence Muk;gp /JtA;F Commencement Muk;gk; / Jtf;fk;
Compensate NLfl;L Compensation NLfl;Ljy;
Compete Bghl;oapL Competition Bghl;o
Communicate bjuptp Communication bra;jp
Calculate fzf;fpL Calculation fzf;fPL / fzpg;g[
Consult fye;jhByhrp Consultation fye;jhByhrpj;jy;
Converse ciuahL Conversation ciuahly;
Congratulate kfpH;r;rpasp Congratulate kfpH;r;rp
Consent rk;kjp Consent rk;kjk;
Convert khw;W Conversion khw;wk;
Collect Brfup Collection Bru;j;jy;
Complain g[fhu; msp Complaint g[fhu;
Continue bjhlu;e;J bra; Continuation bjhlu;e;J bra;jy;
Change khw;W Change khw;wk;
Condemn xJf;fp it Condemnation xJf;fp itj;jy;
Critise Fiw TW Critisum Fiw TWjy;
Carry J]f;fp bry; Carriage J]f;fp bry;Yjy;
Call miH Call miHj;jy;
Consider ftdp / fUJ Consideration ftdpg;g[
Do bra; Does bra;if
Deny kW Denial kWj;jy;
Dream fdt[ fhz; Dream fdt[
Delay jhkjp Delay jhkjk;
Discuss Tpthjp Discussion tpthjk;
Desire tpUk;g[ Desire tpUg;gk;
Divide Jz;o / gA;fpL Division gA;F / gpupt[
Deliver btspg;gLj;J Deliver btspg;gLj;Jjy;
Drink Fo Drink ghdk;
Describe tptup Description tptupj;jy;
Determine jPu;khdp Determination jPu;khdpj;jy;
Debit fHp / brytpL Debit bryt[
Except jtpu; Exception jtpu;j;jy;
Execute bray;gLj;J Execution bray;gLj;jy;
Examine Bju;t[ bra; Examination Bju;t[
Elect Bju;e;bjL Election Bju;jy;
Earn rk;ghjp Earning rk;ghjpj;jy;
Enquire tprhup Enquire tprhuiz
Enter EiH Entry EiHt[
Exempt tpyf;F msp Exemption tpjptpyf;F
Enlarge tpupt[gLj;J Enlargement tpupt[
Fail Bjhy;tpail/jtW Failure Bjhy;tp
Fear gag;gL Fear gak;
Fight rz;ilapL Fight rz;il
Fine mguhjk; tpjp Fine mguhjk;
Find fz;Lgpo Finding fz;Lgpoj;jy;
Fall tpG Fall tPH;r;rp
Finalise Kot[ bra; Finalization Kot[ bra;jy;
Feel czu; / tUe;J Feeling czu;r;rp
Glorify g[fH;gLj;J Glory g[fH;
Grow tsu; Growth tsu;r;rp
Grind miu Grinder miuf;Fk; nae;jpuk;
Glance filf;fz;zhy; ghu; Glance filf;fz; ghu;it
Grant bfhL Grant bfhLj;jy;
Honour kupahij bra; Honour kupahij
Hesitate jaA;F Hesitation jaf;fk;
Hope ek;g[ Hope ek;gpf;if
Help cjt[ Help cjtp
Interfere FWf;fpL Interference FWf;fpLjy;
Inform jfty; msp Information jfty;
Induce J]z;L Inducement J]z;Ljy;
Imagine fw;gid bra; Imagination fw;gid
Interest Mu;tk; bfhs; Interest Mu;tk;
Invent fz;Lgpo Invention fz;Lgpoj;jy;
Invite miH Invitation miHg;gpjH;
Interrupt FWf;fpL Interruption FWf;fpLjy;
Intimate Mwptp Intimation mwptpg;g[
Import nwf;Fkjp bra; Import nwf;Fkjp
Join Bru; / niz Joint nizg;g[
Justify epahag;gLj;J Justification epahag;gLj;Jjy;
Judge jPu;khdp Judgement jPu;g;g[
Know mwpe;Jbfhs; Knowledge mwpt[
Laugh rpup Laughter rpupg;g[
Lie bgha; ciu Lie bgha;
Lift cau;j;J Lift cau;t[
Look ghu; Look ghu;it
Lose nH / gwpbfhL Loss e&;lk;
Meet re;jp Meeting Tl;lk;
Mean mu;j;jk; bra; Meaning mu;j;jk;
Murmur KZKZ Murmuring KZKZj;jy;
Murder bfhiy bra; Murder bfhiy
Move mir Movement mirt[
Note Fwpj;Jf;bfhs; Note Fwpg;g[
Offend Jd;g[Uj;J Offence Fw;wk;
Object jL / vjpu; Objection vjpu;g;g[
Pass BjW Pass BjWjy;
Perform bra; Performance bray;
Purchase thA;F Purchase thA;Fjy;
Present tHA;F Present btFkjp / gupR
Pity gupjhgg;gL Pity gupjhgk;
Permit mDkjp bfhL Permission mDkjp
Progress Kd;BdW Progress Kd;Bdw;wk;
Punish jz;o Punishment jz;lid
Practise gHf;F Practice gHf;fk;
Place it Place nlk;
Provide tHA;F Provision tHA;Fjy;
Prepare jahu; bra; Preparation jahupg;g[
Proceed BkBy bry; Procedure Bky; eltof;if
Prevent jL Prevention jLg;g[
Quarrel tha;rz;ilapL Quarrel tha;r;rz;il
Regret tUe;J Regret tUj;jk;
Require Bjitg;gL Require (ment) Bjit
Reflect gpujpgyp Reflection gpujpgypg;g[
Remark Fwpg;gpL Remark Fwpg;g[
Report g[fhu; msp Report g[fhu;
Retain epWj;jp it Retain epWj;jp itj;jy;
Refuse kW Refusal kWj;jy;
Reject kW Rejection kWj;jy;
Remind epidt{l;L Reminder epidt{l;ly;
Supply tHA;F Supply tHA;Fjy;
Secure bgW Security ghJfhg;g[
Satisfy jpUg;jpgLj;J Satisfy jpUg;jp
Stress mGj;J Stress mGj;jk;
Speak BgR Speech Bgr;R
Stick xl;L Stick fHp / bfhk;g[
Swim ePe;J Swimming ePr;ry;
Suspect re;Bjfp Suspicion re;Bjfk;
Support Mjup Support Mjut[
Sympathise nuf;fk; bfhs; Sympathy nuf;fk;
Stock Bru;j;J it Stock Brkpg;g[
Suggest fUj;J TW Suggestion mgpg;gpuhak;
Show fhl;L Show fhl;rp
Step mo vLj;J it Step gof;fl;L
Trust ek;g[ Trust ek;gpf;if
Turn jpUk;g[/ jpUg;g[ Turn jpUg;gk;
Tempt Mira{l;L Temptation Mir czu;r;rp
Teach fw;gp Teacher Mrpupau;
Threaten gaKUj;J Threat gak;
Trouble bjhy;iybfhL Trouble bjhy;iy
Tolerate bghWj;Jf;bfhs; Tolerance rfpg;g[j;jd;ik
Test gupBrhjid bra; Test gupBrhjid
Testify ew;rhl;rp msp Testimonial ew;rhl;rp gj;jpuk;
Type jl;lr;R bra; Typist jl;lr;ru;
Use cgBahfp Use cgBahfk;
Urge mtrug;gLj;J Urgency mtruk;
Vote thf;fsp Vote thf;Fr;rPl;L
Worry ftiy bfhs; Worry ftiy
Wish tpUk;g[ Wish tpUg;gk;
Want Bjitg;gL Want Bjit

cA;fSf;Bfhu; vspa gapw;rp

gFjp – 1

1. Deer – khd;, rpy khd;fs; - some deer, 2. Friend – ez;gd;, friendship – rpBefk;,
3. People – kf;fs;, pupil – khztd; / khztp, 4. Cloth – Jzp, clothes – ijf;fg;gl;l
Milfs;, 5. Kerchief-d; Plural – Kerchiefs, 6. A sheep – xU brk;kwpahL, 5
brk;kwpahLfs; - 5 sheep, 7. Good – ey;y, goods – bghUl;fs;, 8. Night – nut[,
knight – 00000000000, 9. Steel – v|F, steal – jpUL, dye – rhak;, die – nw.

gFjp – 2
rup kw;Wk; jtwhdij fz;Lgpoj;J (Right – R, Wrong - W) vd;W Fwpg;gplt[k;.

1. A ice cream An ice cream R

2. A oldman An oldman R
3. A useful book R An useful book
4. A one rupee note R An one rupee note
5. A idea An idea R
6. A water Water R
7. A Sun The Sun R
8. A sky The sky R
9. A world The World R
10 A moon The Moon R
.

gFjp – 3

rupahd jkpH; muj;jA;fis Fwpg;gplt[k;:-

Poor tWikahd Healthy (Adj) MBuhf;fpakhd

Poverty VH;ik Remind (V) epidt{l;L
Wealth bry;tk; Reminder epidt{l;ly;
Wealthy bry;tk; epiwe;j Lose (V) gwp bfhL
Health (N) MBuhf;fpak; Loose jsu;e;j

gFjp – 4

Present Tense Verb-fis Past Tense Verb-fshf khw;wt[k;:-

Sing Sang Teach Tajught

Put Put Open Opened
Make M ade Have Had
Grow Grew Bite Bit
Spend Spent Carry Carried
Find Found Drive Drove
Swim Swam Choose Chose
Get Got Believe Believed
Improve Improved Purchase Purchased
Say Said Speak Spoke
Quarrel Quarreled Scold Scolded
See Saw Burst Burst
Seek Sought Catch Caught
Become Became Ring Rang
Begin Began Write Wrote

gFjp – 5

1. Chic Beu;j;jp Chick BfhHpf;Fq;R

2. Rain kiH Reign Ml;rp
3. Site nlk; Sight ghu;it
4. Root Btu; Route bry;Yk; tHp
5. Soul Mj;kh Sole cs;sA;fhy; / xBu
6. Heel Fjpf;fhy; Heal Fzg;gLj;jy;
7. Farmer rptrhap Former Ke;ija
8. Dose xUBtis kUe;J Doze rpW J]f;fk;
9. Read go Reed ehzy;
10 Price tpiy Prize / Praise g[fH; / ghuhl;L
.