Reading Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1 given
below.

Tea Times
A. The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea today. Perhaps, you are sipping one
as you read this. Tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been
an important part of rituals of hospitality both in the home and in wider society.

B. Tea originated in China, and in Eastern Asia, tea making and drinking ceremonies have been popular
for centuries. Tea was first shipped to North-Western Europe by English and Dutch maritime traders in
the sixteenth century. At about the same time, a land route from the Far East, via Moscow, to Europe
was opened up. Tea also figured in America’s bid for independence from British rule – the Boston Tea
Party.

C. As, over the last four hundred years, tea-leaves became available throughout much of Asia and
Europe, the ways in which tea was drunk changed. The Chinese considered the quality of the leaves and
the ways in which they were cured all important. People in other cultures added new ingredients
besides tea-leaves and hot water. They drank tea with milk, sugar, spices like cinnamon and cardamom,
and herbs such as mint or sage. The variations are endless. For example, in Western Sudan on the edge
of the Sahara Desert, sesame oil is added to milky tea on cold mornings. In England, tea, unlike coffee,
acquired a reputation as a therapeutic drink that promoted health. Indeed, in European and Arab
countries as well as In Persia and Russia, tea was praised for its restorative and health-giving properties.
One Dutch physician, Cornelius Blankaart, advised that to maintain health a minimum of eight to ten
cups a day should be drunk and that up to 50 to 100 daily cups could be consumed with safety.

D. While European coffee houses were frequented by men discussing politics and closing business deals,
respectable middle-class women stayed at home and held tea parties. When the price of tea fell in the
nineteenth century, poor people took up the drink with enthusiasm. Different grades and blends of tea
were sold to suit every pocket.

E. Throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea drinking. In Islamic cultures, where
drinking of alcohol is forbidden, tea and coffee consumption is an important part of social life. However,
Seventh-Day Adventists, recognising the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown
upon the drinking of tea.

F. Nomadic Bedouin are well known for the traditions of hospitality in the desert. According to Middle
Eastern tradition, guests are served both tea and coffee from pots kept ready on the fires of guest tents
where men of the family and male visitors gather. Cups of “bitter” cardamom coffee and glasses of
sugared tea should be constantly refilled by the host.

G. For over a thousand years, Arab traders have been bringing Islamic culture, including tea drinking, to
northern and western Africa. Techniques of tea preparation have been adapted. In West African
countries, such as Senegal and The Gambia, it is fashionable for young men to gather in small groups to
brew Chinese “gun-powder” tea. The tea is boiled with large amounts of sugar for a long time.
H. Tea drinking in India remains an important part of daily life. There, tea made entirely with milk is
popular. “Chai” is made by boiling milk and adding tea, sugar and some spices. This form of tea making
has crossed the Indian Ocean and is also popular in East Africa, where tea is considered best when it is
either very milky or made with water only. Curiously, this “milk or water” formula has been carried over
to the preparation of instant coffee, which is served in cafes as either black or sprinkled on a cup of hot
milk.

I. In Britain, coffee drinking, particularly in the informal atmosphere of coffee shops, is currently in
vogue. Yet, the convention of afternoon tea lingers. At conferences, it remains common practice to
serve coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon. Contemporary China, too, remains true to its long
tradition. Delegates at conferences and seminars are served tea in cups with lids to keep the infusion
hot. The cups are topped up throughout the proceedings. There are as yet no signs of coffee on such
occasions.

Questions 1-8

Reading Passage 1 has 9 paragraphs (A-I).

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings given below. Write the
appropriate numbers (I-xiii) in Boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. One of the headings has been done for
you as an example.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.

1 Paragraph A

2 Paragraph B

3 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 Paragraph E

6 Paragraph G

7 Paragraph H

8 Paragraph I

Example: Paragraph F Answer: xiii

List of Headings

i. Diverse drinking methods

ii. Limited objections to drinking tea

iii. Today’s continuing tradition – In Britain and China

iv. Tea – a beverage of hospitality

v. An important addition – tea with milk

vi. Tea and alcohol

vii. The everyday beverage in all parts of the world

viii. Tea on the move

ix. African tea

x. The fall in the cost of tea

xi. The value of tea

xii. Tea-drinking in Africa

xiii. Hospitality among the Bedouin

Questions 9-14

Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to fill each blank
space. Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 9-14 on your answer sheet

9 For centuries, both at home and in society, tea has had an important role in______

10 Falling tea prices in the nineteenth century meant that people could choose the________ of tea they
could afford.

11 Because it______ Seventh-Day Adventists do not approve of the drinking

12 In the desert, one group that is well known for Its traditions of hospitality is the_______

13 In India, _______, as well as tea, are added to boiling milk to make “chai”.

14 In Britain, while coffee is in fashion, afternoon tea is still a________

Reading Passage 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-29, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Tyes and Greens

A. There are a number of settlements in this part of East Anglia with names containing the word “tye”.
The word is Anglo-Saxon in origin, and the Oxford English Dictionary quotes the earliest usage of the
term as dating from 832. Essentially a “tye” was green, or a small area of open common land, usually
sited away from the main village or settlement, perhaps at the junction of two or more routes. Local
people and passing travellers had the right to pasture their horses, pigs and other farm animals on the
tye.

B. In the Pebmarsh area, there seem to have been five or six of these tyes, all except one, at the margins
of the parish. These marginal clearings are all away from the richer farming land close to the river, and,
in the case of Cooks Green, Haylcs Tye, and Dorking Tye, close to the edge of still existing fragments of
ancient woodland. It seems likely than that, here, as elsewhere in East Anglia, medieval freemen were
allowed to clear a small part of the forest and create a smallholding. Such unproductive forest land
would, in any case, have been unattractive to the wealthy baronial or monastic landowners. Most of the
land around Pebmarsh village belonged to Earls Colne Priory, a wealthy monastery about 10 kilometres
to the south, and it may be that by the 13th and 14th centuries the tyes -were maintained by tenant
farmers paying rent to the Priory.

C. Hayles Tye seems to have got its name from a certain John Hayle who Is documented in the 1380s,
although there are records pointing to the occupation of the site at a much earlier date. The name was
still in use in 1500 and crops up again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, usually in relation to the
payment of taxes or tithes. At some point during the 18th century, the name is changed to File’s Green,
though no trace of an owner called File has been found. Also in the 18th century, the original dwellings
on the site disappeared. Much of this region was economically depressed during this period and the land
and its dwellings may simply have been abandoned. Several farms were abandoned in the neighbouring
village of Alphamstone, and the population dwindled so much that there was no money to support the
fabric of the village church, which became very dilapidated. However, another possibility is that the
buildings at File’s Green burnt down, fires being not infrequent at this time.

D. By 1817 the land was in the ownership of Charles Townsend of Ferriers Farm, and in 1821 he built
two brick cottages on the site, each cottage occupied by two families of agricultural labourers. The
structure of these cottages was very simple, just a two-storey rectangle divided in the centre by a large
common chimneypiece. Each dwelling had its own fireplace, but the two families seem to have shared a
brick broad-oven which jutted out from the rear of the cottage. The outer wall of the bread-oven Is still
visible on the remaining cottage. The fireplaces themselves and the chimney structure appear to be
older than the 1821 cottages and may have survived from the earlier dwellings. All traces of the
common land had long disappeared, and the two cottages stood on a small plot of less than an acre
where the labourers would have been able to grow a few vegetables and keep a few chickens or a pig.
The bulk of their time was spent working at Ferrier’s farm.

E. Both cottages are clearly marked on maps of 1874, but by the end of the century, one of them had
gone. Again, the last years of the 19th century were a period of agricultural depression, and a number of
smaller farms in the area were abandoned. Traces of one, Mosse’s Farm, still partly encircled by a very
overgrown moat, may be seen less than a kilometre from File’s Green. It seems likely that, as the need
for agricultural labour declined, one of the cottages fell into disuse, decayed and was eventually pulled
down. Occasional fragments of rubble and brick still surface in the garden of the remaining cottage.

F. In 1933, this cottage was sold to the manager of the newly-opened gravel works to the north-west of
Pebmarsh village. He converted these two dwellings into one. This, then, is the only remaining
habitation on the site and is called File’s Green Cottage.
Questions 15-18

Choose the appropriate letters A-D. Write them in Boxes 15-18 on your answer sheet.

15 A tye was …

A a green

B a large open area

C common land with trees

D found at the junction of two or more routes

16 The Pebmarsh area …

A probably had seven tyes

B probably had six tyes

C appears to have had five or six tyes

D was not in East Anglia

17 The tyes in the Pebmarsh area were …

A near the river

B used by medieval freemen

C mostly at the margins of the parish

D owned by Haris Colne Priory

18 According to the writer, wealthy landowners …

A did not find the sight of forest land attractive

B found the sight of forest land attractive

C were attracted by the sight of forest land

D considered forest land unproductive

Question 19-29
Complete the text below, which is a summary of paragraphs 3-6 in Reading Passage 2.Use NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to fill each blank space.

Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 19-29 on your answer sheet

1380s- John Hayle, who is __________19________, apparently gave his name to Hayles Tye.

1500s- the name of Hayles Tye was still _______20______, _____21_______ again in the following two
centuries in relation to taxes. 18th century- Hayles Tye was renamed__________22______ the original
dwellings may either have dissappeared, or were _____23_________Charles Townsend.

1817 – the land was ____24______ by Charles Townsend.

1821- Charies Townsend built _________25_______ cottages on the site, _______26_______inhabited

by two families, but by the end of the nineteenth century only one cottage_______27_______.

1933- The cottage, now called File’s Green Cottage, was bought by the local _____28_______ manager
who converted the cottage into ________29_______.

Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 30-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Haydn’s late quartets

A. By the time he came to write the String Quartets published as Opus 76 and Opus 77, Haydn was
undoubtedly the most famous living composer in the whole of Europe. He had recently returned from
the highly successful second visit to England, for which he had composed his last six symphonies,
culminating in the brilliant and festive Drum Roll Symphony (No. 103) and London Symphony (No, 104).
This is public music, full of high spirits, expansive gestures and orchestral surprises. Haydn knew how to
please his audience. And in 1796, following his return to Vienna, he began work on his largest and most
famous choral work, the oratorio, “The Creation”. In the succeeding years, till 1802, he was to write a
series of other large scales religious choral works, including several masses. The oratorios and masses
were also public works, employing large forces for dramatic effect, but warm and full of apparently
spontaneous religious feeling. Yet at the same time he composed these 8 quartets, in terms of technical
mastery and sheer musical invention the equal of the symphonies and choral works, but in their mood
and emotional impact far removed, by turns introspective and detached, or full of passionate intensity.

B. Once again, as in the early 1770s when he appears to have been going through some kind of spiritual
crisis, Haydn returned to the String Quartet as a means to accomplish a two-fold aim: firstly to innovate
musically in a genre-free from public performance requirements or religious convention; secondly to
express personal emotions or philosophy in a musical form that is intimate yet capable of great subtlety
and complexity of meaning. The result is a series of quartets of astonishing structural, melodic, rhythmic
and harmonic variety, inhabiting a shifting emotional world, where tension underlies surface brilliance
and calm gives way to unease.
C. The six quartets of Opus 76 differ widely in character. The opening movement of No. 2 is tense and
dramatic, while that of No. 4 begins with the soaring long-breathed melody that has earned the
nickname of “The Sunrise”. The minutes to have moved a long way from the stately court dance of the
mid-eighteenth century. The so-called “Witches Minuet” of No. 2 is a strident canon, that of No. 6 is a
fast one-in-a-bar movement anticipating the scherzos of Beethoven, while at the heart of No. 5 is a
contrasting trio section which, far from being the customary relaxed variant of the surrounding minute,
flings itself into frenetic action and is gone. The finales are full of energy and grace. We associate with
Haydn but with far less conscious humour and more detachment than in earlier quartets.

D. But it is in the slow movements that Haydn is most innovative and most unsettling. In No. 1, the cello
and the first violin embark on a series of brusque dialogues. No. 4 is a subdued meditation based on the
hushed opening chords. The slow movements of No. 5 and No. 6 are much looser in structure, the cello
and viola setting off on solitary episodes of melodic and harmonic uncertainty. But there the similarity
ends, for while No. 5 is enigmatic and predominantly dark in tone, the overlapping textures of its sister
are full of light-filled intensity.

E. The Opus 76 quartets were published in 1799 when Haydn was well over 60 years old. Almost
immediately he was commissioned to write another set by Prince Lobkowltz, a wealthy patron, who was
later to become an important figure in Beethoven’s life. Two quartets only were completed and
published as Opus 77 Nos. 1 & 2 in 1802. But these are not the works of an old man whose powers are
fading, or who simply consolidates ground already covered. Once again Haydn Innovates. The opening
movement of Opus 77 No. 2 is as structurally complex and emotionally unsettling as anything he ever
wrote, alternating between a laconic opening theme and a tense and threatening counter theme which
comes to dominate the whole movement. Both quartets have fast scherzo-like “minuets”. The slow
movement of No. 1 is in traditional variation form but stretches the form to the limit in order to
accommodate widely contrasting textures and moods. The finale of No. 2 is swept along by a seemingly
inexhaustible stream of energy and inventiveness.

F. In fact, Haydn began the third quarter in this set but never finished it, and the two completed
movements were published in 1806 as Opus 103, his last published work. He was over 70 and clearly
lacked the strength to continue composition. The two existing movements are a slow movement
followed by a minute. The slow movement has a quiet warmth, but It is the minuet that is remarkable. It
is in true dance time, unlike the fast quasi-scherzos of the earlier quartets. But what a dance in a sombre
D minor Haydn unfolds an angular, ruthless little dance of death. The central trio section holds out a
moment of consolation, and then the dance returns, sweeping on relentlessly to the final sudden uprush
of sound. And then, after more than 40 years of composition the master falls silent.

Questions 30-32

Choose the appropriate letters A-D. Write them next to 30-32 on your answer sheet.

30 Which one of the following statements Is true?

A Haydn wrote the London Symphony In England

B We do not know where Haydn wrote the London Symphony

C Haydn wrote the London Symphony in Vienna

D Haydn wrote the Drum Roll Symphony in England

31 Like symphonies 103 and 104, the oratorios and masses were …

A written in the eighteenth century

B for the public

C as emotional as the quartets

D full of religious feeling

32 The string quartets in Opus 76 and Opus 77 were …

A the cause of a spiritual crisis

B intimate yet capable

C calm unease

D diverse

Questions 33-37

Complete the text below, which is a summary of paragraphs 3 and 4 in Reading Passage 3.

Choose your answers from the word list below. Write them In boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

There are more words and phrases than spaces, so you will not be able to use them all.

You may use each word or phrase only once.

Example: The six quarters of Opus 76 are very ____________.

Answer: different

For example, the opening of “The Sunrise” is not nearly as _____33____ as that of No.
2._____34_____those of the mid-eighteenth century, the minuets are more frenetic and less relaxed. It
is in the slow movements, however, that Haydn tried something very different. In contrast to No. 4, No,
1 if much ______35___ brusque, the former being much___36____,____37_____ , Nos. 5 and 6 are
alike in some respects.
Word List

Wide

Less

Different

More

long-breathed

unlike

similarly

Subdued

tense

like

conversely

quieter

Questions 38-40

Do the statements below agree with that information in Reading Passage 3?

In Boxes 38-40, write:

YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage

NO, if the statement contradicts the information In the passage

NOT GIVEN, If there Is no Information about the statement in the passage

38 Before the Opus 76 quartets were published, Haydn had been commissioned to write more.

39 The writer says that Opus 103 was Haydn’s last published work

40 The writer admires Haydn for the diversity of the music he composed.
Reading Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The politics of pessimism

Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age
has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra. People arc being assailed not just with contemporary doom, or
past gloom, but with prophecies of disasters about to befall. The dawn of the new millennium has now
passed; the earth is still intact, and the fin de siècle Jeremiahs have now gone off to configure a new
date for the apocalypse.

It can, I believe, be said with some certainty that the doom-mongers will never run out of business.
Human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues,
foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake. But what makes the modern age so different is that the
catastrophes are more “in your face”, Their assault on our senses is relentless. Whether it be
subconscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon people’s propensity for
unease, turning it into a very effective political tool.

Deluding the general public

All too often, when politicians want to change the status quo, they take advantage of people’s fears of
the unknown and their uncertainties about the future. For example, details about a new policy may be
leaked to the press. Of course, the worst-case scenario is presented in all its depressing detail. When the
general public reacts in horror, the government appears to cave in. And then accepting some of the
suggestions from their critics, ministers water down their proposals. This allows the government to get
what It wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on
the government. Or even that they have some say in the making of policy.,

There are several principles at play here. And both are rather simple: unsettle people and then play on
their fears; and second, people must be given an opportunity to make a contribution, however
insignificant, in a given situation; otherwise, they become dissatisfied, not fearful or anxious.

A similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily people’s base fears are exploited. A
common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no
change to a radical transformation of an area. The aim is to persuade people to agree on significant
modifications, which may involve disruption to their lives, and possibly extra expenditure. The
individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, Is
Invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market
research, But It is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of people’s fears.

Fear and survival

Fear and anxieties about the future affect us till. People are wracked with self-doubt and low self-
esteem. In the struggle to exist and advance in life, a seemingly endless string, of obstacles is
encountered, so ninny, in fact, that any accomplishment seems surprising. liven when people do suicide
they are still nagged by uncertainty

Not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety and pessimism arc usually associated with failure. Yet,
If properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius.

if things turn out well for a long time, there is further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something
to go wrong. People then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements,
performing before public performances, wearing a sort of particular clothes and colours so that they can
blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong,

But surely the real terror comes when success continues uninterrupted for such a long period of time
that we forget what failure Is like I

We crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, horror films and disaster movies have an increasing
appeal. Nostradamus pops his head up now and again, And other would-be prophets make a brief
appearance, predicting the demise of humankind. Perhaps this is all just a vestige of the hardships of
early man – our attempt to recreate the struggles of a past age, as it becomes more and more
comfortable.

Mankind cannot live by a content mind alone. And so, a world awash with atheism and pessimism has
been created. Being optimistic is a struggle. But survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.

Questions 1-5

Choose one phrase (A-K) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the
appropriate letters (A-K) in Boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of the points made by the
writer.

NB. There are more phrases (A-K) than sentences, so you wilt not need to use them all. You may use
each phrase once only.

Key points

1 Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins …

2 Doom-mongers are popular, because of people …

3 Today, catastrophes …

4 To politicians, people’s Inclination for fear…

5 The government…

List of phrases

A are not as threatening as In the past

B tell the truth

C blame them

D try to make us believe mistakenly that we are In a new era

E calm people down

F are uncertain about the future

G are less comfortable

H are natural pessimists and worriers

I are more Immediate

J get what they want by deceiving the public

K is something they can make use of

Questions 6-9

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them next to 6-9 on your answer sheet.

6 The housing development example shows that people …

A are not that easily deceived

B like market research

C lead their fears

D are easy to delude

7 Which one of the following statements is true, according to the passage?

A Market research uses people’s fears for their own good

B People are scared by market research techniques

C Market research techniques are used as a means of taking advantage of people’s fears

D Market research makes people happy

8 The engines of genius are …

A properly harnessed

B the driving force behind the success

C driven by feelings like fear

D usually associated with failure

9 Continual success …

A makes people arrogant

B worries people

C does not have any negative effects on people

D increases people’s self-esteem

Questions 10-14

Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?

In Boxes 10-14, write:

YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage

NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage

NOṬ GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage

Example: Politicians pretend things are worse than they are.

Answer: Yes.

10 The complex relationship between failure and success needs to be addressed carefully.

11 People perform certain rituals to try to avoid failure.

12 Anxiety in daily life is what we want.

13 The writer believes that Nostradamus and certain other prophets are right about their predictions for
the end of the human race.

14 Mankind needs to be pessimistic to survive.

Reading passage 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-28, which are bused on Rending Passage 2 below.

Caveat scriptor
A. Let the would-be writer beware! Anyone foolhardy enough to embark on a career as a writer –
whether it be an academic treatise, a novel, or even an article – should first read this!

B. People think that writing as a profession is glamorous; that it is just about sitting down and churning
out words on a page, or more likely these days on a computer screen. If only it were! So what exactly
does writing a book entail? Being a writer is about managing a galaxy of contradictory feelings: elation,
despair, hope, frustration, satisfaction, and depression – and not all separately! Of course, it also
involves carrying out detailed research: first to establish whether there is a market for the planned
publication, and second into the content of the book. Sometimes, however, instinct takes the place of
market research and the contents are dictated not by plans and exhaustive research but by experience
and knowledge.

C. Once the publication has been embarked upon, there is a long period of turmoil as the text takes
shape. A first draft is rarely the final text of the book. Nearly all books are the result of countless hours
of altering and reordering chunks of text and deleting the embarrassing bits. While some people might
think that with new technology the checking and editing process is speeded up, the experienced writer
would hardly agree. Unfortunately, advanced technology now allows the writer the luxury of countless
editings; a temptation many of us find hard to resist. So a passage, endlessly reworked may end up
nothing remotely like the original, and completely out of place when compared with the rest of the text.

D. After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to show the text to other people,
friends perhaps, for appraisal. At this stage, it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to
publishers, as it may need further fine-tuning of which the author is unaware. Once an agent has been
approached and has rejected a draft publication, it is difficult to go and ask for the revamped text to be
considered again. It also helps, at this stage, to offer a synopsis of the book, if it is a novel, or an outline
if it is a textbook. This acts as a guide for the author, and a general reference for friends and later for
agents.

E. Although it is tempting to send the draft to every possible agent at one time, it is probably unwise.
Some agents may reject the publication out of hand, but others may proffer some invaluable advice, for
example about the content or the direction to be taken. Hints like this may be of use in finally being
given a contract by an agent or publisher.

F. The lucky few taken on by publishers or agents, then have their books subjected to a number of
readers, whose job it is to vet a book: deciding whether it is worth publishing and whether the text as it
stands is acceptable or not. After a book has finally been accepted by a publisher, one of the greatest
difficulties for the writer lies in taking on board the publisher’s alterations to the text. Whilst the overall
story the thrust of the book may be acceptable, it will probably have to conform to an in-house style, as
regards language, spelling or punctuation, etc. More seriously, the integrity of the text may be
challenged, and this may require radical redrafting which is unpalatable to the author. A book’s creation
period is complex and unnerving, but the publisher’s reworkings and text amputations can also be a
tortuous process.

G. For many writers, the most painful period comes when the text has been accepted, and the writer is
waiting for it to be put together for the printer. By this stage, it is not uncommon for the writer to be
thoroughly sick of the text.

H. Abandon writing? Nonsense. Once smitten, it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and
write, despite the roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.

Questions 15-22

Complete the text below, which is a summary of the passage. Choose your answers from the Word List
below and write them in the blank spaces next to 15-22 on your answer sheet.

There are more words and phrases than spaces, so you will not be able to use them all. You may use
each word or phrase only once.

Example: Anyone who wants to be a writer should__________

Answer: beware.

People often associate writing with _______15__________. But being a writer Involves managing
conflicting emotions as well as _________16__________ or instinct. Advanced technology, contrary to
what might be thought, does not make the________17___________ faster.

When a writer has a draft of the text ready, It is a good idea to have a___________________
18_______for friends, etc. to look at. If an author Is accepted by a publisher, the draft of the book is
given to__________ 19______ for vetting,___________20.______ are then often made, which are not
easy for the writer to agree. However,_________21_______ is compelling, even though there
are_____________22_______ .

Wordlist

editing process

beware

readers

first draft

glamour

a literary agent
alterations

profession

publisher

challenges

writing

dictating

research

publishing

summary

ups and downs

roller-coaster

Questions 23 and 24

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them next to 23 and 24 on your answer sheet,

23 In the planning stages of a book, …

A Instinct can replace market research

B market research can replace instinct

C market research is essential

D instinct frequently replaces market research

24 The problem with the use of advanced technology in editing is that …

A it becomes different from the original

B it is unfortunate

C it is a luxury

D many writers cannot resist changing the text again and again

Questions 25-28

Complete the sentences below.

Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to complete each blank space.

Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 25-28 on your answer sheet

25 Once a text is finished, the writer needs to get the______________________ of other people.

26 Some agents may reject the draft of a book, while others may offer________________________ .

27 Apart from the need for a draft to conform to an in-house style, a publisher’s changes to a text may
Include.

28The publisher’s alterations to a book are difficult for a writer, as is

the__________________________as the book grows.

Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Leisure time
A. A raft of forecasts has been made in the recent decade, predicting the decline in the number of
working hours coupled with a consequent increase in leisure time. It was estimated that the leisure
revolution would take place by the turn of the last cent my with hours devoted to work railing to 25-30
per week, This reduction hits failed to materialise, but the revolution has, nonetheless, arrived.

B. Over the past 30 to 41 years, spending on leisure has witnessed a strong increase, According to the
annual family expenditure survey published in 1935 by the Office for National Statistics, the average
household in the United Kingdom spent more on leisure than food, housing and transport for the very
first time, and the trend is also set to continue upwards well into the present century.

C. The survey, based on a sample of 6,500 households showed, that the days are long gone when the
average family struggled to buy basic foods. As recently as 1969, family spending on food was
approximately one third compared to 17% now. Twelve years later, there was a noticeable shift towards
leisure with the percentage of household spending on leisure increasing to 9%, and that on food
declining to 26%.

D. The average household income in the UK in 1999 was £460 per week before tax, and average
spending was £352.20. Of the latter sum, £59.70 was spent on leisure and £58.90 on food. On holidays
alone, family expenditure was 6%, while in 1969 the proportion spent on holidays was just 2%. And
whereas the richest 10% lashed out 20% of their income in 1999 on leisure, the poorest spent 12%.

E. Among the professional and managerial classes, working hours have increased and, overall in the
economy, record numbers of people are in employment. As people work more, the appetite for leisure
activities has grown to compensate for the greater stress in life. The past 5 years alone have seen the
leisure business expand by 25% with a change in emphasis to short domestic weekend breaks and long-
haul short breaks to exotic destinations in place of long holidays. In the future, it is expected that people
will jump from one leisure activity to another in complexes catering for everyone’s needs with gyms,
cinemas, cafes, restaurants, bars and internet facilities all under one roof. The leisure complexes of
today will expand to house all the leisure facilities required for the leisure age.

F. Other factors fueling demand for leisure activities are rising prosperity, increasing longevity and a
more active elderly population. Hence, at the forefront of leisure spending are not just young or
professional classes. The 1999 family expenditure survey showed that the 64 to 75-year-old group spend
a higher proportion of their income on leisure than any other age group. The strength of the “grey
pound” now means that elderly people are able to command more respect and, thus, attention in the
leisure market.

G. And the future? It is anticipated that, in the years to come, leisure spending will account for between
a third to a half of all household spending. Whilst it is difficult to give exact figures, the leisure industry
will certainly experience a long period of sustained growth. Working hours are not expected to
decrease, partly because the 24-hour society will need to be serviced; and secondly, because more
people will be needed to keep the service/leisure industries running.

H. In the coming decades, the pace of change will accelerate, generating greater wealth at a faster rate
than ever before. Surveys show that this is already happening in many parts of Europe. The south-east
of England, for example, is now supposedly the richest area in the EEC. The “leisure pound” is one of the
driving forces behind this surge. But, sadly, it does not look as if we will have the long leisure hours that
we had all been promised.

Questions 29-35

Reading Passage 3 has 8 paragraphs (A-H).

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the appropriate numbers (i-xiv) in Boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet.

One of the headings has been done for you as an example.

You may use any heading more than once.

There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them,

Example: Paragraph D Answer: iv

29 Paragraph A

30 Paragraph B

31Paragraph C

32Paragraph E
33Paragraph F

34Paragraph G

35 Paragraph H

List of headings

i. Leisure spending goes up strongly

ii. Decreasing unemployment

iii. False forecasts

iv. Spending trends – leisure v food

v. More affordable food

vi. Leisure as an answer to stress

vii. Looking forward

viii. The leisure revolution – working hours reduced to 25

ix. The “grey pound” soars

x. Rising expenditure

xi. The elderly leisure market

xii. National Statisticians

xiii. Work, stress, and leisure all on the up

xiv. Money yes, leisure time no

Questions 36-40

Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 3? In Boxes 36-40, write:YES, if
the statement agrees with the information in the passage

NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage

NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage

Example: In recent decades, an increase in working hours was predicted.

Answer: No.

36 At the turn of the last century, weekly work hours dropped to 25.

37 Spending on leisure has gone up over the past three decades.

38 Long holidays have taken the place of long-haul short breaks.

39 In the future, people will pay less for the leisure facilities they use than they do today.

40 24-hour society will have a negative effect on people’s attitudes to work.