SHOP 112

Workshop Technology II
Machine Shop
Lab Manual

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DECEMBER, 2017
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENT

Experiment
Name of the Experiment Page No.
No.

- Introduction to Machine Shop 2

Study of Lathe Machine and Its Various Operations in Manufacturing

1. 8
parts.

Study of Milling Machine and Its Various Operations in Manufacturing

2. 16
gears.

Study of Shaping Machine and Its Various Operations in Manufacturing

3. 26
grooves.

4. Study of Drilling Machine and Its Various Operations. 29

Study of CNC Macine and Its Various Operations in Manufacturing

5. 31
parts.

Page | 1
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MACHINE SHOP
1.1 Introduction to Machine shop:
A place where hand tools and power-driven tools are used for making, finishing, or repairing
machines or machine parts or in other words a facility that has machines, machine tools for working
with metal other relatively hard materials such as some ferrous and nonferrous, composites, polymers,
etc,. Various kinds of machine shops make and repair all types of metal objects from machine tools,
dies and molds etc.
1.2 Introduction to Machining:
The machining is the broadest technological process used in manufacturing. Generally, in the field of
manufacturing, the term of Machining means removal of material from a raw material, by cutting small
chips, in order to obtain the desired shape and dimensions for final part. The machining is strictly
necessary when finished Part has to have very tight tolerances of Dimensions or when the roughness of
surfaces Need to be very smooth.
1.3 Machine Tool:
Machine tool is a non-portable power operated device in which the energy is utilized to produce
jobs of desired shape and size and surface finish by removing excess material from the formed blanks
in the form of chips with the help of cutting tools moved part the work surface. It is machining
equipment that cuts, shears, punches, presses, drills, rolls, grinds, sands, or forms metal, plastic, or
wood stock. It may be automatic or semi-automatic. Machine tools are generally power- driven metal
cutting or forming machines used to shape metals by:
• The removal of chips
• Pressing drawing or shearing
• Controlled electrical machining process
• Any machine tool has generally capability of
• Holding and supporting the work piece
• Holding and supporting a cutting tool
• Imparting a suitable movement (rotating or reciprocating) to the cutting tool or the work
• Feeding the cutting tool so that the desired cutting action and accuracy will be achieved
• The performance of any machine tool is generally stated in terms of its metal removal rate,
accuracy and repeatability.

1.4 Cutting Tool

A tool is a device or a piece of equipment which typically provides a mechanical advantage in
accomplishing a physical task, or provides an ability that is not naturally available to the user of a tool.
These tools are hand-held, portable powers, or manual tools.

1.5 Tool Materials

The various tool materials used in today's manufacturing operations are high-carbon steel, high-
speed steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, diamond & cubic boron nitride (CBN).

Types of Tool Materials:

• High Carbon steels
• High Speed Steels
• Cemented Carbides
• Medium Alloy steels
• Abrasives

Page | 2
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Diamonds
• Stellite Ceramics

1.5.1 High Carbon Steel

This material is one of the earliest cutting materials used in machining. It is however now
virtually superseded by other materials used in engineering because it starts to temper at about 220oC.
This softening process continues as the temperature rises. As a result, cutting using this material for
tools is limited to speeds up to 0.15 m/s for machining mild steel with lots of coolant. High carbon
steels are oil- or water-hardened plain carbon steels with 0.9 to 1.4 percent carbon content. They are
used for hand tools such as files and chisels, and only to a limited extent for drilling & turning tools.
They impart such properties to tools made from them that such tools maintain a keep edge & can be
used for metals that can be used for such metals that produce low tool-chip interface temperatures-for
example, aluminum, magnesium, copper, and brass. These tools, however, tend to soften at machining
speeds above 50 feet per minute (fpm) in mild steels.

1.5.2 High Speed Steel (HSS)

This range of metal contains about 7% carbon, 4% chromium plus additions of tungsten,
vanadium, molybdenum and cobalt. These metals maintain their hardness at temperature up to about
600, but soften rapidly at higher temperatures. These materials are suitable for cutting mild steel at
speeds up maximum rates of 0.8 m/s to 1.8 m/s. High-speed steel may be used at higher cutting speeds
(100 fpm in mild 20 steels) without losing their hardness. High-speed steel is sometimes used for lathe
tools when special tool shapes are needed, especially for boring tools. However, high-speed steel is
extensively used for milling cutters. These cutters usually have a longer working life.

1.5.3 Cast Alloys

These cutting tools are made of various nonferrous metals in a cobalt base. They can withstand
cutting temperatures of up to 760oC and are capable of cutting speeds about 60% higher than HSS.

1.5.4 Stellite
This is a cast alloy of Co (40 to 50%), Cr (27 to 32%), W (14 to 19%) and C (2%). Stellite is
quite tough and more heat and wear resistive than the basic HSS (18 – 4 – 1) But such stellite as cutting
tool material became obsolete for its poor grindability and especially after the arrival of cemented
carbides.

1.5.5 Cemented carbides (Cermets or Sintered Carbide)

Carbide, generally, is a chemical compound of carbon and a metal. This material usually
consists of tungsten carbide or a mixture of tungsten carbide, titanium, or tantalum carbide in powder
form, sintered in a matrix of cobalt or nickel. The term Carbide is commonly used to re-present to
cemented carbides, the cutting tools composed of tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, or tantalum
carbide & cobalt in various combinations. A typical composition of cemented carbide is 85 to 95 percent
of tungsten & the remainder a cobalt binder for the tungsten carbide powder. Cemented carbides are
extremely hard tool materials (above RA 90), have a high compressive strength & resist wear & rupture.
Coated carbide inserts are often used to cut hard or difficult-to-machine work pieces. Titanium carbide
(TiC) coating offers high wear resistance at moderate cutting speeds and temperatures. Aluminum oxide
(Al2O3) coating has high resistance to crater wear and reduces friction between the tool face and the
chip, thereby reducing the tendency for built-up edge.
Cemented carbides are the most widely used tool materials in the machining industry. They are
particularly useful for cutting tough alloy steels, which quickly break down high-speed tool steels. As
this material is expensive and has low rupture strength it is normally made in the form of tips which are
brazed or clamped on a steel shank. The clamped tips are generally used as throw away inserts.

Page | 3
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1.5.6 Coated Carbides

The cutting system is based on providing a thin layer of high wear-resistant titanium carbide
fused to a conventional tough grade carbide insert, thus achieving a tool combining the wear resistance
of one material with the wear resistance of another. These systems provide a longer wear resistance and
a higher cutting speed compared to conventional carbides.

1.5.7 Ceramics
Ceramic or “cemented oxide” tools are made primarily from aluminum oxide. Ceramics are
made by powder metallurgy from aluminum oxide with additions of titanium oxide and magnesium
oxide to improve cutting properties. Some manufacturers add titanium, magnesium, or chromium
oxides in quantities of 10% or less. The tool materials are molded at pressures over 4000 psi and sintered
at temperatures of approximately 30000F. This process partly accounts for the high density and
hardness of cemented oxide tools. These have a very high hot resistance and wear resistance and can
cut at very high speed. However, they are brittle and have little resistance to shock. Their use is therefore
limited to tips used for continuous high speed cutting on vibration-free machines. Cemented oxides
setups are rigid and free of vibration and are used as a replacement for carbide tools that are wearing
rapidly, but not to replace carbide tools that are breaking.

1.5.8 Diamonds Tools

Diamonds have limited application due to the high cost and the small size of the stones. They
are used on very hard materials to produce a fine finish and on soft materials especially those inclined
to clog other cutting materials. They are generally used at very high cutting speed with low feed and
light cuts. Due to the brittleness of the diamonds the machine has to be designed to be vibration free.
The tools last for 10 (up to 400) times longer than carbide based tools. Industrial diamonds are
sometimes used to machine extremely hard work pieces. Only relatively small removal rates are
possible with diamond tools, but high speeds are used and good finishes are obtained. Diamond tools
are particularly effective for cutting abrasive materials that quickly wear out other tool materials.
Nonferrous metals, plastics, and some nonmetallic materials are often cut with diamond tools.

1.5.9 Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN)

CBN is next to diamond in hardness and therefore can be used to machine plain carbon steels,
alloy steels, and gray cast irons with hardness’s of 45 RC and above. CBN inserts consist of a cemented
carbide substrate with an outside layer of CBN formed as an integral part of the tool. Tool life, finishes,
and resistance to cracking and abrasion make CBN a superior tool material to both carbides and
ceramics.

1.5.10 Abrasive:
Abrasive grains in various forms loose bonded into wheels and stone and embedded in papers
and cloths find wide application in industry. They are mainly used for grinding harder materials and
where a superior finish is desired on hardened or unhardened materials.

1.5.11 Elements of an Effective Tool:

• High hardness at elevated temperatures
• Wear resistance
• Strength to resist bulk deformation
• Consistent tool life
• Adequate thermal properties
• Correct geometry
• Consistent tool life
• Chemical stability

Page | 4
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1.5.12 There are 2 types of cutting tools

a) Single Point Cutting Tool:

The tool generally refers to a non-rotary cutting tool used in metal lathes, shapers, and planers.
Such cutters are also often referred to by the set-phrase name of single-point cutting tool. The cutting
edge is ground to suit a particular machining operation and may be resharpened or reshaped as needed.
The ground tool bit is held rigidly by a tool holder while it is cutting. Single-point tools are used in
turning, shaping and planning operations and similar operations to remove material by means of one
cutting edge.
Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the material which is to be cut, and the
tool must be able to withstand the heat generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the tool must have
a specific geometry, with clearance angles designed so that the cutting edge can contact the work piece
without the rest of the tool dragging on the work piece surface. The angle of the cutting face is also
important, as is the flute width, number of flutes or teeth, and margin size. In order to have a long
working life, all of the above must be optimized, plus the speeds and feeds at which the tool is run.

Fig.1 Showing parts & important angles cut on single point cutting tool
b) Multi Point Cutting Tool:
In multi-point cutting tool the multiple edges are used to remove the material. Multi point
cutting tools are used in Milling, drilling, reamers, slotting tool, wood ruff cutter, etc. most important

Page | 5
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

thing to remember is the cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the material which is to
be cut, and the tool must be able to withstand the heat generated in the metal-cutting process. Grinding
tools are also multipoint tools. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting
edge.
A multi-point cutting tool is regarded as a series of two or more cutting elements (chip
producing elements) secured to a common body. The term such as face, flanks, and cutting edge,
defined earlier for single-point tools, are applicable to multi-points tool as well. The commonly used
multi-point cutting tools are drills, reamers, milling cutters, broaches, wood ruff cutter, reamers, etc.

Fig.2 Multipoint cutting tools

Page | 6
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Fig.3 Showing parts & important angles of Multi Point Cutting Tools

Page | 7
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Experiment-1:
Study of Lathe Machine and Its Various Operations
Objectives:
• Become familiar with basic lathe operations.
• Experiencing various types of turning operations in lathe machine.

Introduction:
A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such
as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, etc. or deformation with tools that comes in contact with the work
piece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation. Lathes are used in woodturning,
metalworking, metal spinning, and in glass working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery as well. Most
suitably metalworking lathes can be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw
threads or helices. The material can be held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which
can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. Ornamental lathes can produce
three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. Machine shop personnel must be thoroughly
familiar with the lathe and its operations to perform various tasks.
Turning is the process whereby a center lathe is used to produce "solids of revolution". It can
be done manually, in a traditional form of lathe, which frequently requires continuous supervision by
the operator, or by using a computer controlled and automated lathe which does not. This type of
machine tool is referred to as having computer numerical control, better known as CNC and is
commonly used with many other types of machine tool besides the lathe.
When turning, a piece of material (wood, metal, plastic even stone) is rotated and a cutting tool
is traversed along 2 axes of motion to produce precise diameters and depths. Turning can be either on
the outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also known as boring) to produce tubular components to
various geometries. Although now quite rare, early lathes could even be used to produce complex
geometric figures, even the platonic solids; although until the advent of CNC it had become unusual to
use one for this purpose for the last three quarters of the twentieth century. It is said that the lathe is the
only machine tool that can reproduce itself.

Fig 1 : Engine Lathe with parts name

Page | 8
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Fig 2 : Engine Lathe

Fig 3 : Schematic view of the lathe machine

Different parts of Lathe Machine:

Bed: The bed is the base or foundation of the parts of the lathe. The main feature of the bed is the ways,
which are formed on the bed’s upper surface and run the full length on the bed. The ways keep the
tailstock and the carriage, which slide on them, in alignment with the headstock.

Page | 9
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Headstock: The headstock contains the headstock spindle and the mechanism for driving it.
Tailstock: The primary purpose of the tailstock is to hold the dead center to support one end of the
work being machined. However, the tailstock can also be used to hold tapered shank drills, reamers and
drill chucks.
Carriage: The carriage is the movable support for the cross-feed slide and the compound rest. The
compound rest carries the cutting tool in the tool post. The carriage has T-slot or tapped holes to use
for clamping work for boring or milling.
Feed Rod: The feed rod transmits power to the apron to drive the longitudinal feed and cross feed
mechanisms. The feed rod is driven by-the spindle through a train of gears.
Lead Screw: The lead screw is used for thread cutting. It has accurately cut ACME threads along its
length that engage the threads of half-nuts in the apron where the half-nuts are clamped over it. The
lead screw is driven by the spindle through a gear train.
Crossfeed Slide: The crossfeed slide is mounted to the top of the carriage in a dovetail and moves on
the carriage at a right angle to the axis of the lathe. A crossfeed screw allows the slide to be moved
toward or away from the in accurate increments.
Lathe Chucks: The lathe chuck is a device for holding lathe work. lt is mounted on the nose of the
spindle. The work is held by jaws which can be moved in radial slots toward the center of the chuck to
clamp down on the sides of the work.
The 4-jaw independent lathe chuck is the most practical chuck for general work. The four jaws are
adjusted one at a time, making it possible to hold work of various shapes and to adjust the center of the
work to coincide the axis of the spindle.
The 3-jaw universal chuck can be used only for holding round or hexagonal work. All three jaws
move in and out together in one operation and bring the work on center automatically.

Fig.4 Lathe chuck

Page | 10
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cutting Speed is defined as the Speed at which a point on the Surface of the work passes the cutting
edge or point of the tool and is normally given in m/min. Cutting speed can be calculated by using the
following formula:
V=πDN/1000 m/min
Where:
N = Spindle Speed (RPM)
D = Diameter of Work piece (mm)
V= Cutting Speed of metal (m/min)

Feed rate: Feed rate is used to describe the distance the tool moves per revolution of the work piece
and depends largely on the surface finish required. For roughing out a soft material a feed of up to 0.25
mm/rev may be used.
Cutting Tool for Lathe: There are various kinds of the cutting tools for a lathe which depends on the
type of work materials and shape of the parts. Fig; 5(a) shows the well-used cutting tool called a side
tool. The cutting tool shown in Fig. 5(b) is used at parting and grooving processes. The cutting tool
shown in Fig.5(c) is called a boring bar. It is used to cut at an inside surface. It can make a big hole,
which cannot be process by a drill and a high accurate hole.

Fig.5 cutting tool used in lathe machine

Various cutting operations that can be performed on a lathe:
1. Straight turning
2. Taper turning
3. Facing
4. Grooving
5. Boring
6. Threading
7. Knurling
8. Drilling
9. Countersinking
10. Counterboring

Page | 11
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Straight Turning:
In straight turning the feed of the tool is parallel to the axis of rotation of the job resulting in a straight
cylindrical shape.

Figure 6.1: Straight Turning

Taper Turning:
Instead of feed the tool parallel to the axis of rotation of the work, the tool is fed at an angle, thus
creating a taper cylinder or conical shape.

Figure 6.2: Taper Turning

Page | 12
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Facing:
The tool is fed radially into the rotating work on one end to create a flat surface on the end.

Figure 6.3: Facing

Grooving:
In this the shape of the cutting tool is imparted on the job. So it is also called form turning or forming.

Figure 6.4: Grooving

Boring:
A single point is fed linearly parallel to the axis of rotation, on the inside diameter of an existing hole
in the part.

Figure 6.5: Boring

Page | 13
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Threading:
A pointed tool is fed linearly across the outside surface of the rotating work part in a direction parallel
to the axis of rotation at a large effective feed rate, thus creating threads in the cylinder.

Figure 6.6: Threading

Drilling:
Drilling can be performed on a lathe by feeding the drill into the rotating work along its axis. Reaming
can be performed in a similar way.

Figure 6.7: Drilling

Knurling Operation:
Knurling is an operation performed on the lathe to generate serrated surface on the work piece. This is
used to produce a rough surface for griping like the barrel of the micrometer. This is done by a special
tool called knurling tool. Which has a set of hardened rollers with the desired serrations. There are 3
different knurling operations such as diamond, angled and straight.

Fig.6.8 Knurling Operation

Page | 14
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Figure 7: Different types of turning operations

Precautions:

• Never turn on the lathe machine when the tool and work piece is in contact.
• Wear shoes and apron to protect skin from heated chips.
Assignments:
1. Differentiate between Facing and Knurling operation.
2. Explain the function of Jaw in lathe work.
3. Explain why high RPM does not mean high cutting speed?
4. What are the ways of taper turning in a lathe machine?
5. What operations will you need to use in the Engine Lathe to make the following parts:

Page | 15
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Experiment-2
Study of Different Types of Milling Operations in Order to Make
a Gear
Objectives:

• Become familiar with basic milling operations

• Get firsthand experience at trying to maintain tolerances in machining.
• Learn to calculate cutting speed, material removal rate, spindle horsepower etc.
• Become familiar with different types of milling cutters.
Introduction:
Milling machine is one of the most versatile conventional machine tools with a wide range of metal
cutting capability. Many complicated operations such as indexing, gang milling, and straddle milling
etc. can be carried out on a milling machine. Milling machines are among the most versatile and
useful machine tools due to their capabilities to perform a variety of operations.
They can be broadly classified into the following types:
Column and Knee type milling machines:
Used for general purpose milling operations, column and knee type milling machines are the most
common milling machines. The spindle to which the milling cutter is may be
Horizontal Milling Machine
Vertical Milling Machine.
Universal milling Machine

Bed type Milling Machines:

In bed type machines, the work table is mounted directly on the bed, which replaces the knee, and can
move only longitudinally. These machines have high stiffness and are used for high production work.
Planer Milling Machines:
Planer machines are similar to bed type machines but are equipped with several cutters and heads to
mill various surfaces.
Rotary Table Milling Machines:
Rotary table machines are similar to vertical milling machines and are equipped with one or more
heads to do face milling operations.
Tracer Controlled Milling Machines:
Tracer controlled machines reproduce parts from a master model. They are used in the automotive
and aerospace industries for machining complex parts and dies.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Milling Machines:
Various milling machine components are being replaced rapidly with computer numerical control
(CNC) machines. These machine tools are versatile and are capable of milling, drilling, boring and
tapping with repetitive accuracy.
Special Purpose Milling Machine:
Example: A five-axis profile milling machine having three principal linear movement and two
angular movements of machine components

Page | 16
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Horizontal Milling Machine:

Fig.1 Horizontal Milling Machine

Parts
Column:
The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gearbox, the clutches, the shafts, the pumps, and
the shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected
speed.

Knee:
The knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and to provide an up or down
motion along the Z axis.

Saddle:
The saddle consists of two slide ways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90º to each
other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws.

Table:
The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table
are some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures.

Arbor:
The arbor is an extension of the spindle for mounting cutters. Usually, the thread end of an arbor is
of left-hand helix.

Page | 17
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Vertical Milling Machine:

Fig.2 Vertical Milling Machine

Parts
Column:
The column houses the spindle, the bearings, the gearbox, the clutches, the shafts, the pumps, and
the shifting mechanisms for transmitting power from the electric motor to the spindle at a selected
speed.

Knee:
The knee mounted in front of the column is for supporting the table and to provide an up or down
motion along the Z axis.

Saddle:
The saddle consists of two slide ways, one on the top and one at the bottom located at 90º to each
other, for providing motions in the X or Y axes by means of lead screws.

Table:
The table is mounted on top of the saddle and can be moved along the X axis. On top of the table
are some T-slots for the mounting of workpiece or clamping fixtures.

Milling head:
The milling head consisting the spindle, the motor, and the feed control unit is mounted on a swivel
base such that it can be set at any angle to the table.

Ram:
The ram on which the milling head is attached can be positioned forward and backward along the
slide ways on the top of the column.

Page | 18
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Milling Methods:

Up Milling:
In up cut milling, the cutter rotates in a direction opposite to the table feed as illustrated in the
following Figure. It is conventionally used in most milling operations because the backlash between
the lead screw and the nut of the machine table can be eliminated.

Fig.3 Up Cut Milling

Down Milling:
In down cut milling, the cutter rotates in the same direction as the table feed as illustrated in the
following Figure. This method is also known as Climb Milling and can only be used on machines
equipped with a backlash eliminator or on a CNC milling machine. This method, when properly
treated, will require less power in feeding the table and give a better surface finish on the workpiece.

Fig.4 Down Cut Milling

Page | 19
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Milling Operations:
Milling operations are classified into two major categories

Peripheral Milling
Generally, in a plane parallel to the axis of the cutter
Cross section of the milled surface corresponds to the contour of the cutter.

Fig.5 Peripheral Milling

Face Milling
Generally, at right angles to the axis of rotation of the cutter
Milled surface is flat and has no relationship to the contour of the cutter
Combined cutting action of the side and face of the milling cutter

Fig.6 Face Milling

Slab milling:
A milling operation that uses a cylindrical mill on an axis parallel to the worktable to create a flat
surface.

Fig.7 Slab Milling

Page | 20
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Slotting:
A milling operation that cuts a narrow ridge into the surface of a work piece.

Fig.8 Slotting
Slitting:
A rotary tool-steel cutting tool with peripheral teeth, used in a milling machine to remove material
from the work piece through the relative motion of work piece and cutter.

Fig.9 Slitting
Form milling:
A milling operation that uses a mill with a unique shape to create that shape into the work piece.

Fig.10 Form Milling

Page | 21
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Milling Cutter Types

Fig.11 Various Milling Cutters

INDEXING:
It is defined as the method of dividing the circumference of the circular work piece into equally
spaced divisions. Indexing head are of three types
Plain or Simple Indexing Head
Universal Dividing Head
Optically Dividing Head
Methods of Indexing:
Direct or Rapid Indexing
Simple or plain Indexing
Compound Indexing
Differential Indexing
Angular Indexing

Simple or Plain Indexing:

In this Indexing, the work piece is rotated by turning the crank as shown. When the crank is rotated
the worm, shaft rotates causing the worm to drive the worm wheel and consequently the spindle to
turn. As spindle rotates, the work piece that is secured to spindle by means of a suitable holding
device which also rotates.

Page | 22
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Compound Indexing:
In this type of indexing is employed in those cases when the number of divisions required on the
work piece cannot be obtained with the simple or plain index method. This method involves two
separate indexing movements that give the name compound indexing method. This is performed in
two stages:
1. The first movement is obtained by turning the work a definite amount in one direction in same
way as in simple indexing.
2. The second index movement is obtained by turning the indexing plate along the crank.

Differential Indexing:
This is similar to compound indexing where the required division of the periphery of job is obtained
by the combination of two movements
1) The movement of Indexing crank through the required number of spaces in one of whole circle
of index plate as in case of simple indexing.
2) The simultaneous movement of index plate along with cranks either in same direction or reverses
direction.

Formulae Necessary for Calculations:

1000𝑉
Spindle Speed, N = 𝜋𝐷
Where N = R.P.M. of the cutter
V = Linear cutting speed of the material in m/min
D = Diameter of cutter in mm

Table feed rate, f= ft. N. n

Material removal rate, MRR= w. d. f

Where,
f = Table feed in mm/min
ft = Movement per tooth of cutter in mm or chip load in mm/tooth
n = No. of teeth of cutter end
N = R.P.M. of the cutter
w = Width of cut
d = Depth of cut

Aim:
To cut a spur gear tooth on a given circular blank by gear cutting processes.

Tools required:
Horizontal milling machine, Spur gear cutter, vernier caliper, gear tooth vernier, indexing
attachment.

Sequence of Operations:
1) Gear blank obtained by turning casted circular rod to desired dimensions with help of lathe.
2) A hole of 15mm is drilled exactly at the face center of the turning bar to the desired depth.
3) The blank of 25 mm width and 81mm external diameter and 15mm is parting off form the bar.
4) Select suitable cutter for spur gearing of module 2mm.
5) The gear blank is fixed in between dead center and dividing head center of the milling machine
table.

Page | 23
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

6) Select suitable index plate and fix properly in the dividing head.
7) Raise the milling machine table by elevating screw, it will approach the cutter and check the
alignment of the gear blank and the cutter and check the table moment limits for both transverse and
cross feed.
8) Select the cutting speed of m/mm shifting, shifting speed lever and feed lever of the milling
machine in milling head.
9) Switch on the machine, check for direction of cutter with respect to work piece.
10) Feed the gear blank against the rotating cutter by manual feeding of table by giving depth of cut
in twice or thrice.
11) After completion of each tooth of gear, gear blank is moved away from the cutter.
12) Form dividing head suitable method of indexing is adopted to get the equal number is visions or
made on gear blank according to indexing calculations.
13) Now move the sector arm of the dividing head to the next point and rotate the crank of dividing
head to the desired number of rotation and move the crank pin on desired number of holes of the
index plate to exact number of equal divisions on the gear blank.
14) Again, the gear blank is fed on the rotating cutter and second teeth are completed by following
step number 9.
15) Supply suitable cutting fluids at the time of machining and wear safety devises while machining
is going on.

Observations & Calculation:

No. of Teeth cut on gear blank is (N)……..(ex: 30 )
Blank diameter = (Z +2) M
Where Z = no. of teeth

Page | 24
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Simple indexing :
1
No. of turns of index crank= 40 / 𝑁 = 40 / 30 = 1 3

Multiply by 9

1 9 9
1 X =1
3 9 27

i.e. each time, after cutting one teeth, the crank is given one complete rotation and crank pin can be
moved by 9 holes on 27th hole circle of index plate.

Depth of cut = 2.25 X M M = Module = 2mm

Tooth depth = 2.25 X 2 = 4.5mm

Page | 25
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Experiment-3:
Study of Shaping Machine and Its Various Operations
Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to get familiar with shaper machine, its operation and calculation of
material removal rate.

Introduction:
A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the work piece and
a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear tool path. The shaper is a relatively simple machine. It is
used fairly often in the tool room or for machining one or two pieces for prototype work. Tooling is
simple, and shapers do not always require operator attention while cutting. A shaping machine is used
to machine flat surface. It can cut grooves, angles and many other shapes. The Main Function of shaper
is to generate a flat surface by combination of linear movement of cutting tool and work piece.
Shaping is where the work piece is fed at right angles to the cutting motion between successive
strokes of the tool. Shaping and planners among the oldest techniques used and Shapers are where the
work piece is fed at right angles to the cutting motion between successive strokes of the tool. In Planners
the work piece is reciprocated and the tool is fed at right angles to the cutting motion. These processes
require skilled operators and for the most part have been replaced by other processes
The horizontal shaper is the most common type and its principal components are shown below
and described as follows:

Fig.1 Horizontal Shaper Machine

Parts of Shaper:

Base:
It is a heavy and robust cast iron body. The base supports the column or pillar which supports all the
working parts such as ram, work-table, drive mechanism etc.

Page | 26
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Column or Pillar:
The column is a ribbed casting of cellular construction. The ram slide ways are provided on the top
of the column while the table slide ways are machined on the front. The crank and slotted link
mechanism that drives the ram is contained within the column. The driving motor, variable speed
gear box, levers, handles and other controls of shaper are also contained in the column.

Ram:
Ram is a rigidly braced casting and is located on the top of the column. The ram slides back and
forth in dovetail or square ways to transmit power to the cutter. The starting point and the length of
the stroke can be adjusted using stroke positioning mechanism and the down feed mechanism.

Tool head:
It is the device which holds the tool. The tool head slides in a dovetail at the front of the ram by
means of T-bolt sand is fastened to the ram on a circular plate so that it can be rotated for making
angular cuts. It can swivel from 0° to 90° in a vertical plane. The tool head can be raised or lowered
by hand feed for vertical cuts on the work piece by its hand crank for precise depth adjustments.

Clapper Box:
The clapper box is needed because the cutter drags over the work on the return stroke. The clapper
box is hinged so that the cutting too] will not dig in. Often this clapper box is automatically raised
by mechanical, air, or hydraulic action.

Cross Rail:
The Cross rail is a heavy casting attached to the column at its front on the vertical guide ways. It
carries the horizontal table slide ways. The cross rail can be raised or lowered by means of an
elevating screw in order to compensate for different thicknesses of work.

Table:
It is made of cast iron and has box type construction. It holds and supports the work during the
operation and slides along the cross rail to provide feed to the work. T-slots are provided on its top
and sides for securing the work to it. The table is moved left and right, usually by hand, to position
the work under the cutter when setting up. Then, either by hand or more often automatically, the
table is moved sideways to feed the work under the cutter at the end or beginning of each stroke.

Saddle:
The saddle moves up and down (Y axis), usually manually, to set the rough position of the depth of
cut. Final depth can be set by the hand crank on the tool head.

Tool holders:
Tool holders are the same as the ones used on at engine lathe, though often larger in size. The cutter
is sharpened with rake and clearance angles similar to lathe tools though the angles are smaller
because the work surface is usually flat. These cutters are fastened into the tool holder.

Work holding:
Work holding is frequently done in a vise. The vise is specially designed for use in shapers and has
long ways which allow the jaws to open up to 14" or more, therefore quite large work pieces can be
held. The vise may also have a swivel base so that cuts may be made at an angle. Work that cannot
be held in the vise (due to size or shape) is clamped directly to the shaper table in much the same
way as parts are secured on milling machine tables.

Page | 27
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Quick Return Mechanism

The shaping machine is used to machine is used to machine flat metal surfaces especially where
a large amount of metal has to be removed. Other machines such as milling machines are much more
expensive and are more suited to removing smaller amounts of metal very accurately.
The reciprocating motion of the mechanism inside the shaping machine can be seen in the
diagram. As the disc rotates the top of the machine moves forwards and backwards pushing a cutting
tool. The cutting tool removes the metal from work which is carefully bolted down.

Fig.2 Quick return mechanism for shaper

Various cutting operations that can be performed on a Shaping Machine

Assignment:
a) Explain quick return mechanism with neat
b) Discuss how rotary motion transforms into linear motion in this mechanism.

Page | 28
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Experiment-4:
Study of Drilling Machine and Its Various Operations
Introduction:
A drill press is preferable to a hand drill when the location and orientation of the hole must be
controlled accurately. A drill press is composed of a base that supports a column, the column in turn
supports a table. Work can be supported on the table with a vise or hold down clamps or the table
can be swiveled out of the way to allow tall work to be supported directly on the base. Height of the
table can be adjusted with a table lift crank than locked I place with a table lock. The column also
supports a head containing a motor. The motor turns the spindle at a speed controlled by a variable
speed control dial. The spindle holds a drill chuck to hold the cutting tools (drill bits, center drills,
deburring tools etc.)

Fig.1 Drilling Machine

Parts of Drilling Machine:

Base:
The base is made of cast iron and so can withstand vibrations. It may be mounted on a bench or on the
floor. It supports all the other parts of the machine on it.
Column:
The column stands vertically on the base at one end. It supports the work table and the drill head. The
drill head has drill spindle and the driving motor on either side of the column.
Table:
The table is mounted on the vertical column and can be adjusted up and down on it. The table has ‘T’-
slots on it for holding the workpieces or to hold any other work holding device. The table can be
adjusted vertically to accommodate workpieces of different heights and can be clamped at the required
position.
Drill head:
Drill head is mounted on the top side of the column. The drill spindle and the driving motor are
connected by means of a V-belt and cone pulleys. The motion is transmitted to the spindle from the
motor by the belt. The pinion attached to the handle meshes with the rack on the sleeve of the spindle
for providing the drill the required down feed. There is no power feed arrangement in this machine.
The spindle rotates at a speed ranging from 50 to 2000 r.p.m.

Page | 29
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Various operations that can be performed on a Drilling Machine

Figure 2: Various operations that can be performed on a Drilling Machine

Different type of drilling bits:

Figure 3: Different type of drilling bits

Assignment:
a) Drill bit is a single point cutting tool or multi point cutting tool?
b) Describe the procedure to make the part:

9mm
4mm

6mm 4mm

3mm 4mm

Page | 30
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Experiment-5:
Study of Drilling Machine and Its Various Operations
Introduction:
A new technique for controlling the machine / production tools, the Numerical Control (NC)
was developed in mid-50's. Prior to this, all the machine / production tools were manually operated and
controlled. Quality of the products produced by manually operated machines is totally dependent on
the skills and mind status of the human operator. Numerical control machines are more accurate than
manually operated machines, can produce components more uniformly, faster and in the long-run
tooling costs are smaller but the initial investment is higher.
Numerical Control (NC) has been defined by the Electronic industries Association (EIA) as 'a
system in which actions are controlled by direct insertion of numerical data at some point'. This s -stern
automatically interprets symbolic instructions (numerical dai3) to control machine tools and other
manufacturing systems. Symbolic instructions or the numerical data required to produce a part is called
a 'part program'.
Traditionally, in "the NC machining, part drawing of the component to be machined is studied
by the NC programmer who translates the information on the drawing to the necessary programme
which issues operational instructions to the machine tools. The programme represents the path or action
at every momment that the machine tool must take to properly machine the part as described by the
engineering drawing.
In the initial stages of NC development the programmed instructions stored on punched tapes
where interpreted by electromechanical tape readers connected to the machine tool. The main problem
with tapes was that it was very difficult to change the instructions on the tape. Even to make very minor
instructions in the programme, new tape had to be made in addition to interrupting machining.
Operations. Another draw-back of using the tapes was that they had to be run as many times as the
number of components required, which decreased the life of tape.
With rapid developments in computer technology and its capabilities, the problems associated
with punched paper/plastic tape were solved. Rapid development in computer technology extended
numerical control (NC) to direct numerical control (dNC), computer numerical control (CNC) and
distributed numerical control (DNC).

Various components present in NC machine tool are:

• Machine tool.
• Machine Control Unit (MCU).
• Communication interface and accessories

The machine tool may be any type of machine tool used in the manufacturing industry. Machine
control unit (MCV) is the control unit that reads and interprets the numerical data/part programme from
the tap or any other media and passes on this information in the form of electrical signals to various
activators / drive mechanisms of the machine to operate the machine tool in the desired way.
Numerical control Machines are classified based on the type of motion control. the presence of
feed-back loops, the power drives the positioning system used and the number of axes of motion which
can be controlled.

Numerical-Control Programming:

Coordinate Systems:
In an NC system, each axis of motion is equipped with a separate driving source that replaces
the hand wheel of the conventional machine. The driving source can be a DC motor, a stepping motor,
or a hydraulic actuator. The source selected is determined mainly based on the precision requirements
of the machine.

Page | 31
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The relative movement between tools and workpieces is achieved by the motion of the machine
tool slides. The three main axes of motion are referred to as the X, Y. and Z axes. The Z axis is
perpendicular to both the X and Y axes in order to create a right-hand coordinate system.A positive
Motion in the Z direction moves the cutting tool away from the workpiece. This is detailed as follows:

Z AXIS
1. On a workpiece -rotating machine, such as a lathe, the Z axis is parallel in the spindle, and the positive
Motion moves the tool away from the workpiece.
2. On a tool-rotating machine, such as a milling or boring machine, the Z axis is parallel to the tool
axis, and the positive motion moves the tool away from the workpiece.
3. On other machines, such as a press, a planing machine, or shearing machine, the Z axis is
perpendicular to the tool set, and the positive motion increases the distance between the tool and the
workpiece.

X AXIS
1. On a lathe, the X axis is the direction of tool movement, and the positive motion moves the tool away
from the workpiece
2. On a horizontal milling machine, the X axis is parallel to the table.
3. On a vertical milling machine, the positive X axis points to the right when the prorammer is facing
the machine.

The Y axis is the axis left in a standard Cartesian coordinate system.

Page | 32
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The function of each NC word (code) and their applications are discussed in what follows:

N-code.
A part program block usually begins with an “N” word. The N word specifies the sequence number. It
is used to identify the block within the program. It is especially useful for program editing. For example,
when the format is “4” a proper sequence number would be N00I0 It is a good practice to program N
values in increments of 10 or greater. This allows additional blocks to be inserted between two existing
blocks.

G-code.
The G-code is also called preparatory code or word. It is used to prepare the MCU for control functions.
It indicates that a given control function is requested or that a certain unit or default be taken. There are
modal functions and non-modal functions. Modal functions are those that do not change after they have
been specified once, such as unit selection. Non modal functions are active in the block where they are
specified. For example, circular interpolation is a non-modal function. Some Commonly used G codes:

Some of these functions are explained in what follows. G00 is the rapid traverse code that makes the
machine move at maximum speed. It is used for positioning motion. When G01. G02, or G03 are
specified, the machine moves at the feed speed. G01 is linear interpolation; G02 and G03 are for circular
interpolation. For circular interpolation, the tool destination and the circle center are programmed in
one block. G04(dwell) is used to stop the motion for a time specified in the block. G08 and G09 codes
specify acceleration and deceleration, respectively. They are used to increase (decrease) the speed of
motion (feed speed) exponentially to the desired speed. Before an abrupt turn, decelerate the tool. Rapid
acceleration in the new direction may cause a tool to break. The best accuracy can be obtained with
acceleration and deceleration codes on and set to lower values. Most NC controllers interpolate circles
on only XY. YZ, and XZ planes. The interpolation plane can be selected using G 17, G18 or G 19.
When a machine is equipped with thread-cutting capability, (G33-G35), the part program must specify
the proper way to cut the thread. Codes G4O-G43 deal with cutter compensation. They simplify the
cutter-center offset calculation. Most canned cycles are manufacturer defined. They include drilling,
peck drilling, spot drilling, milling, and profile turning cycles. The machine-tool manufacturer may
assign them to one of the nine G codes reserved for machine manufacturers (GS)-G89). A user also can
program the machine using either absolute (G90) or incremental (G91) coordinates. In the same
program, the coordinate system can be changed. In order to simplify the presentation, most of the
examples given in this chapter use absolute coordinate. Many controllers also allow the user to use
either inch units (G70) or metric units (G71). Because hardwired NC circular interpolators work only
in one quadrant and many CNC systems allow full-circle interpolation, a (G74) code emulates NC
circular interpolation for CNC controllers. G75 returns the CNC back to the full-circle circular
interpolation mode

Page | 33
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

X, Y, Z, A, B and C-Codes.
These words provide the coordinate positions of the tool. X, Y and Z define the three translational
(Cartesian) axes of a machine. A. B. C are used for the three rotational axes about the X, Y, and Z axes.
For a three axis there can be only three translational axes. Most applications only require X. Y.and Z
codes in part programs. However, for four-, five-, or six-axis machine tools. A, B, and C are also used.
The coordinates may be specified in decimal number (decimal programming) or integer number (BLU
programming). For a controller with a data format of "3.4", to move the cutter to (1.12,2.275, 1.0) the
codes are :
X1.1200 Y2.2750 Z1.OOO
In BLU programming, the programmer also may need to specify leading zero(s), or trailing-zero
formats. A leading-zero format means that zeros must be entered in the space proceeding the numeric
value. In this format, the controller locates the decimal point by counting the digits from the beginning
of a number. In trailing-zero format, it is reversed. The number specified is in the BLU unit. The data
format "3.4" implies that a BLU equals 0.0001 in. (fourth decimal place). By using the data from
preceding example, the leading-zero program would be
X.0112 Y002275 Z00l
In the trailing-zero format, the program looks like
X.11200 Y22750 Z10000
For circular motion, more information is needed. A circular is defined by the start and end points, the
center, and the direction. Because the start point is always the current tool position, only the end point,
the circle center. And the direction needs to be specified. I, J. and K words are used to specify the
center. Usually, circular interpolation works only on either X- Y, Y-Z. or X-Z planes. When
interpolating a circular are on the X- Y plane, the I word provides the X. coordinate value of the circle
center and the J word provides the Y coordinate value. X and Y words specify the end point. Clockwise
or counterclockwise motions me specified by the G-code (G02 versus G03). There are many variations
in circular interpolation programming. Each NC controller vendor has its own form and formal. Also,
they can depend on the combination of absolute or incremental, full-circle on or off modes. The
following example is based on absolute programming with full circle on for a hypothetical controller.

M-Code.
The M-code is called the miscellaneous word and is used 10 control miscellaneous functions of the
machine. Such functions include turn the spindle on/off, start/stop the machine, turn on/off the coolant,
change the tool, and rewind the program. M00 and M01 both stops the machine in the middle of a
program. M01 is effective only when the optional stop button on the control panel is depressed. The
program can be resumed through the control panel. M02 marks the end of the program. M03 turns on
the spindle (clockwise). The spindle rpm must be specified in the same line or in a previous line. M04
is Similar to M03, except it turns the spindle on counterclockwise. M05 turns off the spindle. M06
signals the tool-change operation. On a machine equipped with an automatic tool changer, it stops the
spindle, retracts the spindle to the tool-change position, and then changes the tool to the one specified
in the T -code. M07 and M08 turn on different modes of coolant. MO9 turns off the coolant. M30 marks
the end of the tape. It stops the spindle and rewinds the program. On some controllers, more than one
M-code is allowed in the same block.

Page | 34
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Making a part by CNC:

The part drawing shown in Figure is to he machined from a 4-in. x 4-in.x 2-in, work piece. The work
piece material is low-carbon steel.
We will use a hypothetical 3-axis CNC machining center for the process.

The process plan for the part is as follows:

1. Set the lower left bottom corner of the part as the machine zero point (floating-zero programming).
2. Clamp the work piece in a vice.
3. Mill the slot with a ¾-in four flute flat, end mill made of carbide. Form the machine ability data hand
book, the recommended feed in 0.005 in./tooth/rev and the recommended cutting speed is 620 fpm.
4. Drill two holes with a 0.75-in –diameter twist drill. Use 0.18-ipr feed and 100-rpm speed.

The cutting parameters need be converted into rpm and ipm. Milling:

Page | 35
 DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

For the milling operation, the cutter is smaller than the slot, and two passes are required. The cutter first
moves to p1 (the prime denotes the upper point). There must be clearance between the cutter and the
workpiece, so that the cutter will not touch the workpiece during rapid positioning. We will use 0.1in
as the clearance. The cutter then plunges down to p1, which is on the slot bottom level. Both p2 and p3
are outside the workpiece to ensure the slot edges are completely cut. The center of the cutter overhangs
the edge by 0.1 in. The cutter moves to p4 from p3 to clear the slot. p5 is the beginning of a circular
interpolation and p6 is the end. From p6, the cutter moves to p7 to clear the center of the circular area
and then moves to p8. After the milling operation, a drill is installed in the spindle through an automatic
tool change. The two holes are drilled using a drilling cycle.

Combining the information from the process plan and the cutter-location data, a part program can be
written. A step-by-step explanation is presented on the right-hand side of the figure. The part program
is Verified using a program called Mac CNCS.

Assignments:
1. What is NC machine?
2. What are the advantages of using NC machine over traditional machine tools?
3. What is "part program" used in CNC machine?
4. Write down the functions of few G codes like G01, G02 G03,G04 etc.
5. N0100 G02 X9.000 Y8.000 I5.000 J2.000 F6.000 Explain each. term for this block of part program.

Page | 36