PEMETAAN DIGITAL

( Digital Mapping )

Dodi Sukmayadi Wiradisastra

Program Studi Geodesi, Fakultas Teknik,

Universitas Pakuan Bogor

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 1

 Part 09 (Continuation of Part 08)

VECTOR DATA MODEL OF

GEOSPATIAL DATABASE FOR GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND
DIGITAL MAP PRODUCTION

© 2018 Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 2

 GEOINFORMATIC PRODUCTION MODEL:
Collect, Process, Manage, Analyse, Design, Present, Disseminate

Web GIS

© 2020 Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 3

 DIGITAL MAPPING: GEO-REFERENCE BASE DIGITAL MAPPING : GEOSPATIAL DIGITAL MAPPING : SEAMLESS GEOSPATIAL DATABASE
GEOSPATIAL DATA ACQUISITIONS DATA PROCESSING PRODUCTION, MANAGEMENT, AND DISSEMINATION

Spaceborne (Satellite / Space

Shuttle) Surveys: Vertical /
Oblique Camera, SAR, If-SAR Geospatial Database
Dissemination Portal

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

Airborne (Airplane / Helicopter http://tanahair.indonesia.go.id
/ UAV) Surveys: Vertical /
Oblique Camera, LiDAR, If-SAR Base Geospatial Data :
1. Coastline
2. Hypsographic
3. Hydrographic
4. Geographic Name
5. Admin. Border
6. Transportation
Terrestrial (Mobile / Fix / 7. Building
Static) Surveys: Multi-Oblique 8. Land Cover
Camera, LiDAR

GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM:

• Horizontal & Vertical;
• Gravity & Ocean Tide.
GEODETIC REFERENCE SERVICES:
Airborne / Terrestrial
• CORS, Kinematics;
Hydrographic Surveys: Multi- • Geoid, e-Tide;
Beam Echosounder, LiDAR • Geodynamic.
Geospatial Database Statistical Database

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 4

 DIGITAL
DIGITAL MAPPING : SEAMLESS GEOSPATIAL DATABASE
CARTOGRAPHIC
PRODUCTION, MANAGEMENT, AND DISSEMINATION
MAPS:
• Vector data
model.
• 2D / 3D
Dimension.

Geospatial Database
Dissemination Portal

http://tanahair.indonesia.go.id DIGITAL GEOSPATIAL

DATABASE:
• Vector-Topological
data model.
• 2D / 3D Dimension
• Relational Attribute
Database.

DIGITAL ELEVATION
MODEL (DEM):
• Raster data model.
• Vector TIN (Triangulated
Irregular Network)
Topological data model .

DIGITAL ORTHO-IMAGE MAPS:

• Raster data model in Multi-
Channel mode.
Geospatial Database Statistical Database • Raster data model in
Composite mode.

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 5

 GEOSPATIAL RELATIONAL DATABASE OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Geospasial Database Where (location / position) ? Why ? How ? Attribute Database
(Topological Data Model) Accessed via Web-Internet (On-Line) (Relational Data Model)

112
110
113
111

One to Many
Relationships

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 6

VECTOR TOPOLOGY DATA MODEL

Topological models, Figure (b) above create an intersection and place

a node at each line crossing, record connec-tivity and adjacency, and
maintain information on the relationships between and among At eachline crossing there must be an intersection. Polygons can
points, lines, and polygons in spatial data. also be nonplanar, as shown at the bottom left of Figure above.
Two polygons overlap slightly at an edge. This may be due to an
Topological vector models may vary, and enforce particular types of error; for example, the two polygons share a boundary but have
topological relationships. Planar topology requires that all features been recorded with an overlap, or there may be two areas that
occur on a two-dimensional surface. overlap in some way.
There can be no overlaps among lines or polygons in the same layer, If topological planarity is enforced, these two polygons must be
see Figure above-right. When planar topology is enforced, lines may resolved into three separate, nonoverlapping polygons. Nodes are
not cross over or under other lines. placed at the intersections of the polygon boundaries.

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 7

 GEOSPATIAL TOPOLOGICAL DATA MODEL STORED IN RELATIONAL DATABASE

One to One
Relationships

One to One, and One

1 to Many Relationships
2
1
2 3

1 Locational and attribute

data for lines stored in
two normalised tables.
Imaginary
topographic map
showing point,
line, and area
features.
© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 8
GEOSPATIAL TOPOLOGICAL DATA MODEL & STRUCTURE IN ESRI ArcGIS Coverage

In two dimensional feature space, there are three classes of spatial

objects, namely point, line and polygon. These objects are referred to as
feature classes in ESRI ARC/INFO GIS Software (now is ArcGIS)
environment and can be stored separately in a structure called
coverage. Thus there are point, line and polygon coverages. Each of the
coverages is composed of a set of fi les; some store spatial data while
others store attribute data.

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 9

GEOSPATIAL OBJECTS DATA MODEL & STRUCTURE IN ESRI ArcGIS Coverage
In two dimensional feature space, there are three classes of spatial
objects, namely point, line and polygon. These objects are referred to as
feature classes in ESRI ARC/INFO GIS Software (now is ArcGIS)
environment and can be stored separately in a structure called coverage.
Thus there are point, line and polygon coverages. Each of the coverages is
composed of a set of fi les; some store spatial data while others store
attribute data.

FEATURE SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE DATA

POINT LAB: Point Coordinates PAT: Point Attribute Table
LINE ARC: Line Coordinates AAT: Arc Attribute Table
POLYGON PAL: Polygon Arc List PAT: Polygon Atribute Table

A thematic layer may contain more than one coverage type. For example,
a hydrology layer may contain tube wells, streams and lakes, representing
point, line and polygon coverages in terms of storage in GIS. However, the Points, nodes, and vertices define
decision regarding layers and coverages lies in the domain of database points, line, and polygon features in a
design, which controls the use and maintenance of the data. vector data model.

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 10

 ESRI ArcGIS Coverage: POINT Spatial Data Structure

Point # Area Obj Code

1 0 Hydrant
2 0 Police
3 0 Hospital
4 0 House
… 0
… 0

Spatial Data PAT: Point Attribute Table

LAB
FEATURE SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE DATA
LAB: Point PAT: Point
POINT
Coordinates Attribute Table
ARC: Line AAT: Arc Attribute
LINE
Coordinates Table
PAL: Polygon PAT: Polygon
POLYGON
Arc List Atribute Table

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 11

 ESRI ArcGIS Coverage: LINE Spatial Data Structure

Arc # Length Obj Code

200 1 20 Road
2 60 Canal
3 72 Road
4 75 Road
100
5 30 Canal
6 20 Canal
300
Spatial Data AAT: Arc Attribute Table

ARC LAB
FEATURE SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE DATA
LAB: Point PAT: Point
POINT
Coordinates Attribute Table
ARC: Line AAT: Arc Attribute
LINE
Coordinates Table
PAL: Polygon PAT: Polygon
POLYGON
Arc List Atribute Table

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 12

 ESRI ArcGIS Coverage: POLYGON Spatial Data Structure

Poly # Area Obj Code

101 110 Paddy
102 120 Farm
103 130 Forest
104 40 House
…

Spatial Data PAT: Polygon Attribute Table

FEATURE SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE DATA ARC LAB

LAB: Point PAT: Point
POINT PAL
Coordinates Attribute Table
ARC: Line AAT: Arc Attribute
LINE
Coordinates Table
PAL: Polygon PAT: Polygon
POLYGON
Arc List Atribute Table

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 13

Semanggi
Line_1
Node_1 Poly # Commercial_Zone DIGITAL MAP’S TOPOLOGICAL
Senayan
Jakarta Node_2
AREA_0
AREA_1 KUNINGAN DATA MODEL & STRUCTURE
AREA_0 Line_8
AREA_2 SUDIRMAN
STORED IN GEOSPATIAL
RELATIONAL DATABASE
Line_2 Node_7
PAT
AREA_2 Line_6
Node_3
AREA_1
Line_3
Line_7 Poly # Arc #
Line_1, Line_6,
Euler Topological Integrity Formula
Node_6 AREA_1
Line_7, Line_8
AREA_0 Node_4

∑ Area + ∑ Node − ∑ Line = 2

Line_5
Line_4 Line_2, Line_3,
Node_5 AREA_2 Line_4, Line_5,
Line_6
PAL
Area_0
Arc # F_Node T_Node L_Poly R_Poly Arc # XY_Coord node_1 line_1 node_2
Line_1 Node_1 Node_2 Area_1 Area_0 Line_1 X1,Y1 … … … X2,Y2
Line_2 Node_2 Node_3 Area_2 Area_0 Line_2 X2,Y2 … … … X3,Y3 Area_1
Line_3 Node_3 Node_4 Area_2 Area_0 Line_3 X3,Y3 … … … X4,Y4
Line_4 Node_4 Node_5 Area_2 Area_0 Line_4 X4,Y4 … … … X5,Y5
Line_5 Node_5 Node_6 Area_2 Area_0 Line_5 X5,Y5 … … … X6,Y6
Line_6 Node_6 Node_2 Area_2 Area_1 Line_6 X6,Y6 … … … X1,Y1 Area_2
Line_7 Node_6 Node_7 Area_1 Area_0 Line_7 X6,Y6 … … … X7,Y7
node_4 line_3 node_3
Line_8 Node_7 Node_1 Area_1 Area_0 Line_8 X7,Y7 … … … X1,Y1
ARC LAB
© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 14
Hidden from User’s View SUMMARY OF POINTS, LINES, POLYGONS
TOPOLOGICAL DATA MODEL & STRUCTURE
FOR GIS DATABASE AND GIS ANALYSIS

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD):

Spatial  Attribute

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 15

 GEOSPATIAL
GEOSPATIAL DATABASE PORTAL
https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING

TOPOLOGICAL - RELATIONAL DATA
MODEL AND DISSEMINATION VIA
INTERNET GEOSPATIAL PORTAL

Geospatial Topological Relational Database Attribute Tabular Relational Database

Opened User’s View

Opened User’s View

Hidden User’s View

© 2018 Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 16

 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION OF
GEOSPATIAL DATABASE

Poly # Area Obj ID

1 110 Hall 10
2 30 Hall 20
3 30 Office 30
4 35 Shop 40
… … … …
… … … …
9 200 Laboratory 90

Alternate conceptualizations may

be used to represent features. Here
a set of buildings is represented by
either point (top), line (middle), or
polygon features (bottom). The
preferred representation depends
on the intended use of the data.

© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 17

 MULTI-PART AND SINGLE-PART REPRESENTATION OF GEOSPATIAL DATABASE

Example of multipart and single-part features. Here, counties for Rhode Island, a state in the Eastern U.S.A., are shown
with one table entry for each county (top), with multipart features in a layer, and with one table entry for each distinct
polygon (bottom), with only single-part features in the layer. Note that calculations, analysis, and interpretation may differ
for multi-part v.s. single-part features.
© 2020 - Geodesi Universitas Pakuan Bogor 18