1.

DEFINITION
2. PROPERTIES
3. CLASSIFICATION
4. DIFFERENTIATION
5. IMPORTANCE / USES
6. REACTIVITY
7. ACID DISSOCIATION CONSTANT
8. BUFFERS

DEFINITION

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PROPERTIES OF ACID AND BASE

PROPERTIES OF ACID
 Acids conduct electricity (they are electrolytes)
Explanation: Acids undergo dissociation in aqueous solution to form H+ ions. When
electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of an acid, the H+ or the hydrogen ions
reach the cathode and each Hydrogen ion picks up one electron from the cathode to form
H2 gas. Because of this reaction, an aqueous solution of acid conducts electricity.
 They turn blue litmus to red
Explanation: When blue litmus paper is placed in an acidic substance, it will turn
red. However, if placed in a substance that is basic or neutral, it will remain blue. The
litmus paper gives a general indication of acidity or alkalinity. Under the acidic
conditions, the blue paper turns red where the pH level is below 4.5.
 Acids can occur in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
 It has a sour taste
Examples are the Lemons and grapefruits because they contain acids such as citric and
ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Vinegar tastes sour because it contains acetic acid.
 They produce hydrogen after reacting with active metals like zinc, magnesium,
aluminum or iron.
 Acids have a low pH value below 7.
 Explanation: If a solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, it is said to
be acidic, and the pH of the solution is less than 7. If a molecule releases hydrogen ion in
water, it is an acid. The more hydrogen ions it releases, the stronger the acid, and the
lower the pH value.
 Salts and water are produced when an acid reacts with base.
 Some of the acids can be said corrosive in nature.

PROPERTIES OF ACID
 A base solution has pH balance more than 7.
 Bases have a bitter flavor
Examples are the household bases such as antacids, drain openers, and oven cleaners.
 When an aqueous base solution or molten bases solution is dissociated into ions,
they conduct electricity.
 Strong base reacts vigorously with acids and organic matter because these bases are
caustic. 
 Bases react in correct way with pH indicators. It turns litmus paper blue, methyl
orange yellow and phenolphthalein pink whereas Bromothymol blue remains blue
in the presence of a base. 

Classification of Acids and Base

CLASSIFICATION OF ACID

Acids are broadly classified into two types: Organic acids and mineral acids.

1. Organic Acids: Acids found in plants and animals are called organic acids.
Example: Citric acid, Lactic acid, Acetic acid, Oxalic acid, etc.

2. Mineral Acids: Acids prepared from the minerals of the earth are called
mineral acids. They are human-made and are also called laboratory acids.
Example: Sulphuric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid, etc.
Based on strength, acids are classified into strong acids and weak acids.

1. Acids that undergo ionization completely in an aqueous solution are called

strong acids.
For example, hydrochloric acid  (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), and
sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
2. Acids that undergo ionization to a small extent only are called weak acids.
For example, carbonic acid (H2CO3) and acetic acid (CH3COOH)

Based on their concentration, acids are classified into concentrated and dilute
acids.

Concentrated Acids
Those acids with the maximum amount of acid dissolved in a very less amount of
water is called concentrated acids.  Generally, acids supplied commercially are
concentrated acids.
For example, hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are supplied as
concentrated acids.

Dilute Acids
Those acids with a relatively lesser amount of acid dissolved in a large amount of
water are called dilute acids. A dilute solution contains less solute in comparison
to a concentrated solution.

CLASSIFICATION OF BASE
 Bases that are soluble in water are called alkalis.
For example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide is soluble in water. Therefore, they are alkalis. But bases like
copper hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide do not dissolve in
water. They are, therefore, not alkalis. Hence,  all alkalis are bases, but all
bases are not alkalis.
 Based on strength, Base are classified into strong acids and weak acids.

1. A base that completely ionizes in water and thus produces many hydroxide
ions is called a strong base.
Examples: Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.

2. A weak base produces a low concentration of hydroxyl ions in an aqueous

solution. Examples: Ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACID AND BASE

Basis Acid Base

Acid is a kind of chemical

A base is an aqueous substance that
compound that when dissolved in
1. Arrhenius Definition donates electrons, accept protons or
water gives a solution with H+ ion
release hydroxide (OH-) ions.
activity more than purified water.

2. Bronstead Lowry Definition An acid is a proton donor. While a base is a proton acceptor.

Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and

3. Examples sulphuric acid are two examples of Ammonia are two examples of
Acid. Bases.

On the other hand, the pH value of

4. PH Value pH values of acid are less than 7.0.
base is greater than 7.0.

Acid remains colorless when Bases make the solution turn pink
5. Phenolphthalein 
dissolved. when dissolved.

Acid starts with chemical formula At the same time, base has a
H, for example, HCL chemical formula OH at the end of
6. Chemical Formula
(Hydrochloric Acid) but there is an it. For example- NaOH (Sodium
exception of CH₂COOH. Hydroxide).

Acid turns blue litmus paper into Base turns red litmus paper into
7. Litmus Paper
red. blue.
 Acid mainly depends on the
8. Strength concentration of the hydronium Similarly happens in a base.
ions.

Bases have a bitter taste having a

Acid can be in the form of solid,
bit slippery and solid appearance
9. Characteristics liquid or gas form depending on the
except ammonia which is present in
temperature.
the gaseous state

When acids dissolved in water, it Base release hydroxide ions (OH-)

10. Dissociation
releases hydrogen ions (H+). when dissolved in water.

Examples of acids are acetic acid, Examples of bases are sodium

11. Examples
sulphuric acid, etc. hydroxide, ammonia, etc.

IMPORTANCE OR USES OF ACID AND BASE

ACID
 Used for household cleaning.
 Used for industrial purposes
Examples are the Sulfuric acid and Nitric acid are both commonly used in paints, dyes,
fertilizers, and explosives.
 Used as a metal dissolver
Examples is the Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to make aqua regia, that assists in
dissolving noble metals like platinum and gold
 Acids (Sulfuric acid) are used to make batteries for flashlights and cars. Sulfuric acid is
also used in mineral processing
 Used to ward off rust and corrosion from metals, by means of a technique termed
‘pickling.’
 In the chemical industry, acids are used as neutralizers in the production of salts.
For example, nitric acid (HNO3) reacts with ammonia NH3 for production of ammonium
nitrate known as the fertilizer.
BASE
 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used in manufacturing soap, synthetic fiber rayon and
paper. It is also used in manufacturing some medicines and petroleum-refining, in
cleaning sinks, ovens and drains.
 Sodium bicarbonate (NAHCO3) is used in toothpaste, fire extinguisher, and baking
soda.
 Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is used in the manufacture of bleaching powder. It is
mixed with water and sand to create mortar that is used in the construction of
buildings. Slaked lime is also made use by the farmers on the fields for neutralizing the
dangerous effects of acid rain.
 Calcium hydroxide also neutralizes the acid in water supplies, and is used as a dressing
material for burns caused by acid, as an antidote for cases of food poisoning, in the
making of fungicides, in the whitewash mixture, and in dentistry.
 Alkalis (Bases) are used in alkaline batteries like potassium hydroxide. They are also
used in antiperspirant armpit deodorant, and in neutralizing soil acidity.
 Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) is used to clean grease stains from clothes.

REACTIVITY OF ACID AND BASE

 Typical reactions of acids and bases include the reactions of acids with metals, carbonates
or bicarbonates, and bases. For example, when you drop an antacid tablet in water, the
bicarbonate ion and citric acid in the tablet react to produce carbon dioxide bubbles,
water, and salt.
 A salt is an ionic compound that does not have H+ as the cation or OH- as the anion.

ACIDS AND METALS

Acids and Metals Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas (H2) and a
salt. Active metals include potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, and
tin. In these single replacement reactions, the metal ion replaces the hydrogen in the acid.

EXAMPLE:

Magnesium (solid) + hydrogen chloride (aqueous) yields to hydrogen (gas) + magnesium

chloride (aqueous)

 Magnesium (solid) – is the metal and the hydrogen chloride (aqueous) – is the acid. So,
this are the reactants
  Hydrogen (gas) is the hydrogen and the magnesium chloride (aqueous) is the salt. So,
there are the product.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:

Zinc (solid) + Nitric Acid (aqueous) yields to hydrogen (gas) + zinc nitrate (aqueous)

 Zinc (solid) is the metal and the Nitric Acid (aqueous) is the acid.
 Hydrogen (gas) the hydrogen and the zinc nitrate (aqueous) is the salt

ACID REACT WITH CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES

 When an acid is added to a carbonate or bicarbonate, the products are carbon dioxide gas,
water, and a salt.
 The acid reacts with carbonate ion or bicarbonate ion- to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3),
which breaks down rapidly to carbon dioxide and water.

EXAMPLE:

Hydrogen chloride(aqueous) + sodium carbonate(aqueous) yields to carbon dioxide (gas) +

water(liquid) + sodium chloride(aqueous)

 Hydrogen chloride(aqueous) is the acid and the sodium carbonate(aqueous) is the

carbonate. Why carbonate? Because carbonate compose of 1 carbon and 3 oxygen
 carbon dioxide, H20 the water and the sodium chloride is the salt

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:

Hydrogen bromide (aqueous) + sodium bicarbonate(aqueous) yields to carbon dioxide(gas)

+ water (liquid) + sodium bromide(aqueous)

 Hydrogen bromide (aqueous) is the acid and the sodium bicarbonate(aqueous) is the
bicarbonate. Why bicarbonate? Because bicarbonate compose of 1 hydrogen, 1 carbon
and 3 oxygen
 Carbon dioxide(gas), H20 as the water (liquid) and the sodium bromide(aqueous) as the
salt
ACIDS AND HYDROXIDE: NEUTRALIZATION

 Neutralization is a reaction between a strong or weak acid with a strong base to produce
water and a salt.
 The H+ or the hydrogen ion of the acid and the OH- or the hydroxide ion of the base
combine to form water.
 The salt is the combination of the cation from the base and the anion from the acid.

EXAMPLE:

We can write the following equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl or the hydrogen
chloride and NaOH or the sodium chloride:

Hydrogen Chloride(aqueous) + sodium hydroxide(aqueous) yields to water (liquid) +

sodium chloride(aqueous)

 Hydrogen Chloride(aqueous) is the acid and the sodium hydroxide(aqueous) is the base
 H20 the water (liquid) and the sodium chloride(aqueous) is the salt

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:

We can write the following equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl or the hydrogen
chloride and KOH or the potassium hydroxide:

Hydrogen Chloride(aqueous) + potassium hydroxide(aqueous) yields to water (liquid) +

potassium chloride(aqueous)

 Hydrogen Chloride(aqueous) is the acid and the potassium hydroxide(aqueous) is the

base
 H20 the water (liquid) and the potassium chloride(aqueous) is the salt

FOR THE SUMMARY OF THE REACTIONS OF ACID AND BASE

 For the acid and metals. Metals + acids yield to hydrogen + salt
 For the acids reacts with carbonate or bicarbonate
In Carbonate: Acid + Carbonate (1C, 3O) yields to Carbon Dioxide +Water +Salt
 In Bicarbonate: Acid + Bicarbonate (1C, 1H, 3O) yield to Carbon Dioxide
+Water +Salt
 For the acids and hydroxides: Neutralization
(Strong or weak) Acid + (Strong) Base yield to Water + Salt

ACID DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

 An acid dissociation expression, Ka, can be written for weak acids that gives the ratio of
the concentrations of products to the weak acid reactants.
 As with other dissociation expressions, the molar concentration of the products is divided
by the molar concentration of the reactants. Because water is a pure liquid with a constant
concentration, it is omitted.
 The numerical value of the acid dissociation expression is the acid dissociation constant.

The formula for the acid dissociation constant is, Ka which is the symbol of the acid
dissociation constants equal to the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid which is the
symbol of the A negative times the concentration of hydrogen ions, the symbol is the H plus,
over or divided by the concentration of chemical species HA.

Let’s try for an example: The acetic acid

Acetic acid (aqueous) + water (liquid) equal to Acetate acid (aqueous) + hydronium
ion(aqueous)

Now we are finding the acid dissociation constant of the acetic acid. The concentration of
the conjugate base of the acid or the A- is the acetate acid because acetate acid the weak acid.
The concentration of the hydrogen ions is the hydronium ions and the concentration of the
chemical species HA is the acetic acid.
So, let’s arrange it. The Ka, or the acid dissociation constant equal to acetate acid times
hydronium ion divided by acetic acid.
So, the acid dissociation of the acetic acid is 5.6 x 10 raise to negative 4
How we come out with the answer? As you can see in the table which is the value of acid
dissociation constant or the Ka in the common acid.
*basa basahin mo nalang yung nakalagay sa table*

ANOTHER EXAMPLE:
 Nitrous acid (aqueous) + water (liquid) equal to hydronium ion(aqueous) + nitrogen
dioxide(aqueous)
Now we are finding the acid dissociation constant of the nitrous acid. The concentration of the
conjugate base of the acid or the A- is the nitrous acid. The concentration of the hydrogen ions is
the hydronium ions and the concentration of the chemical species HA is the nitrogen dioxide.
So, let’s arrange it. The Ka, or the acid dissociation constant equal to nitrous acid times
hydronium ion divided by nitrogen dioxide.
So, let see on the table the acid dissociation constant value of the nitrous acid.
The acid dissociation of the nitrous acid is 5.6×10-4

BUFFER
 Buffer Solution is a water solvent based solution which consists of a mixture containing a
weak acid and the conjugate base of the weak acid, or a weak base and the conjugate acid
of the weak base. They resist a change in pH upon dilution or upon the addition of small
amounts of acid/alkali to them.
 The pH of Buffer Solutions shows minimal change upon the addition of a very small
quantity of strong acid or strong base. They are therefore used to keep the pH at a
constant value.

What is Buffer Solution?

 The buffer solution is a solution able to maintain its Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
with only minor changes on the dilution or addition of a small amount of either acid or
base.
 Buffer Solutions are used in fermentation, food preservatives, drug delivery,
electroplating, printing, the activity of enzymes, blood oxygen carrying capacity need
specific hydrogen ion concentration (pH).
 Solutions of a weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid are
able to maintain pH and are buffer solutions.

Types of Buffer Solution

The two primary types into which buffer solutions are broadly classified into are acidic and
alkaline buffers.

A. Acidic Buffers
As the name suggests, these solutions are used to maintain acidic environments. Acid buffer has
acidic pH and is prepared by mixing a weak acid and its salt with a strong base. An
aqueous solution of an equal concentration of acetic acid and sodium acetate has a pH of 4.74.

 pH of these solutions is below seven

  These solutions consist of a weak acid and a salt of a weak acid.
 An example of an acidic buffer solution is a mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid
(pH = 4.75).

B. Alkaline Buffers
These buffer solutions are used to maintain basic conditions. Basic buffer has a basic pH and is
prepared by mixing a weak base and its salt with strong acid. The aqueous solution of an equal
concentration of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride has a pH of 9.25.

 The pH of these solutions is above seven

 They contain a weak base and a salt of the weak base.
 An example of an alkaline buffer solution is a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and
ammonium chloride (pH = 9.25).