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Fundamentals of Surveying

Fundamentals of Surveying involves determining measurements of points, lines, and areas on the earth's surface through applied mathematics and specialized equipment. There are two main kinds of surveys: plane surveying which disregards the earth's curvature over short distances, and geodetic surveying which takes the earth's spheroidal shape into account requiring advanced calculations. The major types of surveys include cadastral for determining property boundaries, city surveys for urban planning, and topographic surveys to determine ground shapes and features.

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56 views

Fundamentals of Surveying

Fundamentals of Surveying involves determining measurements of points, lines, and areas on the earth's surface through applied mathematics and specialized equipment. There are two main kinds of surveys: plane surveying which disregards the earth's curvature over short distances, and geodetic surveying which takes the earth's spheroidal shape into account requiring advanced calculations. The major types of surveys include cadastral for determining property boundaries, city surveys for urban planning, and topographic surveys to determine ground shapes and features.

Uploaded by

Onel Ty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of Surveying

SURVEYING

- the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of
points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on another extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics
and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.

KINDS OF SURVEYS SCOPE AND APPLICATION TYPES OF SURVEYS

1. Plane Surveying 1. Engineering 1. Cadastral Survey


2. Geodetic Surveying 2. Scientific 2. City Surveys
3. Commercial 3. Construction Surveys
4. Architectural 4. Forestry Surveys
5. Geographic 5. Hydrographic Surveys
6. Navigational 6. Industrial Surveys
7. Exploratory work 7. Mine Surveys
8. Photographic Surveys
9. Route Surveys
10. Topographic Surveys

KINDS OF SURVEYS TYPES OF SURVEYS

1. Plane Surveying 1. Cadastral Survey


- closed surveys undertaken in urban and
- flat surface rural locations
- distances and areas involved are of limited extent that - for the purpose of determining property
the exact shape of the earth is disregarded lines and boundaries, corners and areas
- With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a - made to fix the boundaries of
level line is considered as mathematically straight, the municipalities, towns, and provincial
direction of the plumb line is assumed to be the same at jurisdictions.
all points within the limits of the survey
- all angles are considered to be plane angle. 2. City Surveys
- areas in and near a city
2. Geodetic Surveying - for the purpose of planning expansions
or improvements, locating property
- e spheroidal shape of the earth. lines, fixing reference monuments,
- employ principles of geodesy, determining the physical features and
- are of high precision configuration of the land, and preparing
- related calculations involve the solving of equations maps.
derived from advanced mathematics particularly
spherical trigonometry, calculus, and some applications 3. Construction Survey
of the theory of least squares. - undertaken at a construction site
- to provide data regarding grades,
reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and
elevation of structures which are of
concern to engineers, architects, and
builders.

4. Forestry Surveys
- executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and the
production and conservation of forest
lands.

5. Hydrographic Surveys
- surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs,
harbors, oceans, and other bodies of
water.
- made to map shorelines, chart the shape
of areas underlying water surfaces, and
measure the flow of streams.
- are of general importance in connection
with navigation, development of water
supply and resources, flood control,
irrigation, production of hydro-electric
power, subaqueous constructions and
recreation.

6. Industrial Surveys
- sometimes known as optical tooling
- refers to the use of surveying techniques
in ship building, construction and
assembly of aircraft, lay-out and
installation of heavy and complex
machinery, and in other industries
where very accurate dimensional layouts
are required.

7. Mine Surveys
- performed to determine the position of
all underground excavations and surface
mine structures, to fix surface
boundaries of mining claims
- determine geological formations, to
calculate excavated volumes, and
establish lines and grades for other
related mining work.

8. Photogrammetric Surveys
- makes use of photographs taken with
specially designed cameras either from
airplanes or ground stations.
- Measurements are obtained from
photographs which are used in
conjunction with limited ground surveys.

9. Route Surveys
- involves the determination of alignment,
grades, earthwork quantities, location of
natural and artificial objects in
connection with the planning, design and
construction of highways, railroads,
pipelines canals, transmission lines, and
other linear projects.

10. Topographic Surveys


- made for determining the shape of the
ground, and the location and elevation of
natural and artificial features upon it.
- features shown include such natural
objects as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes,
relief of the ground surface, etc; and
works of man, such as roads, buildings,
ports, towns municipalities, and bridges.

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