Rider's Guide: To Operation, Safety and Licensing

Rider’s Guide
to operation, safety and licensing

motorcycles, mopeds and power-assisted bicycles
MAXIMUM
July 2019
www.saferoads.com
ISBN 978-1-4601-4390-2
Rider’s Guide
Introduction: Guides available:
A motorcycle rider must have skill, • compared to drivers of other types of
knowledge and a responsible attitude to vehicles, motorcycle riders were most Driver’s Guide Commercial Rider’s Guide
operate a motorcycle safely. The thought likely to have consumed alcohol before
cars and light trucks
Driver’s Guide to operation, safety and licensing
to operation, safety and licensing Geared to Go
A Workbook for
of safety first must be present for the crash trucks, buses, emergency responders and taxis
MAXIMUM
Coaching New Drivers
CITY CEN
every ride.
MAXIMUM TRE CITY
CENTRE
• dry roads were present 88% of

Riding a motorcycle can be an enjoyable the time
experience, but riding can also be a Those wishing to ride a motorcycle
high-risk activity. Motorcycles are not should not attempt to do so without
STOP
like a vehicle with four or more wheels. full knowledge of how to operate one.
BUS
SCHOOL
STOP
Two-wheeled vehicles are smaller and The operation requires the complex
TAXI
30
MAXIMUM
less stable. A rider who loses control of coordination of clutch, throttle, and
The following guides provide information guides should be used when preparing
a motorcycle or is involved in a collision brakes, in varying traffic conditions.
about the safe operation of cars and for the knowledge test and when learning
will likely receive a serious injury. In some The Office of Traffic Safety strongly light trucks, commercial vehicles, to operate trucks, emergency response
cases, even death can be the result. recommends that anyone wanting to and motorcycles, and the licensing of vehicles, taxis, buses as well as when
New riders have a greater risk of being learn to ride should obtain training and drivers and riders. These guides provide handling dangerous goods.
in a collision than experienced riders. education from a licensed motorcycle information for all classes of driver
Lack of practice with the control and rider training school. New knowledge licences in Alberta, and will help you Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety
safe handling of a two-wheeled vehicle and skills will be learned, as will how to obtain an Alberta operator’s licence. and Licensing
is a major factor. Even drivers who have avoid or reduce the risk of dangerous Consider keeping the guides in your Motorcycles, Mopeds and Power-
experience with other types of vehicles situations. For more information regarding vehicle as a reference. Assisted Bicycles
are beginners when learning to operate rider training schools, please refer to your
a motorcycle. local directory. Driver’s Guide to Operation, Safety This guide provides information on the
and Licensing safe operation of motorcycles, mopeds
Recent statistics on road safety in Riding a motorcycle is not like driving a and power-assisted bicycles. It is used
Alberta show that, in 2016, the number car, or riding a bicycle or moped. Some Cars and Light Trucks
with the Driver’s Guide to Operation,
of collisions involving motorcycle riders people make the mistake of thinking This guide provides information for Safety and Licensing.
where there was injury or death: they can get on a motorcycle and ride. all drivers.
This has led to deaths. Also, for this Geared to Go: A Workbook
• 38 people were killed and 607 injured
reason, a rider should not lend his or her Commercial Driver’s Guide to for Coaching New Drivers
• motorcycle riders under the age of 25 motorcycle to anyone who has not had Operation, Safety and Licensing
had the highest involvement rate per This guide assists coaches who are
training in riding and does not hold a valid
1,000 licensed drivers. In particular, 16 Trucks, Buses, Emergency Responders, providing supervision to new drivers
class 6 (motorcycle) licence.
to 17 year olds had the highest rate and Taxis as they gain experience and skills.
For the safety of all drivers, riders and
• the most common improper actions This guide provides information about
pedestrians, everyone in control of a
of motorcycle riders were running off driving commercial vehicles. It is used
vehicle must cooperate with other road
the road (51%), following too closely with the Driver’s Guide to Operation,
users, and follow all laws and regulations.
(19%), or make an improper turn (7%) Safety and Licensing. Both of these
2 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Introduction 3

This guide is about operating a These documents are available at
Contents
motorcycle, riding one safely, and www.qp.alberta.ca/Laws_Online.cfm, and:
obtaining a class 6 (motorcycle) licence. 1. Licensing and Learning 4. The Basics of Safe
Queen’s Printer Bookstore
It also has information about mopeds
Suite 700, Park Plaza 8 Before you ride Operating and Riding
and power-assisted bicycles. It is a
10611–98 Avenue 24 Riding position
supplement to the Driver’s Guide to 8 Taking a class 6 knowledge test
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2P7
Operation, Safety and Licensing (Cars 8 Taking a motorcycle rider 24 Starting
and Light Trucks), which outlines the rules Tel: 780–427–4952 training course
Fax:780–452–0668 25 Signalling
of the road for all road users.
8 Practice your riding 25 Manual (standard) transmissions
These two guides contain the information For toll free service anywhere in Alberta,
call 310-0000, then the number. 9 Taking a class 6 road test 26 Selecting and changing gears
beginner and experienced riders need
to ride safely. They also provide the 10 Conditions for riders with a 28 Parking
information needed for the knowledge For more driver and class 6 licence who are still in the
vehicle information GDL program 28 Tires and traction
test for riding a motorcycle and moped,
and for the practical road test to obtain a Knowledge tests are conducted out of 11 Rider requirements 29 Braking and stopping
licence to operate a motorcycle. registry agent offices. Road tests will be 30 Stopping time and distance
12 Motorcycle, moped, and power
Some of the information in this guide also conducted by Government of Alberta
bicycle defined 30 Turns and corners
applies to mopeds and power-assisted driver examiners. Road tests can be
bicycles. However, the term motorcycle scheduled in-person at the registry agent 2. Preparing to Ride 30 Curves
will be used throughout this guide. Riders office or online through the Government of
31 Skids
of mopeds and power-assisted bicycles Alberta online scheduling system. 14 Protecting your head, eyes
should read relevant sections. To find testing services, and information
and face 5. Managing Risk in Traffic
about driver licensing and vehicle 16 Dressing for safety and
These guides are available on-line at 34 Be proactive when riding
registration: the weather
www.alberta.ca/driver-guides.aspx
34 Blind spots
• visit www.alberta.ca/drivers-road-test.aspx 18 Responsible riding
The information in this guide explains 34 Managing the space around you
best practices for motorcycle riding, but • visit www.servicealberta.ca/1641.cfm 18 Cell phones and other distractions
and being seen
cannot cover all circumstances. The
motorcycle rider must use judgment and
• visit the Association of Alberta 3. Knowing Your Motorcycle 36 Choosing a lane and lane position
Registries at www.e-registry.ca
a safety-first attitude to make decisions 20 Choosing the right motorcycle 37 Changing lanes
when riding in real on-road situations. • refer to your local directory under
20 Be familiar with the motorcycle 38 Intersections
License and Registry Services
This guide interprets the laws that govern controls and gauges 39 Passing
the movement of vehicles and people on • call 780–427–7013 (Service Alberta)
Alberta roadways. It is a guide only, and 20 Motorcycle pre-trip inspection
has no legal authority. 22 Yearly maintenance
The laws that apply to operating a vehicle
can be found in the Traffic Safety Act and
its related regulations.
4 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Introduction 5

6. Riding in Challenging 9. Riding in a Group
Conditions 58 Group riding safety
42 Conditions of less light and 59 Two lane highway
reduced visibility
60 Multi-lane highway with two lanes
43 Poor weather and in the same direction
1
temperature extremes
61 Multi-lane highway with three or
43 Road surface hazards that more lanes in the same direction
affect traction
61 Single file formation
7. Handling Riding 10. Appendix 1
Emergencies
63 Traffic Safety Act, Vehicle
Licensing
46 Emergency braking and stopping Equipment Regulation 61(1-4),
46 Obstacles Mufflers
47 Mechanical problems
47 Wobble
48 Tire blowouts
and Learning
49 Airborne objects
49 Animals
8. Carrying a Passenger
or Cargo
52 Riding with a passenger
53 Carrying cargo
54 Towing a trailer
54 Three-wheeled motorcycles
55 Riding with a sidecar
6 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Before you ride Some specific skills taught may be: A learning rider who holds a valid class
5-GDL (Probationary) driver’s licence:
assess the rider’s skills and abilities in a
variety of road and traffic conditions.
To qualify to learn to ride a motorcycle, • weaving left and right through markers
you must: (serpentine) • must have drug and blood alcohol The road test will include:
concentration of zero while seated on
• be 16 years of age or older • making a circle or figure eight pattern • an equipment and motorcycle
or riding their motorcycle
while riding fitness check
• hold a valid driver’s licence • cannot supervise a learning rider
• riding at a slow speed in a straight line • an evaluation of the rider’s ability to
• have a person supervise you while you • must have fewer than eight follow the rules of the road, signal
are learning. A supervisor is required • shifting up, shifting down then turning
demerit points properly, perform left and right turns,
until you have passed a class 6 left and right
A learning rider who holds a class 1, and use safe judgment at intersections
road test • changing gears to prepare for curves.
2, 3 4 or 5 driver’s licence must have a • an evaluation of the rider’s skills
• starting and moving on a hill supervising rider. with balance, road position and
Taking a class 6 • stopping quickly in an emergency speed control
knowledge test • steering and braking methods to avoid Taking a class 6 Examiners will assess the road-readiness
of clients. One-way radios are used for
The knowledge test consists of 30
questions about safe-driving practices for
obstacles or a collision
road test communication, allowing the examiner to
A valid class 6 driver’s licence is required give the rider instructions, advise the rider
motorcycle riders, rules of the road, and
traffic control signs and signals, as well Practice your riding to operate a motorcycle on a public of immediate dangers, and to discontinue
roadway without a supervising rider. The the road test if necessary.
as licensing information. This test is done As a learning rider, before you have a class
on a computer. The motorcycle (class 6 licence, you must have a supervisor. road test is the last step in the process to The examiner will follow the motorcycle
6) knowledge test questions are based The person supervising you must: obtain your class 6 licence. rider in another vehicle. Instructions will
on this guide and the Driver’s Guide to Road tests can be scheduled online be given to the rider during the test using
• hold a valid full class 6 driver’s licence
Operation, Safety and Licensing. through the Government of Alberta online a one-way radio. During the test you may
(cannot be in the graduated driver
scheduling system at www.eservices. be asked to pull over to the curb and
Knowledge tests can be taken at licensing program)
alberta.ca/book-a-drivers-road-test.html or then park briefly, allowing the examiner
most Alberta registry agent offices. A
• provide supervision at all times by: at Registry Agent offices. If more than one to score on the checklist. There are to
test permit must be purchased for the
·· being seated on the learning rider’s test is needed, a fee is charged for each be three of these stops during the test.
knowledge test. If more than one test is
motorcycle, or test. These stops are routine test components
needed, a permit must be purchased for
and will be made regardless of whether
each test.The motorcycle knowledge test ·· following on another motorcycle, or A road test to obtain a motorcycle driver’s any errors have occurred.
must be passed before the road test licence is done in a traffic situation. The
is taken. ·· following in a vehicle After the road test, the driver examiner
test starts and finishes at the registry
A learning rider who holds a valid class 7 agent office. will explain the results of the test, and
driver’s licence (Learner’s): areas where you did well or that need
Taking a motorcycle The person being tested must provide more attention. If you have provided an
• must not ride during night-time hours a motorcycle for the road test. Valid
rider training course (night-time for GDL motorcycle riders insurance and valid registration for the
email address, the driver examiner will
email you a copy of the road test result.
It is recommended that all new riders is midnight or one hour after sunset, motorcycle being used for the road test
whichever is earlier, until 5 a.m. or one must also be provided. The examiner will If you passed the road test, go to a
take a course to learn how to ride a
hour before sunrise, whichever is later) check the motorcycle before the test. If it registry to have your licence re-classed.
motorcycle safely. Balance and control
is not mechanically safe, the examiner will Just passing the road test does not
skills will be taught at these courses, as • must have drug and blood-alcohol
not do the test. change your driver’s license. You must
well as motorcycle riding theory. concentration (BAC) of zero while
pay the fee for re-classing your
seated on or riding their motorcycle The road test is about 60 minutes long. driver’s license.
• must have fewer than eight This provides time for the examiner to
demerit points
8 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 1 Licensing and Learning 9
If this road test was unsuccessful,
practice your riding and then schedule
Rider requirements
another appointment just as you did Motorcycle rider requirements
this one.
Motorcycles
Conditions for riders Requirements

Licence Class 6 or 6-GDL
with a class 6 licence Minimum Age 16 years
who are still in the Registration Required
GDL program Insurance Required

Equipment Approved motorcycle helmet
If you had a class 7 (Learner’s) driver’s
Special Laws As a learner Class 7:
licence and then passed the class 6
• no nighttime riding
motorcycle road test:
• needs supervising rider
• you will now hold a class 6-GDL • zero drug and blood alcohol concentration
driver’s licence. You will remain in • riding privileges suspended at 8 or more demerits
the two year probationary stage and
be subject to the conditions and
restrictions of the GDL program Moped and power-assisted bicycle rider requirements
• you must meet the requirements of Moped Power Bicycles
the two year probationary stage and (includes limited speed (includes power-assisted
successfully complete an advanced motorcycles) bicycles)
road test, if you choose to exit the Requirements Requirements
GDL program Licence Any Class; 1 through 7 Not Required
If you had a class 7 (Learner’s) driver’s Minimum Age 14 years 12 years
licence and then passed the class
Registration Required Not Required
5-GDL basic road test before passing
Insurance Required Not Required
the class 6 motorcycle test:
Equipment Approved motorcycle helmet Approved motorcycle helmet
• you will now hold a combination Class
Special Laws • must ride as far to the right • must ride as far to the right
(5,6) GDL driver’s licence. You will
as practical as practical
remain in the two year probationary
stage and be subject to the conditions • no passenger permitted if • no passenger permitted if
and restrictions of the GDL program operator under 16 years of operator under 16 years
age of age
• you must meet the requirements of
the two year probationary stage and • riding privileges suspended
successfully complete an advanced at 8 or more demerits
road test, if you choose to exit the
GDL program
10 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 1 Licensing and Learning 11
Motorcycle, moped, and power
bicycle defined
Motorcycles
Definition Motorcycle means a motor vehicle other than a moped that is
mounted on 2 or 3 wheels.
Powered by Engine or motor
Other Not applicable
Speed Not applicable
Weight 55 kgs. or greater
Moped
(includes limited speed motorcycles)
2
Definition Motorcycles in this category, that meet the requirements of the
limited-speed motorcycle definition of Transport Canada, can be
identified by the federally required compliance label ‘LSM’ in the
vehicle-type section of the label.
Powered by Electric motor, or has an engine that has a displacement of not
more than 50 cc (cubic centimeters).
Other Minimum seat height of 65 cm from the ground.
Speed
Weight
Top speed of 70 km/h
Can be any weight
Preparing to Ride
Power Bicycles
(includes power-assisted bicycles)
Definition Bicycles in this category, that meets the requirements of the
power-assisted bicycle definition of Transport Canada, will be
clearly marked as a ‘power-assisted bicycle’ as required by
Transport Canada.
Powered by Electric motor with a maximum power of 500 watts.
Other Not applicable
Speed Top speed of 32 km/h
Weight Can be any weight

Protecting your head, • protect the lower face and chin One-half coverage (shorty) helmets
(least recommended of the approved
• Do not use a helmet that is past the
manufacturer’s recommended date for
• have a face shield for eye and
eyes and face face protection
helmets): safe usage.
• provide limited head protection • Do not alter or change a helmet in
Helmet safety standards • have the design structure that provides
any way, because this could reduce
In Alberta, operators and passengers the greatest strength They do not:
its effectiveness. For example, do not
of motorcycles, mopeds and power- • provide the best protection from the • protect the face and chin paint it, clean it with solvent, or install
assisted bicycles must wear an approved weather and airborne objects
• protect the base of the skull any equipment.
motorcycle helmet. An approved helmet
will have a label or mark to show that it • protect completely from the weather • Do not apply reflective strips or
meets the safety requirements set by one stickers to a helmet that are not
of the standards organizations, on the approved for that purpose. Purchase a
date that it was manufactured. helmet with reflective features as part
of the design.
• CSA – Canadian Standards
Association Eye and face protection
• DOT – U.S. Department of Most motorcycle windshields do not
Transportation give adequate protection for your eyes
and face. The best protection is a full
• BSI – British Standards Institute
Three-quarter coverage coverage helmet that already has a built-
• SNELL – Snell Memorial Foundation (open face) helmets: in face shield.
Lighter coloured helmets are more visible
• provide good protection for the top, to other motorists. When choosing a A plastic shatter-resistant face shield will
NOTE: It is illegal to buy or sell a safety sides and back of the head help protect your face from wind, dust,
helmet, wear it for five to ten minutes.
motorcycle helmet unless it meets dirt, rain, insects, and rocks thrown by
• protect the ears and base of the skull This will help you decide if the helmet will
current safety standards. other vehicles. These problems can be
be comfortable when worn for a
For more information, see the Vehicle • can be used with a face shield to distracting, painful and dangerous. If you
longer time.
Equipment Regulation of the Traffic protect the eyes have to deal with distractions, you will
Safety Act at www.alberta.ca/bus-and- Be sure the helmet fits properly. Fasten not be able to give your full attention to
They do not:
truck-certification-and-monitoring.aspx the chin strap securely. If you can remove operating your motorcycle.
• protect the face and chin the helmet without loosening the chin
strap, either the helmet is not properly To be effective, a face shield or eye
• protect completely from the weather protection must:
Types of helmets secured on your head or it is the wrong
size for you. • be motorcycle specific (a shield that
There are three types of approved
helmets. Each type provides a different Following are some tips to maintain the comes on an approved helmet will also
level of coverage and protection. When effectiveness of your helmet: be approved)
choosing your helmet, consider that many • be free of scratches
• Manufacturers recommend that a
motorcycle crashes involve impact to the
helmet be replaced after it has been • be strong enough to resist being
head, face and chin.
involved in a collision. penetrated
Full coverage (full face) helmets • You may need to replace a helmet if • give a clear view side to side as well
(recommended): it has been damaged or dropped as forward
onto a hard surface with a weight
• provide the best protection for the • be fastened securely so it does not
bearing impact.
entire head come off when riding
• Do not buy a used helmet, as it may
• protect the ears and base of the skull • be large enough to fit over eyeglasses
have been in a collision or damaged.
or sunglasses
14 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 2 Preparing to Ride 15

If you choose a helmet that does not of clothing, are essential. Motorcycle- • Shorts and lightweight pants, and • have short enough heels that they do
have full coverage protection, you specific clothing that you can heat while nylon materials are not recommended not catch on rough surfaces or
should consider eyewear specifically you are riding is also available. for riding as they do not give the controls
designed to protect your eyes when enough protection. • have the laces tucked in to prevent
riding. Eyeglasses or sunglasses may Hyperthermia and dehydration Gear and clothing with colours will help them catching on the motorcycle
not provide adequate protection. If you Hyperthermia happens when the body others see you when you are riding.
wear corrective glasses, you should wear overheats. The body temperature can rise Reflective strips on your motorcycle and
Gloves
goggles that go over the glasses. when the weather is warm or hot. Wind It is best to wear gloves that are designed
clothing will make you more visible
Tinted eye protection should not be passing over exposed skin will quickly dry at night. for motorcycle riding. Do not wear mitts
worn at night or when light conditions the moisture from the body, increasing when operating a motorcycle.
the risk of dehydration. In cold or wet weather, wear proper
are poor. Use a clear replacement shield • Wear gloves that are thin enough
clothing that will help keep you warm
for your helmet or wear clear goggles in To avoid overheating and dehydration, to allow you to grip and operate the
and dry.
conditions of reduced light and visibility. stay well hydrated by drinking plenty of controls, but are thick enough to
water before the ride and when taking • A cold weather jacket designed for protect your hands in a crash.
breaks. Plan for frequent water breaks riding should resist wind and fit snugly
Dressing for safety and rest periods that are out of the at your neck and wrists. • The gloves should be comfortable,
flexible, and made of leather or similar
and the weather direct sunlight. • A good quality riding rainsuit will durable material.
The effects of hyperthermia and not balloon or tear apart at highway
Your clothing should be motorcycle- • They should cover your wrists and
dehydration may be more severe if you speeds. The rainsuit should have a
specific for riding. It provides the best overlap the sleeves of the jacket.
ride without a jacket. Some motorcycle jacket with long sleeves, pants, and
protection against scrapes and cuts in
riding jackets and helmets come with extra room to fit comfortably over your • Cold weather and water resistant
a collision as well as contact with the
venting, which allows for airflow. If you regular riding clothes. gloves are also available.
ground or road surface. It also provides
protection from the weather and flying wear a proper jacket, you reduce the
chance that you will become too hot
Boots and other footwear Hearing protection
debris. Clothing should be worn in layers
or dehydrated. Proper footwear should allow you to Wind noise is a hazard for motorcycle
so that you can adjust to changing
operate the foot controls effectively. Your riders. When riding the air passing
weather conditions, and reduce the
Jackets and pants boots or footwear should: around your head creates wind noise
risk of hypothermia, hyperthermia
and dehydration. Always ride with complete and proper • cover your ankles as your speed increases. The noise can
gear recommended for motorcycle riding. lead to fatigue and cause permanent
• be made of leather or sturdy
Hypothermia • Jackets and pants should cover your synthetic material
hearing loss. A helmet alone may not
Hypothermia occurs when the body offer enough protection. Various types
torso, arms and legs completely.
loses heat faster than it can produce • have soles made of durable material of earplugs are available and should
heat, causing dangerously low body • Clothing should be snug enough not that will provide enough grip to keep be used when riding, particularly on
temperature. The body loses heat due to to flap in the wind or get caught in your feet from slipping even in highways where higher speed limits are
cold or wind chill. Riders are especially your motorcycle. However, it should wet weather in effect.
at risk for rapid chilling. Even in warm be loose enough to move freely while
weather, the constant exposure to wind covering your layered clothing.
when riding may cause hypothermia. • Sturdy synthetic textiles or leather that
If you become chilled, your reflexes are designed for riding provides the
and response time will be slowed. best protection.
Hypothermia will also reduce your ability • Denim jackets and pants give only
to concentrate and respond safely to minimum protection and will wear
traffic conditions. Proper riding gear, such through quickly when a rider is
as a windproof jacket and insulated layers skidding on a road surface.
16 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 2 Preparing to Ride 17

Responsible riding
Rider fitness
Your physical and mental conditions
affect your ability to judge and react to
a situation.
• Never ride after drinking alcohol or
using drugs.
• Be aware of the effects of prescription
and over-the-counter medications.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist if any
medications you take may affect your
ability to judge and react.
3
• Do not ride when tired or stressed.
• Avoid becoming too cold, too hot,
or dehydrated.
Cell phones and other

distractions
Cell phones can take your attention away
from the complex task of riding. Do not Knowing Your
Motorcycle
receive or make a cell phone call, or read
or text a message while riding. Stop at
a safe location at the side of the road
to use a cell phone, including a hands-
free phone, or to groom, listen to music,
eat or drink. Two-way radios and global
positioning systems (GPS) are
also distractions.
While all forms of distracted riding can be
hazardous, the Traffic Safety Act includes
fines for certain distractions. These
include using a hand-held cell phone,
texting or e-mailing, using electronic
devices, such as laptop computers, video
games, cameras, video entertainment
displays and programming portable audio
players, entering information on GPS
units, reading printed materials,
writing, printing or sketching, and
personal grooming.

Choosing the Without moving the throttle, go through
the motions of rotating and releasing the
 General condition. Check for cuts,  Turn signals. Check that all are clean,
bulges, cracks and damage to securely mounted and not damaged.
right motorcycle throttle in coordination with the clutch the sidewalls. Check that both lights work by turning
When you choose a motorcycle, consider lever and the gear selector for each shift. the lights on and off.
the type of riding you will be doing. To become familiar with the brakes, move Wheels and rims
 Battery. Check that the battery is
Choose a motorcycle that you are able to the motorcycle slightly and use the front,  Wire spoke wheels. Check for loose, secure, the terminals are clean, and
handle at your level of experience then rear, and then both brakes to stop damaged, missing or broken spokes. the connections to the battery
and skill. the motorcycle. are secure.
 Wheels/rims. Check for damage
It is important that your motorcycle or cracks.
 Horn. Check that it is working.
fits you properly. While sitting on the
motorcycle, you should be able to:
Motorcycle pre-trip  Bearings. Check for  Engine cut-off switch. Check that it
• have one foot, preferably the left, inspection proper lubrication. stops the engine.
flat on the ground. Use the right foot It is important that you do a complete  Seals. Check for leaks.  Instrument lights. Check that they
on the brake inspection of your motorcycle before are working properly by turning the key
every ride. Problems with the tires, lights Exhaust system to the ‘ON’ position.
• feel comfortable with the position of
or brakes have been found on some of  Muffler. Check condition and that it
the foot pegs and hand grips is secure. For more information about  Neutral gear light. Check that it lights
the motorcycles involved in collisions
• reach and operate all controls without legal mufflers, see Appendix 1. when in neutral (usually green).
where there has been injury or death.
straining or stretching  Hazard lights (if equipped). Check
The following are key points for an
Drive system – that they are working.
You should also be able to push your inspection, and you may want to develop
motorcycle and park it on the kickstand. your own inspection routine. Consult your
(depending on which type
 Safety interlock switch on the
owner’s manual for more information. is on your motorcycle) sidestand (if equipped). Check that
If you find a problem, repair your  Chain. Check for lubrication
Be familiar with the motorcycle before riding. If you are unable and proper tension.
it is working.
motorcycle controls to repair the problem yourself, have it

 Belt. Check for wear and Fluids
done professionally.
and gauges proper tension.  Oil.
You should be familiar with the location, Tires  Shaft. Check for oil leaks. • Check that the oil is at the
recommended level.
operation, and function of the motorcycle  Inflation. Check that the air pressure
controls and gauges of your motorcycle in the tires matches the pressure Lights and electrical • Check the oil colour (yellow is
before riding on the road. Be sure to read recommended in the owner’s manual.  Lights. Check that all are clean, good; black or dark should be
the owner’s manual to learn the locations securely mounted and not damaged. changed).
Tread. Check tire for adequate tread

of the controls and gauges and how they Check that the tail light and
depth. As well, look for uneven or worn  Coolant (if the motorcycle engine
work. Do the same if you are riding a headlight(s) (high and low beam) work.
tread, as this can indicate an alignment is liquid cooled).
motorcycle you are not familiar with. The headlight(s) must come on when
problem or that it is time to replace the
the motor is running. • Check that the coolant fluid is at
While you are sitting on the motorcycle, tires.
the recommended level.
and before you start the engine, practice  Brake light. Check that it is clean,
changing gears by shifting up and down  Objects in tread. Remove objects securely mounted and not damaged. • Check the hoses for leaks
like rocks that are stuck in the tread.
through the gears. Do this by squeezing Check that the foot and hand brake or cracks.
and releasing the clutch lever and  Puncturing objects. Check for an controls activate the brake light easily.
operating the gear selector as you would  Fuel. Check the amount of fuel in
object like a nail, or a piece of metal
Reflectors. Check that all are clean,
 the tank.
if you were riding. or glass that has punctured the tire.
securely mounted and not damaged.
These objects must be removed and
will require the tire to be repaired.
20 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 3 Knowing your Motorcycle 21
 Brakes. License plate
• Check that the brake fluid is at the  License plate. Check that it is
recommended level. securely attached. It should be
mounted to the rear mudguard or rear
 Differential. Check that the differential fender, and be clearly visible.
fluid is at the recommended level.
 Light (if equipped). Check that it is
 Leaks. Check for fluid on the ground working and clean.
under the motorcycle.
Center stand and sidestand
Clutch
 Centre stand. Check that the spring
 Clutch. is not broken and for cracks and
• When squeezing the clutch lever, bends and the stand should be secure
check that the cable moves freely when retracted.
and feels tight.
4
 Sidestand. Check for cracks and
• If you have a hydraulic clutch, bends. The stand should be secure
check that the fluid is at the when retracted.
recommended level according
to the owner’s manual.
Yearly maintenance
Throttle In the fall, your motorcycle will need to
 Throttle. Check that it moves freely. be stored properly for the winter. When
It should return to the closed position
easily, without your assistance.
you store your motorcycle make sure you
take care to protect your tires, deal with
remaining fuel in your fuel tank, remove
The Basics of
Mirrors
 Mirrors. Check that the mirrors
the battery, protect your motorcycle from
harsh weather, and address other general
storage concerns. Check your owner’s
Safe Operating
and Riding
are clean, properly adjusted and
securely fastened. manual for more information about
proper storage.
Brakes After your motorcycle has been sitting for
 Brakes. Apply the front and rear the winter or in storage for an extended
brakes separately. Check that each time, some maintenance will be needed.
one keeps the motorcycle stopped A tune-up and an oil change are a good
when you apply the brake fully and try idea. Check your owner’s manual for
to move the motorcycle forward more information about preparing your
or backward. motorcycle to ride after it has been
in storage.

Riding position correct position for effective braking,
gear selection, and balance. Do not
• Adjust each mirror so you can see the
lane behind, and as much as possible
Signalling
• Riding position. Sit on the seat so drag your feet on the ground or rest of the other lanes on the road next to Do not confuse other drivers by signalling
that your arms are slightly bent and them on the gear selector or you. When properly adjusted, a mirror too early or too late. Cancel the signal
not tense when you hold the hand brake pedal. will show the edge of your arm or light if it does not turn off automatically.
grips. This will allow you to steer shoulder. Remember that objects in Hand signals can be used as well as a
without stretching or moving • Eyes. Keep your eyes looking well signal light. This will make you and your
your mirrors may be closer than
your shoulders. ahead in the direction you want to go. intentions more visible to others.
they look. Never rely entirely on
Do not look down.
• Right hand position. Hold the your mirrors, especially when
hand grip lightly but firmly. Start with changing lanes.
your right wrist positioned with a Starting • Ensure your motorcycle is in neutral.
slight bend down and no higher than It is best for new riders of manual shift • Turn the fuel switch to ON, if equipped.
flat. This hand position will prevent and automatic shift motorcycles to
you from using too much throttle practice starting and stopping in a safe, • Set the engine cut-off switch to the
(accelerator), and will give you access traffic-free area. Other skills that you need RUN position.
to the front brake and controls. to practice in a safe place are turning and • Open the choke (if your motorcycle
• Left hand position. Use a light but lane changing, steering, accelerating, has one) or wait until the fuel injection
firm hand grip that will allow you to and braking at slow speeds. Looking well light is OFF. Left Signals Right Signals
access the clutch lever easily and ahead and along your intended path will
• Press the starter button until the
to reach the signal and headlight help you develop these basic riding skills.
motorcycle starts, and then release.
switches, and the horn. If you ride a manual shift motorcycle you
• Ensure the engine is warmed and
Manual (standard)
will also have to practice proper gear
shifting to acquire smooth coordination
running smoothly. transmissions
RIGHT between the clutch lever, brake, and • Slowly close the choke (if equipped). While some motorcycles have an
throttle. Too much throttle can cause a automatic transmission, most have a
• Ensure the lights are turned on.
rider to lose control; too little can cause manual transmission and these require
the engine to stall. Before starting to ride, be sure your coordination between the throttle, clutch
WRONG
intended path is safe. and gear selector by the operator. Shifting
To prepare your motorcycle for riding, do
• Check that the path in front of you gears on a motorcycle equipped with a
Hand grip position of right hand for throttle the following:
control. is clear of children, pedestrians, manual transmission is a skill that requires
• If the motorcycle is equipped with an obstacles and other traffic. considerable practice. You must learn
• Knees. Press your knees lightly anti-theft lock, be sure it is released. to change gears using your left foot to
This will allow the handle bars to move • Check each mirror. operate the gear shift lever and your left
against the motorcycle to help
freely for steering. • Look over your shoulder in the hand to operate the clutch lever. Your
you keep your balance when the
motorcycle is moving. • Sit on the seat with a leg on each side direction you will be moving to right hand will operate the throttle and
of the motorcycle. check your blind spot. front brake. Your right foot will operate
• Feet. Keep your feet firmly on the foot the rear brake.
pegs at all times when the motorcycle • While holding the hand grips, move • Use your signal light and arm signal
the motorcycle upright and retract the (optional). Proceed when it is safe The engine provides power. The clutch
is moving. The foot pegs are behind
sidestand. Always check that your and legal. lever is used to engage and disengage
the brake pedal on the right side and
footing is secure so that you do not power from the engine to the rear wheel.
the gear shift lever on the left side. Do • Choose the lane and position in the
lose your balance. When you squeeze the clutch lever,
not point your feet down as they can lane that allows other road users to
the connection to the transmission is
get caught between the road and the see you. Ride where drivers can see
• Continue to keep your feet firmly on disengaged. This prevents the transfer
foot pegs. Your feet need to be in the you when they look ahead or in their
the ground. of engine power to the drive wheel. You
rear view mirrors.
24 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 4 The Basics of Safe Operating and Riding 25
change gears or come to a stop while the are shifting into. Check your owner’s • When you have completed shifting to Starting uphill
connection is not engaged. manual for instructions about this. When the selected gear, remove your fingers It is more difficult to get a motorcycle
downshifting, if the motorcycle is going from the clutch lever and return them moving on an uphill slope than when
Just before stopping you will also need
too fast for the selected gear, the rear to the hand grip. it is on flat ground. There is also a
to squeeze the clutch lever to prevent the
wheel may skid. risk of rolling backward or the engine
motorcycle from stalling.
Slowing or stopping stalling. While seated and straddling
To start moving again, gradually release Changing to a higher It is necessary to shift down through each your motorcycle, here is one method for
the clutch lever and apply a little throttle, gear (upshifting) gear when slowing or stopping. This starting on an uphill slope:
the connection will begin to engage way you will know when you are in first
• Place your foot under the gear selector
again. This can be felt before the clutch • With your feet firmly on the ground,
lever to prepare for the shift up. gear. However, it is possible to come to
lever is fully released. The point where and the engine in neutral and running,
a complete stop while the clutch lever is
this connection first occurs while you are • Roll the throttle back to the off position use your front brake to keep the
pulled in and you remain in the current
releasing the clutch lever is called the while squeezing the clutch lever all the motorcycle in place.
gear. If you do this you will need to pull
friction zone. way in with your fingers.
the clutch lever in and shift down through • Pull the clutch lever all the way in, then
It is at the friction point that you must • Move the lever upwards to select the each gear to get back into first gear. use your left foot to shift into first gear,
coordinate continuing to slowly release next gear and then release. You must continuing to hold your clutch lever in
To stop or reduce speed gradually,
the clutch lever while gently using the shift up one gear at a time. all the way.
downshift through each gear in sequence
throttle to achieve a smooth start and • Carefully release the clutch lever and by pulling in the clutch lever, shifting into • Place your left foot firmly on the
prevent the engine from stalling. apply a little throttle. the next lower gear and then carefully ground again, and then apply the rear
releasing the clutch lever for each gear. brake with your right foot.
• When you have completed shifting to
Selecting and the selected gear, remove your fingers
You can also downshift through one or
more gears at one time while the clutch
• Keep the rear brake on. Release the
from the clutch lever and return them front brake, and then open the throttle
changing gears to the hand grip.
lever is pulled in. When downshifting
slightly with your right hand.
through two or more gears at a time, be
Smooth and timely gear shifting takes
sure to reduce your speed to fit the speed • Slowly release the clutch lever until
practice but, once learned, will help you Changing to a lower reaching the friction point and hold
with the gear before releasing your
maintain control of your motorcycle. A gear (downshifting one clutch lever. the clutch lever there. Then release
smooth shift to the next gear is the result or more gears) the rear brake while gradually applying
of coordinating the clutch lever release
• Place your foot on top of the gear Gear selection and control slightly more power with the throttle.
with a small amount of throttle. Start in
selector lever to prepare for for curves and corners
first gear and gradually shift up to higher • Avoid releasing the clutch lever too
the downshift.
gears as your speed increases. If you need to reduce your speed and quickly as this may cause the engine
• Roll the throttle back to the off position change gears for a curve or corner, to stall, or the front wheel to come off
Always be in the correct gear for the while squeezing the clutch lever all the to have the best control, do it before the road.
speed you are travelling. This will allow way in with your fingers. entering the curve or corner. The speed
you the most effective use of your throttle. • Place your left foot on the foot
• Firmly push the lever down as far as it that you enter the curve or turn should
It is important that the proper gear is peg as the motorcycle begins to
will go and then release. allow you to maintain control through the
selected so the engine does not lug move forward.
curve or turn without braking. Any sudden
(move the motorcycle in rough, bumpy • You can shift down several gears at a • After you are moving smoothly and the
change in acceleration or braking to the
fashion) or race (rev the engine but not time by squeezing the clutch lever all clutch lever is released, remove your
rear wheel can affect balance and control,
move the motorcycle effectively). The the way in, then firmly pushing down fingers from the clutch lever and return
and reduce the tire contact with the road
owner’s manual will explain the proper the gear selector lever and releasing, them to the hand grip.
surface. This can cause the wheel to spin
use and the best speed range of repeatedly, for each gear.
or skid.
each gear.
• Carefully release the clutch lever.
Be sure the motorcycle is travelling at Unless you are slowing or stopping,
the appropriate speed for the gear you gently apply the throttle.
Parking The rider can control some of the most
important factors that affect traction,
Always be aware that there is only a
certain amount of traction available. If
Park where it is safe and legal. Signs, like speed, acceleration and braking. the demand for traction exceeds that
curb markings and common sense will Other factors are responsible riding, amount you need, the result will be
tell you where parking is permitted. proper brake maintenance, and the a loss of control. Braking, turning a
Motorcycles are permitted to angle park characteristics of the tires. corner, travelling through a curve, and Front brake Rear brake
where other vehicles are required to park acceleration require the most traction.
Consider the following when choosing
parallel to the curb. Park the motorcycle and maintaining your tires: Here are some tips for slowing
at an angle of about 45 to 60 degrees
to the curb or edge of the roadway, so • Material – softer compounds are Braking and stopping and stopping:
your motorcycle does not extend too far available that provide better traction for Most motorcycles have two brakes, Normal braking
from the curb. Your rear wheel should be certain types of riding. These tires can which operate independently. In most • Practice braking and shifting in a safe,
within 50 centimetres (20 inches) of wear out sooner than other tires. cases, there is a hand-operated front traffic-free area.
the curb. • Tire Pressure – maintain proper brake and a foot-operated rear brake.
• To brake effectively, learn to apply even
When parking your motorcycle, use pressure according to the Some motorcycles are equipped with braking force between the front and
the side kickstand. Make sure the front manufacturer’s specifications. Under- braking systems that link front and rear rear brakes. (You will acquire a feeling
wheel is turned all the way to the left and and over-inflated tires will reduce the brake operation together. Anti-lock brake for when your tires are about to skid.)
locked. Remove the key from the ignition. amount of traction, due to less contact systems are also available on some
with the road surface. Improper models. If your motorcycle has either of • Downshift smoothly when braking to
inflation will also affect how the avoid a skid. Downshifting will allow
Hill parking these systems, read your owner’s manual
tire wears. for instructions on the best way to use you to use the engine to help the
On a hill, it is best to park facing uphill.
the brakes. motorcycle slow down. If you do this
This is to prevent the motorcycle rolling • Tread patterns – select the type of tire
without using your brakes, it will not
forward off the stand. If a curb is present, tread for the conditions you expect to When stopping under normal conditions, activate the brake light. Motorists
have the rear wheel make contact with be riding in. apply the front brake and rear brake behind you will not be warned that
the curb to prevent the motorcycle from at the same time. When both brakes
• Wear and tread depth – replace tires you are slowing. For this reason, it is
rolling back. are applied, there is a transfer of rider
as recommended by the manufacturer. a good idea to brake lightly between
It is recommended that you do not Worn tires are dangerous to use, and weight to the front of the motorcycle. This each downshift when slowing
park your motorcycle facing downhill. If do not provide adequate traction creates a situation where about three- the motorcycle.
you must do this temporarily, place the or safety. quarters of your braking traction is on the
front tire. This can increase to almost all • Use caution when braking in a turn or
motorcycle at about a 45-degree angle to Traction can be reduced by wet road
the braking traction being on the front on a curve, and on slippery or rough
the curb. Ensure the motorcycle is in first surfaces, and metal road parts like metal
tire as more braking force is applied. The roads. When possible, avoid braking
gear. Lock the steering to the left. If the bridges. Snow and ice, painted lines, and
result can be the rear tire losing contact when the wheel is turned.
motorcycle does move it will likely fall to holes and cracks affect the tire contact
the left. with the road surface, and possibly a loss • Downshift through the gears to first
with the road. Road debris, such as
of control of the motorcycle. gear before stopping so you can move
gravel, sand, leaves, antifreeze, oil and
forward quickly if necessary.
Tires and traction spilled materials, reduce traction. It is best to apply the brakes by gradually
increasing pressure. This gradual increase • Keep the rear brake firmly applied
When it is raining, the roads are the most
Traction is the amount of grip and contact makes it possible to control the amount while stopped.
slippery during the first few minutes.
your tires have with the road surface. of braking force needed to achieve
Continue to scan the road surface ahead • Riding with your brake partially applied
Loss of traction can have disastrous threshold braking. (The threshold
to determine road conditions and beware activates the brake light. This may
results for the operator of any vehicle braking point is just before the
of hydroplaning. confuse other drivers, and will cause
and especially for the rider of a wheels lock).
two-wheeled vehicle. unnecessary wear on the brakes.
Stopping time Remember, when you increase your
speed, you increase how long it takes
the more the motorcycle must lean.
When you are near the end of the curve,
and distance
Provide gentle
you to stop and how far your motorcycle gradually release the pressure on the acceleration
through the curve
Not all riders know how much time or travels before stopping. hand grip to bring the motorcycle upright. Straighten the
bike as you
distance it takes to bring a motorcycle to If necessary, push on the opposite hand finish the curve
grip to assist in straightening

a complete stop. As a result, they may
make errors in judgment that can lead to
Turns and corners the motorcycle.
Slow down
before the
curve
a collision. Three factors that determine There are different methods for steering a Many motorcycle riders, especially those
Lean into the turn by
pushing forward on the
the time and distance required to stop are motorcycle when turning a corner (from who lack experience, misjudge the safest
handlebar on the side
you wish to lean towards.
perception, reaction, and braking. one street onto another street), and for speed for curves and enter curves when
Push right - go right,
push left - go left
traveling around a curve. travelling too quickly.
The rider’s visual skills, level of attention,
decision making abilities, degree of Practice turning in a safe and traffic-free • If necessary, reduce your speed and
fatigue, and use of alcohol or other area before riding in traffic. Approach a downshift before the curve. A motorcycle travelling around a curve
drugs will affect perception, reaction turn at a slow speed (less than 20 to 25
• When road or weather conditions are
and braking. kilometres per hour). Shift to the proper
gear before the turn. Use first or poor, reduce your speed further.
Skids
Perception time is how long it takes second gear. Skids are the result of:
• Look well ahead and keep your eyes
you to recognize a situation and
Control your speed when turning. Turn looking through the curve to where you • improper use of the throttle, clutch,
understand the need to stop. This can
and steer the front wheel and look in the want to go. and brakes
take about three-quarters of a second.
Less experienced riders are often slower direction you want to go. This requires • Push-steer to lean the motorcycle in • improper or unsafe handling of the
to recognize a danger. Perception good visual skills and balance, as well as the direction of the curve. motorcycle for the road conditions
coordination between the clutch lever,
distance is how far a motorcycle travels • Avoid slowing or accelerating suddenly • turning or steering too sharply,
throttle and rear brake. Use a light but
during this time. while in the curve when the motorcycle especially on a curve or turn
firm grip on the hand grips for all turns.
Reaction (response) time is how long is leaning. The sudden change in • turning while travelling too quickly
it takes to move your foot or hand over speed could cause the motorcycle to
the brake once the need to brake is Curves lose traction. • braking too hard, usually with the
rear brake
realized. The average reaction time is To travel around a curve (at speeds • You can apply both brakes in a curve
three-quarters of a second. Reaction greater than 20 to 25 kilometres per in an emergency, but do not do • accelerating too quickly
distance is how far a motorcycle travels hour), you will need to master the skill this while the motorcycle is leaning. • the combined effects of braking
during this time. of push-steering. (Push-steering is also Before applying the brakes, bring the and turning
known as counter-steering.) Push- motorcycle upright, and take care not
Braking time is how long it takes the The effect of these rider errors can be
steering is pushing on one hand grip to to lock either wheel. Using threshold
motorcycle to stop after the brakes are made worse by poor road conditions,
cause the motorcycle to lean. Push on braking will help prevent locking.
applied. The distance travelled in this such as slippery surfaces, loose sand,
the left hand grip to lean the motorcycle • Gently accelerate when you are
time is called the braking distance. or gravel.
to the left to travel to the left. Push on the nearing the end of the curve.
The actual braking distance will depend right hand grip to lean the motorcycle to Try not to get into a skid. Plan ahead
on the speed, weight of the motorcycle, the right to travel to the right. so you will not be forced to make rapid
traction of the tires on the road surface,
adjustments. When you are not familiar
the quality of the brakes, road and When travelling around a curve, you and
with the road, reduce your speed.
weather conditions, and rider skill. the motorcycle must lean toward the
inside of the curve. When you push-steer, If a skid occurs, do not panic. Look and
Stopping distance is the total of increasing the amount of push on the steer in the direction you want to go, to
perception distance, reaction distance hand grip will increase the amount the help you regain control of the motorcycle.
and braking distance. motorcycle leans. The greater the speed,
If a loss of traction is caused by over-
acceleration, ease off the throttle, and
look and steer in the direction you want
the front of the motorcycle to go.
Intended path
Look and steer along your intended path

when the rear of the motorcycle is skidding.
5
Managing Risk
in Traffic

Be proactive without doing a shoulder check, he or
she will not see you and will move into
It allows you: Space cushion behind
• time and space to take action • Use your mirrors to be aware of
when riding your riding space. When riding behind or
to avoid a hazard or collision vehicles behind you.
A proactive approach is needed when to the sides of other vehicles, ride where
you can be seen clearly in their inside or • an escape route if stopping is • If a vehicle behind you is following too
riding in traffic. Always ride using extreme
outside rear view mirror. If you cannot see not possible closely, reduce your speed slightly
caution. Unlike drivers of other vehicles,
the driver in a vehicle’s mirrors, the driver to allow the vehicle to pass and to
you do not have a seat belt or protection • to reduce the risk of having another
probably cannot see you. increase your following distance from
around you in a collision. Collisions vehicle collide with you from behind
the vehicle in front of you. This will
between motorcycles and vehicles often Using the driver’s outside and inside rear • to be seen more easily by drivers of allow you more time and space to
result in injuries to the motorcycle rider. view mirrors, rider B can be seen by the vehicles coming toward you, from the slow or stop gradually, giving you more
Motorcycles and their riders can be driver of the vehicle, but riders C and D sides, and from behind options to deal with the vehicle behind
more difficult to see than cars and cannot be seen. you. This reduces the risk of being hit
• more time to respond to the actions
other vehicles. Many motorists do not from behind.
of others
anticipate, see, or hear the motorcycles
that share the road. Some drivers Space cushion to the front Space cushion to the sides
involved in collisions with a motorcycle • To have a space cushion beside you,
• Your following distance is the space
say they never saw the motorcycle avoid riding beside another vehicle or
that is completely controlled by you.
and rider. riding in the blind spot of the vehicle in
Managing your space to the rear and
You cannot be sure that other drivers the next lane. The driver of the vehicle
sides can be more challenging,
will see you. Therefore, you must always might move into your lane without
Ride where you can be seen. The yellow area but you, the rider, manage the
watch other road users and anticipate doing a shoulder check.
is visible to the driver in the vehicle’s inside space ahead.
their actions. If a driver does not see and outside rear view mirrors. • Do not ride beside another motorcycle
• Create and maintain a safe following
you, he or she may turn in front of you or in the same lane. It is illegal and you
distance. The closer you follow
change lanes into you. Be sure you are
positioned where other drivers have the
Managing the another vehicle, the greater your risk of
will have fewer options for an
escape route.
colliding with it. You will also not have
best chance to see you. You may need space around you enough time to see and respond to • Avoid riding close to the edge of
to use your horn to alert others that you
are near. and being seen hazards in your lane, like pot holes your lane or to the curb, as this may
and debris. encourage other drivers to move into
Never assume that other drivers have
your lane.
seen you. Look ahead and around you. • Stay at least two to three seconds
Blind spots Plan an escape route for an emergency. behind the vehicle ahead.
Space cushion and
Even when all rear view mirrors are The best protection you have is to create • At higher speeds, or when conditions
properly adjusted, there are large areas a manageable space cushion around
large vehicles
are less than ideal, such as poor light
behind and to the side of a driver or you. A space cushion is the distance • Create a wide space between you and
or poor weather, stay at least three to
rider that cannot be seen using only the between yourself and others. large vehicles. Drivers of these vehicles
four seconds behind the vehicle you
mirrors. These are called blind spots. often have large blind spots behind
are following.
When riding, always do a shoulder check and to the sides of their vehicles. If
to be sure that your blind spot is clear of you follow a large vehicle too closely,
traffic before you change lanes. the driver will not be able to see you.
Your view of the road ahead will be
2-3 seconds
Stay out of other drivers’ blind spots reduced, and drivers of oncoming
as much as possible. It is easy for a vehicles will be less able to see you.
motorcycle and rider to be hidden in a A minimum two to three second following
distance is recommended. When conditions
blind spot. If you ride in a driver’s blind
are not ideal, increase your following
spot, and the driver changes lanes distance.
34 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 5 Managing Risk in Traffic 35
Space cushion and Choosing a lane Two lane roadway • When riding around a curve, choose a
position in your lane that will allow the
turning right (one lane in each direction)
• Do not ride between the curb and a
and lane position The left portion of a lane, where the
best view along the curve ahead.
vehicle, especially a large vehicle that Choose the safest lane and lane position left wheels of a vehicle travel, is usually • A large vehicle coming toward you can
is turning right. In this position, the for your situation. Plan an escape route. the safest place to ride on a two lane cause a change in wind conditions. It
driver of the vehicle may not see you. Consider the condition of the road when roadway. In this position you can: can block a strong crosswind or create
Stay out of this position. Keep well deciding where to ride. Be prepared a strong wind as it passes, which can
• be seen more easily by
back of a right-turning vehicle until it to adjust your position within your lane cause you to lose control. When a
oncoming vehicles
has finished the turn. and your location to other vehicles, or to large vehicle is approaching, ride in
change lanes, as the traffic • be seen more easily in rear view the right portion of your lane and keep
situation changes. mirrors of vehicles you are following a firm hold on the hand grips. Wait
• see oncoming vehicles more easily for a few seconds after the vehicle
Four or more lane has passed before returning to your
roadway (two or more • see and be seen by traffic at road previous lane position.
junctions to your left
lanes in each direction)
On a four lane roadway, use the right • be farther away from vehicles entering
travel lane whenever possible. Ride in the from the right
left portion of your lane. This helps you • be farther away from pedestrians,
Rider should avoid this dangerous position. maintain your lane space when vehicles animals, driveways and road debris
Note the tracking lines of the rear wheels. are entering your lane from the lane to Move to the right portion of your lane to
along the curb
the left. prepare for a change in wind conditions.
• avoid the slippery areas caused by
Space cushion and When you need to ride in the lane next leaks from vehicles that can form in
parked vehicles to the dividing yellow line, ride in the the centre of the lane Changing lanes
• When passing parked vehicles, stay right portion of the lane (where the right
• avoid the centre of the lane that is Changing lanes frequently is not worth
in the left portion of your lane. This will wheels of the vehicle travel). This gives
often higher due to constant traffic the risks. Plan your route well ahead to
help you to manage risks caused by a you an escape route to the unused left
weight on the left and right portions of keep lane changing to a minimum.
person stepping out from in front of a portion of your lane, as well as another
parked vehicle, or a vehicle door being to the lane to the right, when there is an the lane When a lane change is required,
opened into your path. emergency or hazard. This also helps you These points explain why it is best to do the following:
maintain your lane space when vehicles use the left portion of the lane. However, • Make sure the lane change location is
• You also need to leave sufficient space
are entering your lane from the lane to there are times when it is safer to use the safe and legal.
in case a driver moves a vehicle away
the right. However, do not follow other right portion and occasionally the centre
from the curb or parking lane. The • Check for traffic and potential hazards
vehicles too closely, as oncoming vehicles portion of the lane to see, be seen, and
driver may do a shoulder check and ahead. Use your mirrors to check for
that are turning left will have trouble manage your space cushion.
still fail to see you. traffic behind you.
seeing you behind the vehicle you
• Look for signs that a driver may be There is no lane position that is safest
are following. • Check your blind spot by glancing over
getting ready to move away from the for all situations. Here are some other
your shoulder to the lane where you
curb or parking lane. A person in the situations where you must decide where
intend to move.
driver’s seat, a flashing signal light, in your lane it is safest to ride:
lit brake lights, exhaust, and an arm • Turn on your signal light and use a
• Before the crest of a hill, use the right
signal are signs that a vehicle may hand signal (optional).
portion of your lane. An oncoming
move into your lane. Reduce your vehicle may be coming over the hill • Do a shoulder check again and, if it
speed and be prepared to use your and using your lane to pass. is safe, change lanes. If it is not safe,
horn, change lanes, or stop. start the lane change process again.
Intersections If an oncoming driver is indicating turning
left, or a driver is indicating entering the
STOP Do not pass by squeezing between
vehicles ahead using the area between
The rules for riding through intersections intersection from the left, reduce your lanes. This is illegal and dangerous.
are the same for motorcycle riders speed and move to the centre or right
as they are for other drivers. Since portion of your lane. This will increase the STOP
intersections have left and right turning space between you and the other vehicle. The rider is in the left portion of the lane when
as well as straight through traffic, they Choose an escape route in case the vehicles are indicating entering from both
are high risk areas for collisions. Caution, vehicle crosses your path. Never assume sides of the intersection.
anticipation, and controlled speed are that the other driver has seen you.
required at intersections. If your motorcycle stalls in an intersection
STOP and cannot be started, it must be moved
Many collisions happen at intersections. DO NOT ride or pass by squeezing around or
out of the intersection. When it is safe,
Some are the result of poor judgment of between vehicles.
with you on the left side of the
time and space when:
STOP
motorcycle, walk it clear of all traffic and Riders must reduce speed to
• the motorcycle rider is turning left in out of the intersection. If the motorcycle is 60 km/h or the posted speed, whichever
front of oncoming vehicles. The rider moves to the centre or right portion equipped with emergency hazard lights, is lower, when passing emergency
of the lane when an oncoming vehicle is turn them on. vehicles or tow trucks that are stopped
• drivers of oncoming vehicles are turning left.
turning left in front of a motorcycle with their lights flashing. This law applies
rider who is going straight. If a vehicle is indicating entering from the Passing to the lane(s) immediately next to the
stopped vehicles. The fine for speeding in
• drivers of vehicles are entering the right side of the intersection, use the left
Passing other vehicles is a high risk these areas is doubled.
intersection from roads to the right or portion of your lane. This will increase
action. Do not pass unless it is necessary.
left of the motorcycle rider. the space between you and the vehicle
Only pass in a legal passing zone and
entering from the right. Choose an
To reduce the risk of collisions at only when it is safe.
escape route in case the vehicle crosses
intersections, do the following. your path.
When not to pass
• When approaching an intersection, STOP Do not pass a vehicle travelling in the
be prepared to reduce your speed and
same direction:
to brake.
• that has stopped for a pedestrian
• Maintain a proper space cushion all
STOP
around your motorcycle in your lane so • that is slowing unexpectedly
If you are not in the lane next to the
you can see and be seen. The rider is in the left portion of the lane when • that is approaching or stopped at a stopped vehicles, you still need to be
a vehicle is indicating entering from the right. railway crossing
• Scan left, centre and right several watchful and cautious.
times as you approach the intersection
If vehicles are indicating entering the Reduce your speed and leave lots of
to check for pedestrians, traffic, and Do not pass:
intersection from both sides of the space between yourself and emergency
potential hazards. • near or at the top of a hill
intersection, use the left portion of your personnel and equipment at the scene.
• Glance in your mirrors often to be lane. This allows you more space and • when you are approaching or are Also, watch for the movement of
aware of the traffic behind you. time to react if one of the vehicles moves within an intersection personnel around the scene.
in front of you. • any place where you cannot see
• Be prepared to change lanes or your
position in the lane to separate yourself clearly ahead, like a curve
from potential hazards. • by using the shoulder (emergency
The safest position in your lane depends stopping lane) of the road
on where other vehicles are located when
you approach an intersection.
Passing on a two hazardous to increase your speed when
lane highway being passed.
When you need to use the oncoming lane If the vehicle passing you needs to return
to pass on a two lane highway, observe quickly to your lane to avoid oncoming
the following rules, and remember that traffic or an obstacle, you may need to
exceeding the speed limit is illegal. reduce your speed and move to the right.
Assist the passing vehicle to have room to
• Ride in the left portion of your lane
return to the lane safely. Return to the left
to increase the distance you can
portion of your lane after the vehicle has
see ahead.
completed the pass.
• Maintain a minimum two second
following distance until you are ready
to pass.
• Check ahead for oncoming traffic to
6
ensure you have enough space and
time to complete the pass safely. Move to the right portion of the lane when
another vehicle needs assistance to pass you.
• Check your mirrors for traffic to the rear.
Tips and Reminders
• Do a shoulder check to the left to
ensure that no one is attempting to Here are some tips and reminders to
pass you. reduce your risk of being in a collision:
Riding in
• Turn on your left signal light and use an • Be visible to other motorists by
arm signal. riding in the safest lane and lane
position possible.
• Check ahead again for oncoming traffic.
• Check that you still have the space and
time necessary to complete the pass.
• Be aware of your surroundings and
other motorists. Challenging
Conditions
• Use your turn signals and brake light
• Move into the oncoming lane to pass
to communicate your intentions to
the vehicle.
other drivers and riders.
• Before returning to your lane, be sure
• Use hand signals to increase the
you can see the front of the vehicle
likelihood that you will be seen.
you have passed in your right rear
view mirror. • Maintain a space cushion of at least
two to three seconds when following
• Do a shoulder check over your right
another vehicle.
shoulder to be sure there is enough
space for you in front of the vehicle. • Maintain a proper space cushion
all around you as you ride.
• Signal and move back into your
travel lane. • Scan your path of travel at least 12
seconds ahead in urban areas, and 20
Being passed to 25 seconds ahead in rural areas.
When a vehicle is passing you on a • Identify potential hazards and take
two lane highway, maintain a constant action, such as reducing speed or
speed and lane position. It is illegal and changing lanes, to avoid or reduce risk.

Conditions of • Use caution when passing other
vehicles after dark and when visibility
Poor weather Road surface
less light and is reduced. and temperature hazards that
reduced visibility • Be visible. Wear clothing and use extremes affect traction
materials that have reflective features,
Because it is more difficult to see when Poor weather conditions can affect you Fluid leaks from other vehicles can settle
such as reflective tape. (If possible, buy
there is less light, or when visibility is and your ability to control the motorcycle. in the centre of the lane and result in
a helmet with reflective material as part
reduced for other reasons, the risk of Try to avoid riding in poor weather. Be reduced traction. Traction is also reduced
of its design.) Reflectors can be added
losing control or being in a cautious when riding in spring and fall, as when there is moisture on the road
to your motorcycle.
collision increases. you could be surprised by winter weather. surface. Pavement is particularly slippery
Check weather and road condition just after it starts to rain, before the
• When your ability to see clearly is
reports, and make decisions for safety. surface oil and dirt are washed to the side
decreased, reduce your speed and
of the road. To avoid this danger, do not
ride with caution. This will help you to Lower temperatures due to cold or wind
ride in the centre portion of the lane just
avoid a hazard. chill conditions can cause the body
after the rain starts.
to lose internal heat. If you become
• Distances are more difficult to judge
chilled, your ability to concentrate and When there is water on the road, a layer
after dark than during daylight. To
respond can be affected. Warm or hot of water may form between the road
determine how far away an object • Keep your goggles, face shield and
temperatures can cause the body to surface and the tires. Your tires may lose
is, our eyes rely on the contrast of windshield clean. They should be become dehydrated and can result in contact with the road surface. This is
shadows and light. These contrasts replaced if they become too scratched. heat exhaustion. Wear the proper clothing called hydroplaning. To reduce the risk
may be missing or distorted under Use only clear untinted lenses at night. to protect yourself. (See Chapter 2 for of hydroplaning on wet roads, reduce
artificial lights after dark. Continue
• Always watch for animals, especially at more about temperature extremes.) your speed without braking. If you start
to be aware of your distance from
dawn and dusk. Look for animals on to hydroplane, do not brake. Keep your
vehicles ahead and adjust your Strong or gusty winds can affect your
or near the road. Scan the road and eyes up and along your intended path,
speed accordingly. ability to control the motorcycle and may
ditches far ahead for movement or the and maintain or very gradually reduce
make it difficult to maintain a proper lane
• Ride at a speed that allows you to reflection from an animal’s eyes. your speed. Try to avoid riding where the
position. In windy conditions, grip the
stop easily within the distance your tires of vehicles have created areas where
• Stay alert. If you are becoming tired, motorcycle tightly with your thighs. Keep
headlights illuminate. If you overdrive the road is lower and water has settled.
stop and rest. your upper body relaxed and your arms
your headlights, you will not have time
bent and loose. Gravel, sand, tar strips, mud, painted
to adjust to hazards or obstructions in When visibility is reduced due to rain,
road markings, and steel surfaces like
your path. fog, smoke, or dust, take the same If you encounter a strong crosswind, lean
utility hole covers reduce traction and
precautions you would when riding in into it. Create a good space cushion in
• On poorly lit roads, use your high should be avoided or ridden
conditions of less light. Poor weather case the crosswind suddenly decreases.
beam headlights. This will allow you to over cautiously.
combined with less light make reduced You can do this by choosing a lane or
see further ahead. Change to your low
visibility worse. Adjust your riding for the lane position that will keep you out of Dirt, gravel and sand collect along the
beam headlights before you are 150
conditions by reducing your speed. oncoming traffic, and a lane position that sides of the road, in residential areas
metres (492 ft) from the vehicle ahead,
will allow you to stay in your lane. and especially on curves and ramps
and 300 metres (984 ft) or more from Use your low beam headlights when
leading to and from highways. Spring
oncoming vehicles. riding in fog. If you use high beam Be aware that when you are riding in a
can be the worst time for this due to road
headlights, the light will reflect off the fog strong wind, you may be more easily
• One way to gather information is sanding during the winter. Be aware of
back to you and cause glare. This can fatigued. If the wind is extreme, your
to use the headlights of the vehicle what is on the edge of the road when
also occur with smoke, dust, rain safest choice is not to ride.
ahead to extend your view of the road. turning sharply, and entering and exiting
Bouncing tail and headlights ahead and snow.
highways Reduce your speed and adjust
can alert you to bumps or a your riding for these conditions.
rough road.
42 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 6 Riding in Challenging Conditions 43
As much as you can, stay clear of • On bridge decks made of metal
roads that have ice or snow on them. gratings, or a road surface that is
Patches of ice tend to form in low or being resurfaced and has grooves cut
shaded areas, as well as on bridges and into it, your motorcycle may vibrate
overpasses. Ride on the portion of the or wander slightly. The risk of losing
lane with the best traction and reduce control is lessened if you reduce
your speed. your speed before the area and try
to maintain a constant speed when
To ride safely when traction is reduced,
crossing. Braking and accelerating
do the following:
should be done gradually.
• Reduce your speed before getting
to a slippery surface to lessen the
possibility of losing control or skidding.
• Reduce your speed before entering
a curve, especially a curve with a
7
hazardous road surface.
• A sudden change in speed or
direction can cause a loss of control.
Sign warning motorcyclists of
When adjusting your speed, shifting a rough or uneven surface.
gears, turning corners and braking,
do so smoothly. Use caution when crossing railroad
Handling Riding
• When using the front brake, gradually tracks. Always proceed straight ahead,
squeeze the brake lever. If harder regardless of the angle of the tracks to
braking is needed, use progressive the highway. This will prevent crossing
Emergencies
pressure to avoid locking the front into another lane or into oncoming traffic.
wheel. The front brake is still effective Keep your speed even and do not
when braking on a slippery surface. accelerate, brake or do anything that
requires traction.
• Threshold brake (braking to the point
just before the wheels lock) with the
rear brake to avoid locking the
rear wheel.
• If a slippery surface cannot be
avoided, keep your motorcycle from
leaning. You could lose control of your Correct way to cross railroad tracks.
motorcycle leaning on a
slippery surface.
• Avoid hard braking, quick accelerating,
and sudden steering movements.
• Proceed slowly and carefully.
Your ability to handle the motorcycle may
also be affected by road surface hazards.
Incorrect way to cross railroad tracks.

Emergency braking • If your front wheel locks, release the
hand brake lever only enough to
Mechanical problems
and stopping unlock the wheel, then reapply the You should do regular maintenance on
brake gradually. your motorcycle to avoid mechanical
When motorcycle brakes are applied,
emergencies. Many mechanical problems
especially when used forcefully, the • If your rear brake locks, keep it locked.
Take action to avoid an obstacle or hazard. can be prevented in this way.
weights of the rider and cargo shift Only release the rear brake if you are
forward. This can cause the braking force on a loose surface such as sand or
gravel and need to regain control. Riding over obstacles Sticking throttle
to be much greater on the front brake
If you must ride over an object that you One mechanical problem that might occur
than the rear brake. • Do not take your feet off the foot pegs.
see too late to steer around or stop for, is a throttle that is stuck. This requires
You need to practice braking to If you take your feet off the foot pegs, quick thinking by the rider.
follow these steps:
understand how much pressure you can you will not be able to use your rear
• Reduce your speed by easing off If the throttle is stuck, follow these steps:
apply to each brake without locking the brake or change gears.
wheel. Braking to the point just before the the throttle. If possible, threshold brake • Squeeze the clutch lever, and use the
wheels lock is called threshold braking. Emergency stopping before reaching the object. engine kill switch.
Not locking the wheels allows you to • When going around the problem is • Hold the hand grips firmly, with your • Look for a safe place to stop.
still control the steering. It also prevents not an option and you must stop arms relaxed.
skidding. If a wheel locks and skids, the as quickly as possible, with the • Signal and safely move off the road.
motorcycle not leaning use both • Keep the front wheel straight.
tire may slide to one side, making the • Gradually apply your brakes.
motorcycle difficult to control. brakes to maximum threshold. • Shift your weight further back on
• Activate your hazard lights when
the seat.
If your motorcycle has anti-lock brakes stopped (if equipped).
(ABS), you will need practice to get the Obstacles • Stand slightly on the foot pegs.
Do not resume riding until the problem has
feel for this type of braking.
• If travelling slowly, accelerate slightly as been corrected.
Frequent checks in your mirrors as you Avoiding obstacles the front wheel reaches the object.
ride will allow you to be aware of what is If an obstacle appears suddenly in your
behind you. This will help you to make path, you may not be able to stop in time.
• After going over the object, return
to your normal seating position and
Wobble
decisions to avoid being hit from behind To avoid a crash you may be able to do
adjust your speed. A wobble is the front wheel shaking
when you must stop quickly. a controlled swerve around the obstacle.
from side to side. Some causes of a
To go to the right around the obstacle, • After a hard impact with an object, wobble are:
Controlled braking in push on your right hand grip to lean the move off the road when safe and stop.
motorcycle to the right. To go to the left Check the tires and rims for damage • incorrect tire pressure in one or
an emergency
around the obstacle, push on your left before proceeding. both tires
• Try to go around the problem by using
hand grip to lean the motorcycle to • bent wheels or rims
an escape route. If you must brake
the left.
when the front wheel is turned, do • wheels that are not aligned
it gradually using threshold braking A sudden change in acceleration,
smoothly. Use less pressure than you steering, braking, or braking while the • accelerating too rapidly
normally would. motorcycle is leaning can cause a loss of • holding onto the hand grips too tightly
control. It is recommended that you do
• If going around the problem is not an Sit back on the seat and stand slightly on the • loose spokes or spokes with
not brake while you are swerving around
option, keep the motorcycle upright foot pegs to ride over an object. incorrect tension
an object. If you need to brake, do it
and the front wheel straight while you
before you lean and after you straighten • a windshield that is not
apply threshold braking.
the motorcycle. mounted properly
• uneven load distribution
• riding too fast for the capability of
the motorcycle.
46 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 7 Handling Riding Emergencies 47
If your motorcycle develops a front wheel
wobble, follow these steps:
Airborne objects Animals
Insects, and stones and debris thrown by Animal behaviour is not predictable. If
• Do not use your brakes. other vehicles can strike you as you ride. an animal is near the road reduce your
• Reduce your speed by gradually Adjust your riding, if possible, to move speed and be prepared to steer around it
closing the throttle. away from the potential danger. or stop. Be aware that animals are more
active at dusk and dawn.
• Signal if you can and safely move You should always wear adequate
off the road. eye and face protection (see Chapter Some dogs are attracted to motorcycles.
2). If you are not wearing face protection, If a dog runs toward your motorcycle
• When the motorcycle has slowed from the front or side, reduce your
airborne objects can interfere with
enough, use the brakes carefully speed and downshift. Then as the dog
Rider position for front tire blowout. your ability to see clearly, and may
to stop. approaches accelerate away. Keep both
cause severe pain and loss of vision. (A
If the rear tire suddenly goes flat, the back
• Activate your hazard lights. motorcycle with a windshield will provide feet on the foot pegs to help you keep
of the motorcycle will tend to sway from
more protection from airborne objects control of the motorcycle.
• Determine whether the problem can be side to side.
corrected now. If this is not possible, than one without.)
• Hold the hand grips firmly and try to
have the motorcycle checked by a If you are wearing face protection, insects
steer straight.
qualified person before you ride again. may cause the visor or lens to become
• Do not brake. smeared and flying stones may cause
cracks. This will make seeing difficult.
Tire blowouts • Slowly ease off the throttle.
Concentrate on controlling the motorcycle
If a tire suddenly goes flat, you will need • Maintain your position on the if you cannot see clearly. When it is safe,
to act quickly to keep control of the motorcycle. move off the travelled portion of the road.
motorcycle. You may not hear a tire • When it is safe, move off the travelled Stop in a safe place, and fix the problem.
blowout, but you should be able to detect portion of the road. Never try to fix the problem while moving.
a flat tire by a change in the way the
• Use the front brake carefully to come
motorcycle handles. A tire blowout affects
to a gradual stop in a safe place.
control and steering, especially if it is the
front tire. • Activate your hazard lights
(if equipped).
If the front tire suddenly goes flat, the
steering will feel heavy or stiff. Increase following distance when faced with
airborne objects.
• Hold the hand grips firmly and try to
steer straight.
• Do not brake.
• Ease off the throttle.
• Shift your weight further back on the
seat.
• When it is safe, move off the travelled
portion of the road. Rider position for rear tire blowout.
• Use the rear brake carefully to come to

a gradual stop in a safe place.
• Activate your hazard lights
(if equipped).
48 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 7 Handling Riding Emergencies 49
NOTES
8
Carrying a
Passenger
or Cargo

Riding with should stay on the foot pegs, even
when stopped. Hot exhaust pipes and
• Warn your passenger, if possible, if you
must move the motorcycle suddenly,
a passenger mufflers are a hazard for passengers. such as quick acceleration or
Riding with a passenger is not changing lanes.
• Instruct your passenger to check
recommended until you are an with you before getting on or off the
experienced rider. A passenger is legally motorcycle, so you are prepared for
How to operate your
permitted on a motorcycle only if it the weight transfer. motorcycle with a passenger
has a seat designed to carry an extra Carrying a passenger requires that you
A passenger on the motorcycle means
person. The motorcycle must also have Operator and passenger – adjust how you operate the motorcycle
adjusting how you operate your motorcycle.
passenger hand grips and foot rests. working together when riding from when you ride alone.
Clear communication and cooperation • Take the motorcycle off the sidestand
Preparing your motorcycle between you and your passenger are before the passenger gets on. Carrying cargo
Your motorcycle may need adjusting extremely important to reduce the risk If you carry cargo, it is safest to carry
to allow for the extra weight of the • Start with slow speeds in areas free of
of injuries. it in tank or saddle bags designed for
passenger. Read your owner’s manual traffic and then in light traffic conditions
motorcycles. Small loads can be carried
for information. • To carry a passenger, you will need to to allow first-time passengers to get
safely if positioned and fastened properly.
use more strength to hold your body used to riding.
You may need to: position. This will help you withstand • Be sure the bags or other items do not
• Increase your following distance
• Adjust the suspension/shock the pushing and pulling forces of the interfere with the controls or your ability
to three to four seconds as the
absorbers. passenger’s weight. to steer and control the motorcycle.
extra weight increases your
• Check the slack in the drive chain. • Have your passenger sit as far forward stopping distance. • Load saddle bags with about the same
as possible without crowding you. weight on each side of the motorcycle
• Adjust the air pressure in the tires. • Operate at a slower speed, particularly
to maintain balance.
Check that the pressure is correct for • It is recommended that your on corners, curves or bumps.
riding with a passenger. There may passenger holds on to your waist. This • Keep the load as low as practical.
• Reduce speed earlier than when riding
also be tire inflation information on the assists with non-verbal communication
because the extra weight of your • Place the load above or to either
motorcycle or tire. between you and your passenger.
passenger will increase your stopping side of the rear axle. Mounting cargo
The passenger may also hold the
time and distance. anywhere behind the rear axle can
Preparing your passenger passenger hand grips.
affect control of the motorcycle.
• Look for larger gaps in traffic whenever
before riding • Be sure your passenger understands
crossing, entering or merging with • Fasten the load securely with elastic
Equipment the need to sit still, especially when
traffic. The extra weight will make your bungee cords or nets. (Rope tends
you are maneuvering the motorcycle.
• Ensure that your passenger is wearing acceleration slower. to stretch, knots can come loose,
Unexpected or sudden movements
an approved helmet. This is required permitting the load to shift or fall.)
by the passenger will make the • Avoid sudden acceleration that could
by law. Attach several cords spaced along the
motorcycle difficult to control. cause your passenger to lose his or
side of the load.
• Ensure that your passenger has her balance and possibly come off
• Instruct your passenger to move
adequate protective clothing, footwear the motorcycle. • Stop and check the load regularly to
as you do when increasing and
and eye protection. make sure it has not loosened
decreasing speed.
or moved.
Instruction • Instruct your passenger to look over
• Never attach items to the front fender
your shoulder in the direction of an
• Instruct your passenger to sit only on or handlebars.
approaching turn or curve. This way
the seat designed for the passenger.
the passenger will be ready to lean
• Ensure that your passenger’s feet with you when you and the motorcycle
can reach and remain on the foot lean during a turn or curve.
pegs. Both of your passenger’s feet
52 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 8 Carrying a Passenger or Cargo 53
Towing a trailer of the trailer hitch that attaches to the
motorcycle.) Be sure the load cannot shift
Note: When taking a road test using a
three-wheeled motorcycle, your Class 6
• A motorcycle and sidecar unit should
be centred in the lane like you would
If you are planning to pull a trailer with while in motion as this can unbalance licence will be restricted to only being able for driving a car, to avoid striking
your motorcycle, the motorcycle and the trailer and affect the handling of to operate three-wheeled motorcycles. objects on the right with the sidecar.
trailer must be correctly matched for the motorcycle.
size and weight to be safe. A proper • When you must avoid a road hazard,
connection between the motorcycle Pulling your trailer Riding with a sidecar such as a pothole, the motorcycle
and sidecar will be more difficult to
and the trailer is needed, and the cargo When learning to pull your trailer, start If you plan to operate a motorcycle with
must be properly loaded in the trailer. It manoeuvre than a motorcycle alone.
out slowly. Get used to the handling an attached sidecar, you are encouraged The movement will be similar to driving
is important that you practice pulling the characteristics of a motorcycle and trailer to research and learn how to do this
trailer before you set out on a trip. a vehicle. Remember the wheel of
combination. The time and distance before actually driving on the road. the sidecar as well as the motorcycle
required to stop are increased due to the wheels when avoiding a hazard
Pre-trip inspection added weight. It will take more time to
When driving a motorcycle with a sidecar
is new to you, begin cautiously. With or pothole.
for the trailer increase and decrease speed.
a sidecar attached, the motorcycle
• Check that the motorcycle’s trailer
If your trailer and motorcycle are correctly becomes a three-wheeled vehicle. Increasing and
hitch and hardware are secured
correctly to your motorcycle.
matched and maintained, they will Practice is needed to gain the skill and decreasing speed
perform safely during many different techniques to operate it safely. Practice • A motorcycle and sidecar unit may
• Check that the trailer’s hitch is securely driving conditions. in a parking lot, and be sure you have pull to the right during acceleration.
attached to the trailer, and has no enough skill to drive the unit safely before Slowing may cause the unit to pull to
cracks or faulty welds. riding in more challenging conditions. the left. When increasing or decreasing
• Check that the signal, brake,
Three-wheeled Steering a motorcycle with a sidecar is speed, it is necessary to hold the hand
and park lights on the trailer are motorcycles somewhat similar to steering a car. grips firmly to keep the unit straight.
working correctly. Three-wheeled vehicles are available The following information is not meant
to provide instructions on driving with Braking
• Check the trailer tires for damage and in a variety of configurations and are
a sidecar. The intent of it is to give you • Braking forces can cause the
proper inflation. considered to be motorcycles. However
some idea of how driving with a sidecar motorcycle and sidecar to pull to
their handling characteristics are quite
• Check that the trailer licence plate is is different from riding a motorcycle, and the side. Depending on your type of
different from two-wheeled motorcycles
securely attached. give you some starting pointers that you brakes, you may have to use more
and different riding skills are required.
can use when you take lessons on driving effort on the hand grips to keep
These skills should be learned and
Loading your trailer with a sidecar. the unit pointed in the direction you
practiced in a safe area before going
Heavy items should be placed in the want to go. It is important to practice
into traffic. Keep your speed low
bottom of the trailer, and over or as
until you have mastered the handling General driving stopping to become familiar with how
close as possible to the axle. Put only • As a new driver of a motorcycle with a your motorcycle and sidecar respond.
characteristics of the vehicle.
light items on top of the load and secure sidecar, you must overcome the urge • A brake on the sidecar wheel provides
properly. Never overload your trailer Unlike a two-wheeler, three-wheelers
to lean the motorcycle and push steer some extra braking force, and will
as this can affect the handling of your do not lean into turns. At first cornering
(counter-steer) that you learned for help make a quicker, straighter
motorcycle. Check the manufacturer’s on a three-wheeled motorcycle can feel
riding without a sidecar. stop, especially when the sidecar is
instruction about maximum load. alarming to an experienced motorcyclist.
• A sidecar motorcycle unit must be carrying a passenger. The way you
The rider will find shifting his or her weight
The trailer’s load should be slightly steered. This is unlike a motorcycle brake depends on the type of brake
in the saddle can help with cornering.
weighted toward the front. The tongue alone, which leans. The steering is you have on the sidecar. Check your
weight of your loaded trailer should be Riders will also need to be aware of owner’s manual for more information.
direct steering, meaning you turn the
10 to 15 per cent of the trailer weight. the additional width of a three-wheeled
handle bars to point the wheel in the
(The tongue weight can be measured motorcycle. Allow for the additional width
direction you want to go.
with a tongue weight scale. It measures when passing parked vehicles
the weight that is placed on the part and turning.
54 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 8 Carrying a Passenger or Cargo 55
• If the sidecar does not have a brake, • To turn left, shift your weight to the
or the sidecar brake is not adjusted left. This helps to keep the rear wheel
correctly, be aware that the sidecar of the motorcycle on the ground, and
can cause the motorcycle and sidecar reduces the effort required to steer.
unit to pull to the left during braking.
Extra effort on the handgrips will
be required by the driver to keep it
tracking straight.
• When braking, sidecars can cause the
motorcycle sidecar unit to pull away
from its intended path. This will require
the rider to make steering adjustments
to compensate.
Curves
• The sidecar may make the motorcycle
more difficult to control so reduce
speed when approaching curves. You
must drive more slowly in a curve than
9
you would with a motorcycle without
a sidecar.
Turns
• You must slow down before a
turn. Gear down one or two gears,
Riding in
depending on the angle of the turn and
the speed of your approach. a Group
• To turn right, shift your weight to the
right and point the front wheel around
the turn. After the midpoint of the turn
has been reached, and you begin to
turn the handle bar back to go straight,
you can gently accelerate out of
the turn.
• The right turn must be done very
carefully. Because a motorcycle and
sidecar unit is off centre, the left
push of centrifugal force may cause
a sidecar to lift in a right turn. If the
sidecar lifts, increase the effort to turn
the handlebar smoothly to the right.
This will keep the whole unit turning
right and prevent it from being pushed
to the left.

Group riding safety ride side by side in the same lane.
Riding in separate lanes, beside another
Lead rider in The second rider stays a minimum of
one second behind, in the right portion
When riding in a group, there are rules dominant position
motorcycle or vehicle, is unsafe and also of the same lane. The third rider rides
to follow to help everyone travel safely. The lead rider should always ride in
not advised. Both of these patterns of two seconds behind the leader in the left
Each member of the group is responsible the dominant portion of the lane being
riding may limit the rider’s ability to move portion of the lane, and so on for
for his or her own safety, as well as not used by the group. The presence of
in an emergency. They may also block other riders.
putting the other members of the group a motorcycle in this position prevents
traffic travelling in the same direction at
in danger. another vehicle from entering the lane
a different speed. To keep a riding group
until safely past the lead rider. The rest of
Riding groups should have no more than together, and maintain an adequate
the group occupies the lane in
five riders. A larger number makes it more space cushion, ride in a staggered
staggered formation.
likely that riders will be separated from pattern within the same lane.
the group in an urban area. Larger groups In a staggered pattern, the riders are in
also make highway riding more risky alternating right and left positions behind
when passing and when being passed. the leader. Each rider has an escape Staggered pattern for riding on a two lane
The riding pace should be comfortable for route and a space cushion from others highway.
all riders. Each rider should use the rear ahead and behind.
view mirrors to keep an eye on the • The second rider stays a minimum of Passing
riders behind. one second behind the leader in the Only pass when necessary. Riders on
Lead rider in correct dominant position.
Planning ahead is necessary. Everyone in other portion of the same lane. a two lane highway must pass one at a
the group should know the route. As well, time, and only when it is safe and legal.
• The third rider rides a minimum of two
everyone should understand the signals seconds behind the leader in the same The lead rider is the first to pass. After
for fuelling, lane changes, stopping, rest portion of the lane as the leader. passing safely, the lead rider should
periods, road hazards and emergencies. return to the left portion of the lane and
• A fourth rider would keep a minimum
Some situations will require the riders adjust the space cushion in front of the
of two second distance behind the
to stop riding as a group, until riding passed vehicle to allow room for the
second rider.
conditions are safer for group riding. The next rider.
group can reform when it is safe to do so. • A fifth rider would ride a minimum of Lead rider not in dominant position, not
After the lead rider completes the pass,
four seconds behind the leader and protecting lane for self and others.
the second rider should move into the left
Staggered pattern two seconds behind the third rider in
portion of the lane and wait until it is safe
the same portion of the lane.
An experienced rider should be in Two lane highway to pass. The rider should wait until there
the lead position of the group. Less A riding group should be an odd number. is enough room ahead of the vehicle
experienced riders should not be in the This allows the lead rider and last rider to Lane positioning being passed to fit safely in front. This is
lead. The lead rider has the responsibility communicate through hand signals and On a two lane highway (one lane for travel safer and less confusing than crowding
for making decisions that help to keep see each other more easily when riding in in each direction), the leader should ride together in front of the passed vehicle.
the group safe. The group follows these a staggered formation. in the left portion of the lane. On this type
The remaining members of the group
decisions unless the situation is not safe of roadway, this is the dominant position
should use this method. After passing,
to do so. in the lane. The lead rider’s escape route
2 seconds each rider should be in the same
All riders should understand the is to the right portion of the lane.
staggered lane position held
recommended following time and 1 second
before passing.
distance from the other riders, and the
Example of a staggered formation with
position for each rider in the lane when minimum following times.
in a group.
Do not the use the same lane to pass
another motorcycle and it is illegal to
58 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 9 Riding in a Group 59

Multi-lane highway The second rider stays a minimum of
one second behind the leader in the left
signalling and using a predetermined arm
signal. Each rider from the first to the last
Single file formation
with two lanes in the portion of the lane. The third rider rides also then indicates the intent to change When the lead rider decides, the group
two seconds behind the leader in the lanes by signalling. shifts from group staggered position
same direction right portion of the lane, and so on for the to single file. This will occur when
After passing the vehicle, and when there approaching sharp curves, turns, crest of
other riders.
Right lane – rider position is enough space for all the motorcycles, hills, or narrow roadways and bridges. In
When the riding group is travelling on a the last rider will be the first to return single file, the following distance between
highway with a second lane for travel in to the original lane. When the rider in the riders is a minimum of two seconds.
the same direction, the group should ride the last position has safely completed The riders should choose the portion of
in the travel lane to the right. The lead the lane change, the rest of the group the lane that allows seeing ahead and
rider should ride in the left (dominant) completes the lane change one at a time. being seen.
portion of this right lane. In this position, (The order in which the remainder of the
the lead rider has an escape route to the riders return to the original lane must be
right portion of the lane and another to decided by the group before riding.) One
the lane to the left if there is recommended method is the last rider,
an emergency. Staggered pattern for riding on a multi-lane fourth, third, second and then the leader.
highway if the left lane must be used. Riders should occupy the same positions
The second rider stays a minimum of
they held before the pass.
one second behind the leader in the right
portion of the lane. The third rider rides Group lane changing
two seconds behind the leader in the To change lanes on a multi-lane highway, Multi-lane highway
left portion of the lane, and so on for the the lead rider indicates the intent by
other riders. signalling and using a predetermined arm with three or
signal. Each following rider then indicates
the intent to change lanes by signalling.
more lanes in the
When there is plenty of space in the next same direction
lane, the rider in the last position is On a multi-lane highway, usually the best
the first to change lanes. When the choice is for the group to ride in the lane
last rider has safely moved to the new farthest to the right. The second choice
lane, the rest of the group completes the is the far left lane. If the group must ride
Staggered pattern for riding on a multi-lane in a lane other than these two, the leader
lane change, one at a time. (The order in
highway when riding in the travel lane to the
which the remainder of the riders make should ride in the portion of lane that
right.
the lane change, other than the last is dominant for managing that stretch
rider who goes first, must be decided by of road. The rest of the group will need
Left lane – rider position the group before starting the ride. One to adjust their staggered lane position
If the left lane must be used, the lead recommended method is the last rider, according to the lead rider’s position.
rider should ride in the right portion of the fourth, third, second and then the leader.)
lane. In this situation, this is the dominant
position to protect the lane. This position If the group has changed lanes to pass
also allows the lead rider an escape another vehicle, the group must wait until
route to the left portion of the lane and all riders have passed the vehicle they
another to the lane to the right if there is are overtaking before returning to their
an emergency. original lane. The lead rider indicates the
intent to return to the original lane by
60 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 9 Riding in a Group 61

NOTES
Appendix 1
Alberta Regulation
122/2009
Traffic Safety Act Vehicle
Equipment Regulation
Mufflers
61(1) A motor vehicle propelled by (3) A person shall not drive or

an internal combustion engine operate a motor vehicle
must have an exhaust muffler propelled by an internal
that cools and expels the combustion engine if a device is
exhaust gases from the engine attached to the exhaust system
without excessive noise and or the muffler that increases the
without producing flames noise made by the expulsion of
or sparks. gases from the engine or allows
a flame to be ignited from the
(2) A person shall not drive or
exhaust system.
operate a motor vehicle
propelled by an internal (4) This section applies to a power
combustion engine if the bicycle that is propelled by an
exhaust outlet of the muffler internal combustion engine.
has been widened.
Traffic Safety Act

Vehicle Equipment
Regulation Mufflers

NOTES

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Rider’s Guide

to operation, safety and licensing

• dry roads were present 88% of

2 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Introduction 3

4 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Introduction 5

6 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

Conditions for riders Requirements

GDL program Insurance Required

12 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

14 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 2 Preparing to Ride 15

16 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 2 Preparing to Ride 17

Cell phones and other

18 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

motorcycle controls to repair the problem yourself, have it

22 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

grip to assist in straightening

Look and steer along your intended path

32 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

40 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

44 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

• Use the rear brake carefully to come to

50 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

56 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

58 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 9 Riding in a Group 59

60 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing Chapter 9 Riding in a Group 61

61(1) A motor vehicle propelled by (3) A person shall not drive or

Traffic Safety Act

62 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

64 Rider’s Guide to Operation, Safety and Licensing

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