Name: Aidas Guliokas

Course code: FG/952

Assignment
1.Explaination of a site survey and steps involved in carrying out a site survey for the PV system.

A site survey is help to find out what the area's is suitable for installation PV system. Also gives us more
information how we have install PV system. By Site survey also we can find a safe place for components
such as Inverter, cables, cable fixings, junction box, AC/DC isolators, Generation meter, fuse board.
Survey site helps us to find roof angle, the type of roof, type of existing home main electric panel, find a
location for mounting electric components.

If we want to complete a site survey we have to check following steps:

• roof area availability for PV system installation;
• type of the roof the house/site have;
• type of the roof (material) covering that house have (slates, tiles);
• how we can get onto the roof (ladders, scaffolds);
• orientation of the roof (polarity) (always looking for South or South West or South East, because
here we have a best Sun. sometimes exceptions are possible). Ideally, Solar PV arrays should be
installed in a shade free location;
• find a storage for PV system components
• meet the customer for confirmation what he needs, talk about the price, explain what the size we
need to install PV system and how job goes, make a ruff estimate, explain about maintenance and
service cost, talk about the warranty, discuss about shading in site;
• Risk assessment and check the safety in site (where we are working), MANUAL HANDLING,
HEALTH & SAFTY, TOOLS INSTRUCTION;

Ideally, Solar PV arrays should be installed in a shade free location. The best way to avoid a reduction in
output power is to avoid shading whenever possible.
We have to find, that is there (in site) any shading effect can occur.
Shading types: temporary and permanent.
Temporary shading can occur from snow, leaves, rain and etc.;
Permanent shading – from other buildings, tress and etc.

Shadings can make HOTSPOTS (reverse flow in the current), that cause heat increase in PV system.

2. Provide details of following when planning and sizing the PV grid connected system for this
 home owner:
Using a commercially available monocrystalline module calculate and using a PR of 0.7 calculate:
a. PV system outpus per year (kWh/yr)
Required output is 150% of 1000kWh / UR

1000kWh/UR x 150 : 100 = 15000kWh / UR

b. 1) kWh/ m²/UR = S x Pr x xE = 1021 x 0.7 x 0.136 = 97.19 kWh/ m²/UR

1500 : 97.19 = 15.43 m² (SIZE OF ARRAY) ;

c) 15.43 : 1.35 = 11.4 MODULES = 12 MODULES;

d) Rated peak output (kWp) – ARRAY MAX POWER

180W x 12MODULES = 2160Wp = 2.16kWp

e) Inverter power rating (kW):

2160 W x 0.9 = 1944W = 1.944kW = 2kW

f) Array wiring design:

Max U = 405V
Min U = 133V
Max I = 12A

1string @ STC (voc) = 29.6 x 12 = 355V

@ -10°C = 29.6 + (35 x 0.166) = 33.6V
33.6V x 12modules = 403V

@ +55°C = 29.6 + (30 x 0.016) = 264V

264V x 12modules = 3168V = 3.168kV

INVERTER POWER:
Max U = 405V
Min U = 133V

Max I = 12A

Max P = 2.3kW
Min P = 1.35kW

Always calculating @ -10°C temp.

3phaze Inverter = 16A x 3phazes x 230V = 11040W = 11kW

1phaze Inverter = 25A x230V = 5750W = 6kW

2800kW/UR
South @ 30° Pr = 0.8
Kwp = (Kw/UR) / (S x Pr) = 2800 / (1074W/UR x 0.8) = 3.25kWp

SouthWest @ 30° Pr = 0.8

2800 / (1021 x 0.8) = 3.5kWp

g) Selection and size of DC cables based on a 2% voltage loss of 100m of cable.

2% of 285.6V = 5.7V (maximum allow voltage drop);
V=IxRxL

R (on 2.5mm² cable) = 0.0074 Ω

R (on 4mm² cable) = 0.0046 Ω

I= 7.6A

Maximum voltage drops on:

2.5mm² cable = 7.6A x 0.0074 x 100m = 5.6V
4mm² cable = 7.6A x 0.0046 x 100m = 2.49V

3.
a) Provide details of the type of mounting system to be used in the installation of the PV system at this
site.
PV system can be mounted by following solutions (types):
* Integrated
* On – rood (non integrated)
* Flat roof
* Ground mounting

In our PV system we are putting ON-ROOD (non integrated) system. Its cheaper and less work then
integrated PV system. That's very important for customer.

Mounting PV system:
Modules are assembled into arrays on some kind of mounting system, which may be classified as ground
mount, roof mount or pole mount. For solar parks a large rack is mounted on the ground, and the modules
mounted on the rack. For buildings, many different racks have been devised for pitched roofs. For flat
roofs, racks, bins and building integrated solutions are used. Solar panel racks mounted on top of poles
can be stationary or moving, see Trackers below. Side-of-pole mounts are suitable for situations where a
pole has something else mounted at its top, such as a light fixture or an antenna. Pole mounting raises
what would otherwise be a ground mounted array above weed shadows and livestock, and may satisfy
electrical code requirements regarding inaccessibility of exposed wiring. Pole mounted panels are open to
more cooling air on their underside, which increases performance. A multiplicity of pole top racks can be
formed into a parking carport or other shade structure. A rack which does not follow the sun from left to
right may allow seasonal adjustment up or down.

Due to their outdoor usage, solar cables are specifically designed to be resistant against UV radiation and
extremely high temperature fluctuations and are generally unaffected by the weather. A number of
standards specify the usage of electrical wiring in PV systems, such as the IEC 60364 by the International
Electrotechnical Commission, in section 712 "Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems", the British
Standard BS 7671, incorporating regulations relating to microgeneration and photovoltaic systems.

A solar tracking system tilts a solar panel throughout the day. Depending on the type of tracking system,
the panel is either aimed directly at the sun or the brightest area of a partly clouded sky. Trackers greatly
enhance early morning and late afternoon performance, increasing the total amount of power produced by
a system by about 20–25% for a single axis tracker and about 30% or more for a dual axis tracker,
depending on latitude.

Systems designed to deliver alternating current (AC), such as grid-connected applications need an
inverter to convert the direct current (DC) from the solar modules to AC. Grid connected inverters must
supply AC electricity in sinusoidal form, synchronized to the grid frequency, limit feed in voltage to no
higher than the grid voltage and disconnect from the grid if the grid voltage is turned off. Islanding
inverters need only produce regulated voltages and frequencies in a sinusoidal waveshape as no
synchronisation or co-ordination with grid supplies is required.

Although still expensive, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later
used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage also stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads,
and play an important role in a smart grid, as they can charge during periods of low demand and feed their
stored energy into the grid when demand is high.

Photovoltaic systems need to be monitored to detect breakdown and optimize their operation. There are
several photovoltaic monitoring strategies depending on the output of the installation and its nature.
Monitoring can be performed on site or remotely. It can measure production only, retrieve all the data
from the inverter or retrieve all of the data from the communicating equipment (probes, meters, etc.).
Monitoring tools can be dedicated to supervision only or offer additional functions. Individual inverters
and battery charge controllers may include monitoring using manufacturer specific protocols and software.
Energy metering of an inverter may be of limited accuracy and not suitable for revenue metering purposes.
A third-party data acquisition system can monitor multiple inverters, using the inverter manufacturer's
protocols, and also acquire weather-related information. Independent smart meters may measure the total
energy production of a PV array system. Separate measures such as satellite image analysis or a solar
radiation meter (a pyranometer) can be used to estimate total insolation for comparison

b)
STATIC LOADs:
• the wight distributed by the PV array on the roof;
• distributed on the roof through the PV panels fixing points;
• ballast mounting on a flat roof .

Static loads used to describe weight imposed upon the roof structure through the fixing points of the array
mounting system. This weight is distributed to the rafters of the roof, witch spreads the weight on from
here to both the walls beneath and the ridge board at the top of the roof. Any items included in the
installation like ballast are also considered to be static load.

Static load @ 10kg/ m² = 10 x 15.5 = 155kg

DYNAMIC LOADs:
• any additional loading created by PV array due to
• Wind loads
• service loads personal installing / servicing the array
These are the extra loading that imposed upon the roof as a result of the PV array being deployed here.
These could be such forces as wind or snow or event the extra weight on the roof when two men and
associated tools need to access the array for maintenance reasons.

Dynamic load @ 4kg/ m² = 4 x15.5 = 62kg

Also we have calculate a labours (peoples who working on the roof) weight
2 Personal @ 90kg = 90 x 2 = 180kg

SUMMING static load, dynamic load and peoples load we can get TOTAL LOAD (of 397kg).
4. Details of a suitable location and correct installation of:
MODULES – on the roof South West (SW) facing. Angle of 35°.
INVERTER – attic or storage room, we have keep them cool and dry, well secured against the wall.
CABLES RUNS – all cables hard installed correctly, should be polarity protected, must be rated for the
maximum voltage (x 1.15).
JUNCTION BOXES – must be selected by IP rating. Must be rated for maximum D/C voltage and current.

5. Calculate the installation price of the proposed PV system and rpivde invsetment cost calculation
and pay back time analysis based on an installled price of € 5000/kWp:

Ci = 2.16kWp x € 5000 = € 10.800 - PV SYSTEM COST

Ce = (Ci + Ccom – Cs) : (n x Ea);
Com = € 2500
Cs = € 0

• energy price of 0.14€ /kWh and grid export price 0.19€ /kWh
1000kWh x €0.14 = €140
500kWh x €0.19 = €95
TOTAL SAVING = €235
PAY BACK = €12000 : €235 = 31years

• energy price of 0.20€ /kWh and a grid export price 0.19€ /kWh
1000kWh x €0.20 = €200
500kWh x €0.19 = €95
TOTAL SAVING = €295
PAY BACK = €12000 : €295 = 40.7years

• energy price of 0.20€ /kWh and a grid export price 0.50€ /kWh
1000kWh x €0.20 = €200
500kWh x €0.50 = €250
TOTAL SAVING = €450
PAY BACK = €12000 : €450 = 26.7years