SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay

www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
[email protected]

School President: 0917- 127-1826 / 0917-127 – 1902

Academic Dean: 0906 – 439 – 3454 Registrar: 0935 – 342 – 0564
Guidance Coach: 0949 – 751 – 0953 DSA: 0935 – 119 – 0287
SHS Principal: 0950 – 801 – 4326

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
LEARNER’S MODULE
Unit Test to Final

TEACHER CONTACT NO.

MARY CLAIRE B. PRESNO, LPT 0909-975-7748

STUDENT NAME: ________________________________

STRAND AND SECTION: __________________________

Page | 1 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT TEST COVERAGE

Week 1 (Aug. 23 – 27, 2021) ……… Representation of Function ………….. 3

Week 2 (Aug. 30 – Sep. 3, 2021) ….. Evaluation of Function …………. 8
Week 3 (Sep. 6 – 10, 2021)………… Operation of Function …………. 15
Week 4 (Sep. 13 – 17, 2021)……….. Rational Equations and Inequalities ….. 20

(Unit Examination September 16 – 18, 2021)

PRELIM COVERAGE

Week 5 (Sep. 20 – 24, 2021)………. Rational Functions ………… 26

Week 6 (Sep. 27 – Oct. 1, 2021)……Exponential Functions ………… 32
Week 7 (Oct. 4 – 8, 2021)…………. Exponential Models ………… 38
Week 8 (Oct. 11 – 15, 2021)………. Law of Logarithms ………… 41

(Prelim Examination October 14 – 16, 2021)

MIDTERM COVERAGE

Week 9 (Oct. 18 – 22, 2021)………. Simple Interest ………… 48

Week 10 (Oct. 25 – 29, 2021)……... Compound Interest ………… 52
Week 11 (Nov. 3 – 5, 2021)………. Simple Annuity ………… 57
Week 12 (Nov. 8 – 12, 2021)…….... General Annuity ………… 72

(Midterm Examination November 11 – 13, 2021)

PRE-FINAL COVERAGE

Week 13 (Nov. 15 – 19, 2021)……. Stocks and Bonds ………… 77

Week 14 (Nov. 22 – 26, 2021)……. .Propositions and Symbols ………… 92
Week 15 (Nov. 29 – Dec. 3, 2021)…Truth Tables ………… 95
Week 16 (Dec. 6 – 10, 2021)……… Forms of Conditional Proposition …… 100

(Pre-Final Examination December 16 – 19, 2021)

FINAL COVERAGE

Week 17 (Jan. 3 – 7, 2022)………. Tautologies and Fallacies ………... 108

Week 18 (Jan. 10 – 14, 2022)……. Writing Proofs …………117

(Final Examination January 13 – 15, 2022)

Page | 2 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
Tel-Fax #: (062) 333-2469

First Semester 2021-2022

Unit Coverage
Week 1 (august 23-27, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Module overview:
Module 1 is all about Functions. This introductory module identifies the types
of functions. It will represent real-life situations using functions, evaluate functions
and perform operations on functions.

Topic: Representation of Function

Definition
 A relation is a set of ordered pairs. (x, y)
 The domain of a relation is the set of the first coordinates. (x)
 The range is the set of second coordinates. (y)

The list and the set of ordered pairs below show the same relation. Each letter is
paired with the number

Letter Number
I 4
L 5
O 6
V 8
E 3
M 6
A 2
T 8
H 4

{(𝐼, 4), (𝐿, 5), (𝑂, 6), (𝑉, 8), (𝐸, 3), (𝑀, 6), (𝐴, 2), (𝑇, 8), (𝐻, 4) }

The domain is {I, L, O, V, E, M, A, T, H} and the range is {2,3, 4, 5, 6, 8}.

NOTE that for each letter there corresponds exactly one number. This is a
special kind of relation called function

Page | 3 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Definition of a function:
 It is a relation define as a set of ordered pairs (x, y)
where no two more distinct ordered pairs have the
same first element (x).
 Every value of x corresponds to a unique value of y.
Reminders:
The members of the domain can be called inputs and the members of the range can
be called outputs

Examples:
 Illustrations below are examples of function

domain range domain range

-3 -6 -3 -6
-2 -1 -2 -1
-1 0 -1 0
0 3 0 3
1 15 1 15
Is it a function or not?

domain range
-3
-2
-1 -6
0
1

The difference between RELATIONS and FUNCTION

RELATIONS versus FUNCTION

A relation is a rule that relates values
A function is a relation where each
from a set of values called the domain
element in the domain is a related to
to a second set of values called the
only one value in the range by some
range
rule.

Page | 4 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 The elements of the domain can be
The elements of the domain can be
imagines as input to a machine that
imagined as input to a machine that
applies rule to these inputs to generate
applies a rue so that each input
one or more outputs.
corresponds to only one output.
A function is a set or ordered pairs (x,
A relation is also a set of ordered pairs y) such that no two ordered pairs have
(x,y) the same x-value but different y-values.

Activity 1:

Determine whether the relation is a function or not. Give the domain and
range of each relation.
1. f = {(0, −1), (2, −5), (4, −9), (6, −13) }
Ans:
domain:___________________, Range:____________________

2. r = {(𝑎, 0), (𝑏, −1), (𝑐, 0), (𝑑, −1) }

Ans:
domain:___________________, Range:____________________

3. g = {(5, −10), (25, −50), (50, −100)}

Ans:
domain:___________________, Range:____________________

4. t = {(6, 7), (6, 8), (7, 7), (7, 8) }

Ans:
domain:___________________, Range:____________________

5. h = {(−2, 0), (−1, 1), (0, 1), (−2, 2) }

Ans:
domain:___________________, Range:____________________

The function as a machine…

We will try to represent mathematical relations as machines with an input and an

output, and that the output is related to the input by some rule.

Page | 5 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Determine if this machine produces a function….

Input Machine (a)

INPUT: Any letter from the alphabet

OUTPUT: If vowel, 5; if consonant, 9

Output

TOPIC: PIECEWISE FUNCTION

OBJECTIVES:
a. Identifying the unique characteristics of functions
b. Citing real life situations that conforms with the same characteristics
c. Listing real-life examples of functions

Page | 6 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Page | 7 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Lesson 1.1 Evaluation of functions
First Semester 2021-2022
Unit Coverage
Week 2 (august 30 – September 3, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Getting Ready

Page | 8 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Starting Point

Law of Substitution
If a + x = b and x = c, then
a+c=b

To find the value of each expression in the Entry Card, the Law of
Substitution can be applied as follows:

To find the value of n2 when n is 15:

Substitute 15 in place of n in n2 to get 152 or 225.

To find the value of 2n - 11 when n is 12:

Substitute 12 in place of n in 2n - 11 to get 2n – 11 or 13.
𝑛+7 15 + 7 22
Substitute 15 in place of n in to get = or 2.
11 11 11
The function notation y = f(x) tells you that y is a function of x. If there is a rule
relating y to x, such as y = 3x + 1, then you can also write.

The domain of a function f is the set of values of x for

which f is defined. The range of a function f is the set of all
values f(x), where x is an element of the domain of f. Think of
the domain as the set of the function’s input values and the range
as the set of the function’s output values as shown in the figure
on the right. The input is represented by x and the output by f(x).
The special notation f(x), represent the value of the function at
the member x.

To find f(x) for a given value x is to evaluate the function f by substituting the
input value x into the equation. The domain is the set of all values x-values that
makes sense in the equation.

Page | 9 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Up to this point, parenthesis have been used to represent multiplication. In the
function notation f(x), there is a different use of parenthesis.

Remember that:
a. f(x) means
The Function “the
notation value
f(x) = 3xof+ f1athas
x.”a Itcertain
does not mean “over
advantage f times
thex.”
notation y =
3x + 1 as
b. far as evaluation
Letters other thanisfconcerned.
such as G andThatHis,orifgwe
anduse y = also
h can 3x +1,
be then
used.we would
have to c.
write,
F is the name of the function and f(x) is the value of the function at x.

When x = 2, then y = 3(2) + 1 = 7.

However, if we use f(x) = 3x + 1, we would only write,

EXAMPLE 1

If f(x) = x + 8, evaluate each.

a. f (4) b. f(-2) c. f(-x) d. f( x+3)

SOLUTION

Page | 10 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Page | 11 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
EVALUATION

A. Instruction: Determine which function are and not function. Explain your
reason/s.
________________1. Students - Teacher
________________2. Husband – Wife
________________3. Mother – Sons
________________4. Height – Persons
________________5. Grade in Mathematics – Student

B. Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is Function?
a. A function is a relationship between two sets of elements in which no
element in the first set relates to more than one element in the second
set.
b. A function is a relationship between two sets of elements in which
each element in the first set relates to two or more in the second set.
c. A function is an operation in which we multiply two variables
together and then add 1.
d. A function is an addition problem.

2. Which set of ordered pairs DOES NOT represent a function?

a. {(−3, −8), (−1, −6), (−2, 5), (0, 7)}
b. {(7,0), (4, −1), (−6, 5), (−8, 0)}
c. {(4,6), (5,7), (7,9), (8, −10)}
d. {(2,5), (3,8), (4, 11), (2, −1)}

The table below shows the cost, C peso, of different numbers of tickets sold,
n.

Page | 12 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Number of Cost, C
tickets, (Php)
n
1 9.50
2 19.00
3 28.50
4 38.00
5 47.50

3. What is the range?

a. {1,2,3,4,5}
b. {9.50, 19.00, 28.50,38.00, 47.50}
c. {1,2,3,4,5,9.50, 19.00, 28.50,38.00, 47.50}
d. {1,9.50,2, 19.00, 3,28.50,4,38.00, 5, 47.50}

4. Which is an example of function?

a. Teacher – Students c. Height – Students
b. Birthday – People d. Children – Parent

5. Which is NOT an example of a function?

a. Flag – Country c. Person – Email Address
b. Household – Telephone number d. Husband – Wife

6. The function below shows the week day parking charges of a parking lot.

Which scenario best represents the above equation?

a. The parking lot charges 3 per hour for the initial 3 hours and a maximum
of 10 per day.
b. The parking lot charges 3 per hour for the initial 3 hours and 10 after this.
c. The parking lot charges 3 for the initial 3 hours and a maximum of 10 per
day.
d. The parking lot charges 3 per hour for the initial 3 hours and 10 for 3 hours
after this.

7. In Ricomar Resort, a cottage cost P500 intended for 10 heads only.

Additional heads are charged P50 per person. How will you represent the
cottage cost using a piecewise function?
500x, x = 10 500, 0 < 𝑥 < 10
a. C(x)={ c. 𝐶 (𝑥 ) = {
50x, x > 10 500 + 50(𝑥 − 10), 𝑥 > 10

500x, x = 10 500, 0 < x < 10

b. C(x) = { d. C(x) = {
50x, x < 10 500 + 50(x − 10), x < 10

Page | 13 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 8. Which scenario best represents the above equation?
a. 1.5 times the hourly wage for more than 30 hours
b. Jacob was paid an hourly wage of 8 for 30 hours per week and an
additional weekly wage of 12 for more than 30 hours.
c. Jacob was paid an hourly wage of 8 for 30 hours per week and 2.5 times
the hourly wage for more than 30 hours.
d. Jacob was paid an hourly wage of 8 for 30 hours per week and an
additional hourly wage of 12 for more than 30 hours.

9. A concert costs Php250.00 per ticket and the cost of parking is free. This is
expressed as f(x) = 250x. Find f(24).
a. 5000 b. 6000 c. 7000 d. 8000
10. At a waterpark, souvenir mugs cost Php120.00, refills of soda cost
Php25.00 each. This is expressed as f(x) = 25x + 120. Find f(2).
a. 170 b. 190 c.210 d. 230
11. What is the range?
a. Space b. Output values c. Input values
12. What is the domain for the following function (2,3)(4,7)(3,9)(5,7) ?
a. 2,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5 c. 3,7,9
13. What is the range for the following function (2,3)(4,7)(3,9)(5,7) ?
a. 7,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5 c. 3,7,9
14. If f(x) = 4x - 3. find f(5).
a. 6.75 b. 17 c. 10
15. If f(x) = 4x - 3. find x, if f(x) = 21.
a. 45 b. 18 c. 81
16. Solve: 4(x + 3) + 3x + 5 = 4x - 1
a. -6 b. -18 c. 10

17. g(x) = 80 + 25x: Find g(10).

a. 330 b. 115 c. 10
18. What is the domain?
a. Input values b. Home c. Output values

19. A___ is a set of ordered pairs.

a. Relation b. Domain c. Range

20. If f(x) = x2 + 5x + 2, find f(-4).

a. -26 b. 20 c. 26

21. The math club goes to an amusement park. Student ticket costs
Php150.00, the bus costs Php100.00. This is expressed as f(x)=150x + 100.
Find f(10).
a. 1500 b. 1550 c. 1600 d. 1650
Page | 14 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 For item 12 - 13. Due to the increasing demand for
face mask, Ria produces 100 face masks every day and
sells an average of x facemasks in a day.

22. How much is Ria’s profit in one week if she sells each candle at Php40.00
if the cost of producing one facemask is P20.00?
a. 10,000 b. 12,000 c. 14,000 d. 16,000
23. How much will Ria earn if she is able to sell 150 facemasks?
a. 6,000 b. 8,000 c. 10,000 d. 12,000
24. Evaluate f(x) ={𝑥 2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5, 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 5 }, 𝑓(8)
a. 65 b. 72 c. 92 d. 90
25. Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x burgers if one
burger cost ₱105.
a. C(x) = 105/x c. C(x) = 105+x
b. C(x) = 105x d. C(x) = 105 - x

First Semester 2021-2022

Unit Coverage
Week 3 (September 6 - 10, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Operations on Functions

Starting Point

Page | 15 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Multiplication of Polynomials
 When multiplying monomials, you will often use the following laws of
exponents.

To simplify (x2y3)(x4y5), use the product rule for exponents for each base to get x2+4
∙ y3+5 or x6y8.
Page | 16 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
To simplify (m3)2m7,apply the power and product rules for exponents to get 𝑚3 ∙ 2 ,
m7 = m6 ∙ m7 = 𝑚6+7 = m13.

Page | 17 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Page | 18 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 19 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
EVALUATION
Using the given functions below,
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 4 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7
𝑝(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 − 8 𝑣(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
𝑡(𝑥 ) = ℎ(𝑥 ) =
𝑥+3 𝑥+2

Solve the following:

1) (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

2) (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥 )

3) (ℎ + 𝑡)(𝑥)

4) (𝑔 − 𝑣)(𝑥 )

5) (𝑝 + 𝑓)(𝑥 )

First Semester 2021-2022

Unit Coverage
Week 4 (September 13 – 17, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Rational Equations and Inequalities

Starting Point

Rational Expression
A rational expression can be written in the form
A
B
Where A and B are polynomials and B ≠ 0
Rational expression are also called algebraic fraction.

The following are rational expressions:

7 x2 − x − 6 x 2 + 7x + 10
, , and
ab x+2 x+5
The following are not rational expressions:
1 3
5+ √x x2 + 2 x2 + 4
, , and
x x+2 x−1

Page | 20 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 RULES TO FOLLOW IN SOLVING THE FOLLOWING
EXPRESSION

Simplifying Rational Expression

1. Factor the numerator and denominator.
2. Write a product of two rational expression, one factor containing
the GCF of the numerator and denominator, and the other
containing the remaining factors.
3. Rewrite the factor containing the GCF as 1
4. Multiply the remaining factors by 1

Multiplying Rational Expression

1. Multiply the numerators and denominators.
2. Write the resulting numerator and denominator in factored form.
3. Divide out any numerator factor with matching denominator factor.
4. Simplify, if possible.

Adding or Subtracting Rational Expression with like Denominators

1. Add (or subtract) the numerators.
2. Retain the common denominator.
3. Simplify the result

Adding or Subtracting Rational Expression with Different

Denominators
1. Find the Least Common Denominator (LCD)
2. Writ the equivalent expression of each rational expression.
3. Add or subtract the numerators and keep the LCD.
4. Simplify the result, if possible.

Finding the LCD

1. List the different denominators that appear in the rational
expression.
2. Factor each denominator completely.
3. Find the product of each factor with the greatest number of
appearances in the denominator factorizations, that is, with the
highest power

Solving Rational Equation

1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying
both sides of the equation by the LCD.
2. Solve the equation.
3. Check your solution.

Page | 21 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Definition
A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more rational
expressions.

Some examples of rational equations are

1 1 4 x2 1
= , x + = −5, and =
x 5−x x x+1 x+1

Example 1

Solve for x
x 1 x 1 3 1
a. + = b. = −
5 4 2 4 𝑥 2

Solution
a. The LCD of the denominator is 20

x 1 x
20 ( + ) = 20 ( ) Multiply both sides by the LCD, 20.
5 4 2

4x + 5 = 10x Apply the Distributive Property and then simplify

5 = 6x Subtract 4x from the both sides.

𝟓
=𝐱 Divide both side by 6
𝟔

CHECK:
5 5
6 1 6 2+3 5
+ = =
5 4 2 12 12

5 1 1 5 1 5 5
∙ + = ∙ = True
6 5 4 6 2 12 12

1 1 5 𝟓
+ = So, is the solution.
6 4 12 𝟔

b. The LCD of the denominator is 4x.

1 3 1
4x( ) = 4x ( − ) Multiply both side by the LCD, 4x.
4 x 2

X = 12 – 2x Apply the distributive Property and then simplify.

3x = 12 Add 2x to both sides.

Page | 22 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 x=4 Divide both sides by 3.

Check:
1 3 1 1 3 2
= − = −
4 4 2 4 4 4

1 3 1 1 1
= − = True so, 4 is the solution
4 4 2 4 4

Example 2

y+3 4 3(𝑦+3) 3𝑦+1

a. = b. +2=
𝑦−1 𝑦−1 𝑦+1 𝑦+1

Solution
a. To clear the equation of fractions, multiply both sides by the LCD which is y-1.
y+3 4
=
𝑦−1 𝑦−1

y+3 4 4
(y − 1) = = (y − 1) Multiply both sides by y-1
𝑦−1 𝑦−1 𝑦−1

y+3=4 Simplify.

y=1 Subtract 3 from both sides.

Check:
y+3 4
=
𝑦−1 𝑦−1

1+3 4
= Substitute 1 for y
1−1 1−1

4 4
= Division by 0 I undefined.
0 0

Because zeros appear in the denominators, the fractions are undefined. Thus, 1 is a
false solution, and the equation has no solution. Such false solutions are often called
extraneous solutions.

Definition
An extraneous solution is an apparent solution that does not solve its
equation.
By inspecting the denominators of each rational expression, we can determine that
values that would make the expressions undefined before solving the equation. If by
Page | 23 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
solving an equation we obtain a number that makes an expression in the equation
undefined, then we say that number is an is extraneous solution, and we discard it.

3(𝑦+3)
b. Notice that if y= -1, then is undefined, so the solution cannot be -1. To solve,
𝑦+1
multiply both sides by the LCD, y + 1.

3(𝑦+3) 3𝑦+1
(𝑦 + 1) [ + 2] =(𝑦 + 1) Multiply both sides by y + 1
𝑦+1 𝑦+1

3(𝑦 + 3) + 2(𝑦 + 1) = 3𝑦 + 1 Divide out the common factor

3y + 9 + 2y + 2 = 3y + 1 Apply the Distributive Property.

5y + 11 = 3y + 1 Combine like terms

2y + 11 = 1 Subtract 3y from both sides

2y = -10 Subtract 11 from both sides.

y = -5 Divide both side by 2.

Check:

3(𝑦+3) 3𝑦+1
+2=
𝑦+1 𝑦+1

3(−5 +3) 3(−5)+1

+2= Substitute -5 for y
−5 +1 −5 +1

−6 −14
+2=
−4 −4

3 14
+2=
2 4

3+4 14
=
2 4

7 7
= True ∴ 𝑦 = −5
2 2

Definition
A rational inequality is composed of rational expressions combined
with a ≤, ≥, <, 𝑜𝑟 > 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛.
Page | 24 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Some examples of rational inequalities are

1 x+2 1 2 5
≤ 7, ≤ 0, + > 1, and ≥0
x x−3 2 x2 −1 x2 −4x−5

Example
𝑥+2
Solve: ≤0
𝑥−3

Solution

Page | 25 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Practice and Application
Solve each equation and check the solution.
y 2 1 𝑥 3𝑥
1. − = 2. + =2
9 5 3 6 5

Solve each inequality.

1 𝑥+12
3. >2 4. ≥2
x 𝑥+2

First Semester 2021-2022

PRELIM COVERAGE
Week 5 (Sep. 20-24, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Rational Functions

Starting point

Recall

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of the
first coordinates. The range is the set of second coordinates.

An asymptote is a straight line with a curve such that as a point moves along
an infinite branch of the curve, the distance from the point to the line approaches
zero and the slope of the curve at the point approaches the slope of the line.

The following are examples of polynomial functions:

f(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x + 2, g(x) = 5x4 – 2, and h(x) = 6x3 – 2x

Page | 26 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

The following are constant functions:
1
f(x) = 3, g(x) = -5, and h(x) =
2

The following are linear functions:

3
f(x) = 3x + 2, g(x) = 5x – 4, and h(x) = 𝑥 − 8
4

The following are quadratic functions:

f(x) = x2, g(x) = x2 – 4, and h(x) = x2 + 2x + 1

If (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6), and (6, 7) are elements of the function f, then domain
is the set whose elements are {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and the range is the set whose elements
are {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.

Definition
A rational function can be written in the form

N(x)
f(x) =
D(x)

where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials and D(x) is not the zero polynomial.

N(x)
The domain of a rational function f(x) = is all values of x that will not
D(x)
make D(x)equal to zero.

Note: The range of a rational function is sometimes easier to find by the first
finding the inverse of the function and determining its domain. If this does not
work, the best way is to graph the rational function. To do that, locate all
asymptotes.

The following are rational functions:

1 𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−2
f(x) = , g(x) = , h(x) = , and i(x) =
𝑥 𝑥 2 −9 𝑥−1 3𝑥 2 +7𝑥 +2

The form of the function: f is a constant divided by a linear function.

g is a linear function divided by quadratic function.
h is a quadratic function divided by s linear function.
i is a quadratic function divided by another quadratic
function

Page | 27 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Notice that the domain of most rational functions of y includes all real
numbers except x- values that make the denominator equal to zero. In order to get
the values of x to exclude from the domain, set the denominator, set equal to zero
and solve for x.

The domain of f is a set whose elements are all the real numbers except 0. The
domain of g is all real numbers except 3 and -3, [𝑥 2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)]. The
domain of h is all real numbers except 1. Finally, the domain of the function I is all
1
real numbers except− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2, [3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)].
3

1
Note: 0 in f, 3 and -3 in g, 1 in h, and − and -2in I are restrictions on the x-values
3
of the function f, g, h, and I, respectively.

The following are nit rational functions:

√𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
f(x) = , g(x) = 1 , and h(x) = √
𝑥+1 𝑥−2
1+ 𝑥 2 −4𝑥 2

The numerator of f(x) is not a polynomial because polynomials do not allow

the square root of the independent variable. Thus, f is not a rational function.
Similarly, the denominator of g(x) is not a polynomial because fractions are not
allowed as exponents of polynomials. Thus, g is not a rational function. In h(x),
although the radicand is a rational function, the square root prevents h from being a
rational function.

Example
Identify which of the following are rational functions:

2+𝑥 𝑥 2 −4𝑥−5 √𝑥+2

a. f(x) = b. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = c. ℎ(𝑥 ) = d. 𝑖 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥+1 𝑥+3 𝑥 2 −4
1
2+ 𝑥 2 −3𝑥
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
Solution
a. Rational Function: Both numerator and denominator are polynomials.
b. Rational Function: Both numerator and denominator are polynomials.
c. Not Rational Function: Numerator is not a polynomial.
d. Not Rational Function: Numerator is not a polynomial.

The Zeros of Rational Functions

𝑁
In the fraction , D must not be equal to zero since division by zero is undefined.
𝐷
7 53 0 𝑁
Thus, , − , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑. However, in the same fraction , if N= 0
0 0 0 𝐷
0 0 0
and D≠ 0, then the fraction is equal to zero. For example, , − , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 are all
7 53 12
equal to zero.

Page | 28 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 In general, when dealing with rational functions, whatever value of x that will be
a zero without simultaneously making the denominator equal to zero will be zero of
the said rational function.

Steps Finding Zeros of Rational Functions

1. Factor the numerator and the denominator of the rational function f if

possible.
2. Identify the restrictions of the rational function f. (The restriction are the
values of the independent variable that make the denominator equal to zero.)
3. Identify the values of the independent variable that make the numerator equal
to zero.
4. The zeros of the rational function f are the values of the independent variable
that make the numerator zero but are not restrictions of the rational function f.

Example 1
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8
Find the zeros of the rational function f(x) = .
𝑥 2 −𝑥−6

Solution
S 1. Factor the numerator and (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)
T 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
E
denominator of f. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
P The values x = -2 and x = 3 make the
S
2. Identify the restrictions. denominator equal to zero and are
restrictions.
3. Identify the values of x that
x = -2 and x = -4 both make the
make the numerator equal to
numerator equal to zero.
zero.
x = - 2 will not be a zero of f because also
4. Identify the zero of f. a restriction.
x = - 4 will be a zero of f.

Although we have identified the zeros of f, we still need to check the values
of x that make the numerator equal to zero. Substituting x = - 2 into original function,
we have:

(−2)2 +6 (−2)+8 0
f(-2) = =
(−2)2 −(−2)−6 0

and is undefined. Hence, x = -2 is not a zero of f.

When x = -4 is substituted into the original function, we have:

(−4)2 +6(−4)+ 8 0
f(-4) = =
(−4)2 −(−4)−6 14

Page | 29 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

In this case, x = -4 makes the numerator equal to zero without making the
denominator equal to zero. Thus, x = - 4 is a zero of f.

Example 2
𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4
Find the zeros of the rational function f(x) =
𝑥 2 −4

Solution
S 1. Factor the numerator and (𝑥 − 2)2
T 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
E
denominator of f. (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
P The values x = -2 and x = 2 make the
S
2. Identify the restrictions. denominator equal to zero and are
restrictions.
3. Identify the values of x that
make the numerator equal to x = 2 makes the numerator equal to zero.
zero.
The function has no zero because x =2,
4. Identify the zero of f. although it makes the numerator equal to
zero, is also a restriction.

𝑥 2 −4𝑥+4 𝑥−2
NOTE: The function f(x) = 2 can be reduced to g(x) = after cancelling the
𝑥 −4 𝑥+2
like factors x – 2. Note that the function g has only one restriction, x =-2. Further, x
= 2makes numerator of g equal to zero and is not a restriction. Thus, x = 2 is a zero
of the function g but not zero of the function f.

Example 5 demonstrates that before we cancel common factors, we must first

identify the zeros of the rational function.

Intercepts of Rational Functions

Intercepts are x- or y-coordinates of the points at which a graph crosses the x-

axis or y- axis, respectively.

y-intercept is the y-coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the y- axis.

x-intercept is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the x-axis.

Note: Not all rational function have both x and y intercepts. If the rational function f
has no real solution, then it does not have intercepts.

Rule
1. To find the y-intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve for y of f(x).
2. To find the x- intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve for x.
Page | 30 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Example and Solution
Find the intercepts of the following rational Functions.

𝑥+8 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
a. f(x) = b. f(x) =
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3

Solution Solution

For y –intercept: For y –intercept:

0+8 (0)2 −5(0)+6
f(0) = Substitute 0 for x f(0) = Substitute 0 for
0−2 (0)2 −2(0)+3
8 x
= Simplify
−2
6
= Simplify
3
=-4 ∴The y-intercept is -4
=2 ∴The y-intercept is 2
For x –intercept:
𝑥+8 For x –intercept:
0= Substitute 0 for y of f(x)
𝑥−2
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
0= Substitute 0 for
0=x+8 Multiply both sides by 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+3
x-2. y
of f(x)
x=-8 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦.
0 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 Multiply both
sides
∴ 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is -8
by x2 – 2x + 3.

0 = (x – 2)(x – 3) Factor

x = 2 or x = 3

∴ 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 are 2 and 3.

Practice

I. Find the intercepts of the following rational Functions.

𝑥 2 +9 𝑥+6
a. f(x) = b. f(x) =
𝑥 2 −3 𝑥−3

Page | 31 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

II. Identify which of the following are rational functions.

𝑥+8 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
1. f(x) = 2. g(x) =
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

1
√𝑥+1 3𝑥+2𝑥 2
3. h(x) = 4. f(x) =
𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2

1
5. g(x) =
𝑥 2 −1

First Semester 2021-2022

Prelim Coverage
Week 6 (Sep. 27 – Oct. 1, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Exponential Functions

Starting Point
Definition
Zero as an exponent: If a ≠ 0, then a0 = 1.

To evaluate 30 ∙ 32, we have

30 ∙ 32 = 30 + 2 = 32 = 9 or
30 ∙ 32 =1 ∙ 32 = 1 ∙ 9 = 9
Definition
Negative Exponent: If n is any integer, and a and b are not equal to
zero, then

−𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑎 =( ) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) = ( )
𝑎 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑎

To evaluate 2-3, we have

1 1
2-3 = = .
23 8

4 −4
To evaluate ( ) , we have
3

4 −4 3 4 81
( ) ,( ) =
3 4 256

Page | 32 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Note: The negative exponent does not make the answer negative.

Having defined rational exponents, we know that the expression 2x s defined

for all rational numbers. Although the details are beyond the scope of this book, the
expression 2x is defined for all real numbers.

Definition
Transformation – the process of moving a figure from the starting
position to some
Ending position without changing its size or shape.
Reflection – a transformation that produces a new figure, which is a
mirror image of the original figure.
Translation – a shift or movement in a figure’s location without
changing its shape.
Glide Reflection - a combination of a reflection and a translation
(glide).

Example of Reflection
Reflect each figure across the given axis:

Example of Translation
Translate each figure as indicated.

Example of Glide Reflection

Perform a glide reflection on:

Page | 33 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Practice

Reflect the figure across the given axis: Perform a glide reflection on
1.
2. The isosceles trapezoid LOVE by
translating the figure 2 units to the left
and three units up, followed by a
reflection about the x-axis.
L O

E V

Translate each figure as indicated

4. Translate the parallelogram
3. 3 units to the right and 2 units
down.

Definition
An exponential function can be written as
f(x) = bx
where b > 0, b ≠ 1, and x is any real number.

In the equation f(x) = bx, b is a constant called the base and x is an independent
variable called the exponent.

Here are some examples of exponential functions.

f(x) = 3x g(x) = 10x h(x) = 2x + 1

Base is 3 Base is 10 Base is 2

The following are not exponential functions.

Page | 34 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 The two restrictions on b in the definition are important. First, the
definition does not include b = 1 because 1x has a value of 1 for all values of x and
the function would simply be constant function f(x) = 1.

The definition also requires b to be positive so that the function can be

1
defined for all real numbers x. For example, If b = -9 and x = , then evaluating the
2
1
function would result in finding the values of(−9) , which is not real number.
2

Thus, the domain of an exponential function is the set of all real numbers
and the range is the set of all positive real numbers.

1 2
The graphs of the function y = f(x) = 2x and g(x) = ( ) together with the
2
set of ordered pairs that satisfy the function are given below.

1 2
From the graphs of the functions y = 2x and g(x) = ( ) the following properties can
2
be proven for every exponential function.

Properties of Exponential Functions and their Graphs

Let f(x) = bx , b > 1, and b ≠ 1.
1. The domain is the set of real 4. The function passes through the
numbers, point (0, 1) because f(0) = b0 = 1.
(-∞, ∞).
5. The graph approaches but does
2. The range is the set of positive
not reach the x-axis. The x-axis is
real numbers, (0, ∞).
the horizontal asymptote.
3. If b > 1, f is an increasing
exponential function. If 0 < b < 1, f is
a decreasing exponential function.

Page | 35 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 From Property No. 3, we know that y = 2x is an increasing exponential
1 𝑥
function because b > 1, and g(x) = ( ) is a decreasing exponential function
2
because 0 < b < 1.
Property No. 5 implies that the function has no zero because no real value of x
will make bx = 0

Example
Sketch the graph of y = 2x , y = 3x , and y = 4x in one plane. Describe the
significance of the constant b in the equation y = bx.

Solution
Compute some function values and list the results in a table.

Plot the points and connect them with smooth curve.

 The y - intercept of y = 2x is 1.
 The y – intercept of y = 3x is 1.
The y – intercept of y = 4x is 1.

The y – intercept of the function

f(x) = bx is 1

Page | 36 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

  The line y = 0 is the horizontal asymptote of f(x) = bx .
 The functions f(x) = 3x and f(x) = 4x, like the function f(x) = 2x, have no zero.
 The base also affects the steepness of the graph. Note that for every 1 unit
change in x, f(x) = 2x increases by 2 times, f(x) = 3x increases by 3 times, and
f(x) = 4x increases by 4 times.

Practice

Sketch the graph of y = 2x, y = 2x-1 , and y = 2x-2 in one plane. Describe the graph.

Compute some function values and list the result in the table.

y = 2x y = 2x-1 y = 2x-2
x
y (x, y) y (x, y) y (x, y)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

Plot the points and connect them with smooth curve.

Page | 37 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

First Semester 2021-2022
Prelim Coverage
Week 7 (Oct. 04 – 08, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Exponential Models

Starting Point

The graph of an exponential function defined by

f(x) = bx where b > 0 and b ≠ 1 indicates that:

 It is an increasing function, sometimes

called an exponential growth function if b > 1.
 It is a decreasing function, sometimes
called an exponential decay function if 0 < b< 1.

Definition
The rule for exponential growth can be modeled by
y = abx
where is the starting number, b is the growth factor, and x is the number
of intervals (minutes, years, and so on).

Example

A bacteria grow at a rate of 25% each day. There are 500 bacteria today. How
many will there be
a. tomorrow? b. one week from now? c. one month
from now?

SOLUTION

a. Using the formula y = abx where a = 500, b = 1.25, and x = 1, then

y = 500(1.25)1 substitute 500 for a, 1.25 for b, and 1 for x

= 625

There will be 625 bacteria tomorrow.

b. Using the formula y = abx where a = 500, b = 1.25, and x = 7, then

Page | 38 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 y = 500(1.25)7 substitute 500 for a, 1.25 for b, and 7 for x
= 2 384.19

There will be 2 384 bacteria one week from now.

c. Using the formula y = abx where a = 500, b = 1.25, and x = 30, then

y = 500(1.25)30 substitute 500 for a, 1.25 for b, and 30 for x

= 403 896.78

There will be 403 897 bacteria one month from now.

Using Exponential Growth Models

If a certain quantity increases by a fixed percent each year (or any other time
period), the amount y of that quantity after t years can be modelled by the equation:

y = a(1 + r)t

Where a is the initial amount and r is the percent increased expressed as decimal. In
the case, the quantity 1 + r is called the growth factor.

A real-life application of exponential growth occurs in the computation of

compound interest. The formula for compound interest is:

𝒓 𝒏𝒕
A = P(𝟏 + )
𝒏

Where A = compound amount t = time in years and

P = principal n = period per year (semi-annually,
quarterly,…)
R = interest rate

Example Ellaine invested ₱50 000.00 at an annual rate of 6% compounded

yearly. Find the total amount in the account after 10 years if no
withdrawals and no additional deposits are made.
SOLUTION
Use the compound interest formula with P = ₱50 000.00, r= 0.06, n = 1, and t = 10.
𝑟 𝑛𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑃 (1 + )
𝑛
0.06 1∙10
= 50 000 (1 + )
1 There would be ₱ 89 542.38 in the account at the
= 50 000(1.06)10 end of 10 years.
= 89 542.38
Page | 39 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Practice

Determine the amount of money that will be accumulated if a principal of ₱

100 000 is invested at an annual rate of 8 % compounded:

a. yearly for 10 years b. semi-annually for 10 years c. monthly for

10 years

SOLUTION

a.Use the compound interest formula with P = ₱ 100 000, r =0.08, n = 1, and t = 10.

b. Use the compound interest formula with P, r, and t the same as in (a) and n = 2.

c. Given: P = 100 000 , r = 0.08, n = 12, and t = 10. Substituting these values in the
formula.

Note:
Evaluation will be posted in our Google
Classroom.
Page | 40 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
First Semester 2021-2022
Prelim Coverage
Week 8 (Oct. 11 – 15, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Laws of Logarithms

Getting Ready

ENTRY CARD
Tell whether each statement is TRUE or TRUE FALSE
False.
1. x = by is equivalent to logb y = x.
2. A logarithm is an exponent.
3. xm ;xn = xm + xn
𝑥𝑚
4. = x m - xn
𝑥𝑛
1
5. log√𝑥 = log 𝑥 2

Starting Point

Laws of Exponents

Product Rule:
Let a be any real number and let m and n be positive integers. Then

am ∙ an = am+n
Power Rules

Power Rule for Exponents

Let a and b be real numbers and let m and n be positive integers. Then,
(am)n = amn
Power Rule for Exponents
Let a and b be real numbers and let n be a positive integer. Then,
(ab)n = anbn
Power Rule for Exponents
Let a and b be real numbers and let n be a positive integer. Then,
a 𝑛 an
( ) =
b bn

Page | 41 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 To find the product of (a) 23 ∙ 25 and (b) 8c2 ∙ 5c7 we have:
a. 23 ∙ 25 = 23+5 = 28 and
b. 8c2 ∙ 5c7 = (8 ∙ 5) c2 ∙ c7 = 40c9 using the Product Rule for Exponents

To simplify (a) (27)4 = and (b) [(−𝑞)5 ]3 Using the Power Rule we have:
a. (27)4 = 27∙4 = 228 and b. [(−𝑞)5 ]3 = (−𝑞)5∙3 = -q15
3 2 a 7
To simplify (a) ( ) and (b) ( ) using the Power Rule for Quotients, we have:
5 𝑏
3 2 32 9 a 7 a7
a. ( ) = = and b. ( ) =
5 52 25 𝑏 𝑏7

Definition
nth Root
For any real number a and b and any ingeter n > 1, if an = b, then a is thr nth
𝑛
root of b. In symbols, a = √𝑏 if and only if an = b.

Rational Exponent
1
𝑛 𝑛
For any integer n> 1 and any real number b for which √𝑏 is defined, b = √𝑏 . 𝑛

1
1 1
9 2
To simplify (a) 25 , (b) (−27) , and (c)
2 3 ( ), we have :
25
1
1 1
3 9 2 𝟐 𝟗 𝟑
a. 25 = √25 = 5
2 b. (−27) = √−27 = −3
3 c. ( ) =√ =
25 𝟐𝟓 𝟓

Definition
Common Logarithm
The common logarithm with base 10 ans is usually written in log or log10

The following properties can be used to rewrite logarithms of products,

quotients, and powers.

Laws of Logarithms
Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. Let x and y be any positive
number and n be any real number. Then,

Law 1. Logb xy = logb x + logb y Law 3. Logb xn =nlogb x

𝑥
Law 2. Logb = logb x- logb y
𝑦

Page | 42 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Since logarithms are exponents, these laws can be prove by using the
appropriate rules of exponents. Following are proofs of the laws.

a. Logarithm of a Product: The logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of

the logarithms of its factors.
logbxy = logb x + logb y

Proof: Let m = logb x, n =logb y

1. bm = x Definition of Logarithm
bn = y
2. xy = bm ∙ bn Multiplication Property of Equality
3. xy = bm + n Law of Exponent (xm ∙ xn = xm + n)
4. m + n = logb xy Definition of logarithm
5. logb xy = logb x + logb y Law of Substitution

b. Logarithm of a Quotient: The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the logarithm

of the numerator minus the logarithm of the denominator.
x
log b ( ) = log b x − log b y
y
Proof: Let m = logb x, n = logb y
1. bm = x Definition of logarithm
n
b =y

x bm
2. = Division property of equality
y bn
𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 𝑥𝑚
3. = 𝑏 Law of exponent: ( = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 )
𝑦 𝑥𝑛
𝑥
4. logb =𝑚−𝑛 Definition of logarithm
𝑦
𝑥
5. logb = logb x – logb y Law of substitution
𝑦

c. Logarithm of a Power: The logarithm of a power xn is equal to the product of

the exponent n and the logarithm of the base x.
logb xn = n logb y
Proof: Let logb x = m
1. x = bm Definition of Logarithm
2. xn = (bm)n Raising both sides of the equation to ma power n
3. xn = bmn Law of exponent (xm)n = xmn
4. logb xn = mn Definition of logarithm
5. logb xn = (logb x)n Law of substitution
6. logb xn = n logb x Commutative Property of Multiplication

Page | 43 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Example 1
Use the laws of logarithms to expand each term.

a. log3 (7∙ 5) c. log4 93 e. logb x 3√𝑦

4
8 √𝑥
b. log5 ( ) d. log√𝑥 f. log5 ( )
𝑥 36𝑦 4

Solution
a. log3 (7∙ 5) = log3 7 + log3 5 Law 1

8
b. log5 ( ) = log5 8 – log5 x Law 2
𝑥

c. log4 93 = 3 log4 9 Law 3

1
d. log√𝑥 = log 𝑥 2 Change radical to exponential form
1
= log x law 3
2

1
e. logb x 3√𝑦 = logb x 𝑦 3 Change radical to exponential form
1
= logb x + logb 𝑦 3 law 1
1
= logb x + logb y law 3
3

1
4
√𝑥 𝑥4
f. log5 ( 4 ) = log5 Change radical to exponential form.
36𝑦 36𝑦 4
1
= log5 𝑥 4 − log 5 36𝑦 4 Law 2
1
= log5 𝑥 − (log 5 36 + log 5 𝑦 4 )
4 Law 1
1
= log 5 𝑥 − log 5 36 − 4 log 5 𝑦 Law 3
4

Example 2 and Solution

Write each sum or difference as a single logarithm.

a. log3 3 + log3 4
Solution: log3 3 + log3 4 = log3 (3∙ 4) Law 1
= log3 12 Multiply

b. log (3x + 4) – log x

3𝑥+4
Solution: log (3x + 4) – log x = log Law 2
𝑥

Page | 44 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Example 3 and Solution
Express each logarithm in terms of log 2 and log 5.
a. log 10
Solution: log 10 = log (𝟐 ∙ 𝟓) 10 = 2 ∙ 5
= log 2 + log 5
2
b. log
125
𝟐
Solution: log = log 2 – log 125 Law 2
𝟏𝟐𝟓
= log 2 – log 53 125 = 53
= log 2 – 3 log 5 Law 3

Example 4 and Solution

Evaluate each.
a. log2 128 – log2 8
𝟏𝟐𝟖
Solution: log2 128 – log2 8 = log2 Law 1
𝟖
= log2 16 Divide.
=4 24 = 16

b. log6 4 + log6 54
Solution: log6 4 + log6 54 = log6 (4 ∙ 54) Law 1
= log6 216 Multiply
=3 63 = 216

Example 5 and Solution

If log10 2 = a, log10 3 = b, log10 5 = c. Express each in terms of a, b, and c only.
a. log10 60

log10 60 = log10 (2)(2)(3)(5) 60 = (2)(2)(3)(5)

= log10 2 + log10 2 + log10 3 + log10 5 Law 1
=a+a+b+c Law substitution
= 2a + b + c Simplify.

b. log10 360

log10 360 = log10 (2)(2)(2)(3)(3)(5)

= log10 2 + log10 2 + log10 2 + log10 3 + log10 3 + log10 5
=a+a+a+b+b+c
= 3a + 2b + c Simplify.

Page | 45 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Common Logarithms
The logarithmic function with the base 10 is called the common logarithmic
function. To simplify the notation, we shall agree that when the base of a logarithm
is not written, it is understood to be 10. That is,
log y = log10 y

Common logarithms of the powers of 10 are easily determined by using the

rule, logb bx = x.
For example,
log 1 000 = log 103 = 3
log 100 = log 102 = 2
log 10 = log 101 = 1
log 1 = log 100 = 0
log 0. 1 = log10-1 = -1
log 0. 01 = log10-2 = -2
log 0. 001 = log10-3 = -3

Notice that numbers greater than 1 have common logarithms which are positive
and numbers between 0 and 1 have common logarithms that are negative.

Page | 46 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Practice and Application

I. Expand each logarithmic Expression.

𝑒2
1. log4 (12 ∙ 3) 3. log 5. Log9 (9x)
4
5 𝑥
2. log (7x) 4. Logb √
𝑦

II. Evaluate each logarithm Expression

6. log2 96 + log2 32 8. log3 9 + log3 81 – log3 27
7. log4 64 – log3 3

III. Given the log10 2 = a, log10 3 = b, log10 5 = c, and log10 7 = d. Express of a, b, c,

and d only.
9. log10 45 10. log10 525

Note:
Evaluation will be posted in our Google
Classroom.
Page | 47 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
First Semester 2021-2022
Midterm Coverage
Week 9 (Oct. 18 – 22, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Simple Interest

Getting Ready
A. Express each as a decimal.
1
1. 12% 3. 8 % 5. 200%
2
2. 3% 4. 10.5% 6. 0.75%
B. Answer each.
7. What percent of 24 is 12?
8. What is 25% 0f 108?
9. 48 is what percent of 60? 30 is 40% of what number?

Starting Point

R Converting Percent to Decimal

U
L To converting a percent to decimal, drop the perfect sign and
E
move the decimal point two places to the left.

A percent is the ratio of a number to 100; dividing a number by 100 is the same
as moving decimal point two places to the left.

When the number in the percent is whole number, the decimal point is understood
to be stated at the right of the last digit. For example, to convert 12% to decimal, drop
the percent sign and move the decimal point two places to the left to get 0.12.

1 1 1
To convert % to decimal, convert first into decimal ( = 0.5), and then
2 2 2
1
follow the rule in converting percent into decimal to get % = 0.5% = 0.005.
2

Percent problems are often solved using the formula:

p=rxb

where p is the portion, r is the rate, and b is the base (the entire amount or the total).
In the statement “25% of 120 is 30,” 25% is the rate, 120 is the base, and 30 is the
portion.

One of the most common use of this formula involves discounts on sale items.
As indicated at the right, the store gives only the sale price ₱ 120.00 and the
discount 25%. Finding the regular price of the item on sale is the same as finding
Page | 48 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
the answer to the percentage problem: 120 is 75% of what number? (Note: For a
discount of 25%, the amount that you pay for the sale item is 100% minus 25% or
75 %.) By applying the above formula, where 120 is the portion and 75% is the rate,
the base can be solved as follows:

75% of x = 120 120 = 75% x b

0.75x = 120 120 = 0.75b
120 120
x= b=
0.75 0.75
x = 160 b = 160

Hence, the original or regular price of the item on sale at ₱ 120.00 is ₱ 160.00

Definition
Interest – is the charged only on the loan amount
Principal – is the loan amount.

Simple Interest is calculated by multiplying the principal amount y the rate of

interest by the number of payment periods in a year.

To illustrate, Orly invested ₱100 000.00 to an account that pays a simple

interest of 3% annually. Find the interest earned after 2 years.

Where: Principal amount = ₱100 000.00, Rate of Interest = 3%

Time or number of payments periods in a year = 2

Year 1: Interest = ₱ 100 000.00 (3%)(1) = ₱ 3 000.00

Year 1: Interest = ₱ 100 000.00 (3%)(1) = ₱ 3 000.00

Therefore: Orly’s investment earned a total of ₱ 6 000.00 after years.

FORMULA
Simple Interest I = Prt
I I I
(a) P = (b) r = (c) t =
rt Pt Pr
I
t Where I = interest, P = Principal, r = rate of interest and
P r
t = time or term I years or fraction of a year

To find the maturity value, simply add interest to the principal.

Page | 49 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 FORMULA

Maturity Value or (Amount or Balance)

A = P + I or A = P + Prt or A = P(I + rt)
A = Maturity value P = Principal I - Interest

The principal P of a loan is also called the face value or the present value of
the loan.
Example 1
Teresa borrowed ₱ 120 000.00 from her uncle. If Teresa agreed to pay an 8%
annual interest rate, calculate the amount of interest she must pay if the loan period
is (a)1 year, (b) 9 months, and (c) 18 months.

SOLUTION
a. We are given P = ₱ 120 000.00, r = 8% or 0.08, and t = 1 year. Thus,
I = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 = 120 000 𝑥 0.08 𝑥 1 = 9 600
9
b. We are given P = ₱ 120 000.00, r = 8% or 0.08, and t = 9 months or 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟.
12
Thus,
9
I = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 = 120 000 𝑥 0.08 𝑥 = 7 200
12
18
c. We are given P = ₱ 120 000.00, r = 8% or 0.08, and t = 9 months or 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟.
12
Thus,
I = 𝑃𝑟𝑡 = 120 000 𝑥 0.08 𝑥 18 = 14 400
Example 2

To buy the school supplies for the coming school year, you get summer job at a
resort. Suppose you save ₱ 4 200.00 of your salary and deposit it into an account that
earns simple interest. After 9 months, the balance is ₱ 4 263.00. What is the annual
interest rate?

SOLUTION 1

Page | 50 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SOLUTION 2
3
Use the formula A = P(1 + rt) where A = ₱ 4 263.00, P = 4 200.00, and t = year.
4
Solve for r after substituting values for A, P, and t.

3
4 263 = 4 200[1 + 𝑟 ( )]
4
4 263 = 4 200 + 3 150r Apply Distributive Property.
63 = 3 150r Subtract 4 200 from each other side.
0.02 = r Divide each side by 3 150.

Example 3

If ₱ 10 000.00 is invested at 4.5% simple interest, how long will it take to

grow to ₱ 11 800.00?
SOLUTION 1

SOLUTION 2

Use the formula A = P(1 + rt) where A = ₱ 11 800.00, P = ₱ 10 000.00, and r =

0.045. Solve for the t after substituting values for A, P, and r.

11 800 = 10 000( 1 + 0.045)

11 800 = 10 000 + 450t Apply Distributive Property.
1 800 = 450t Subtract 10 000 from each other side.
450 = t Divide each side by 450.

Practice and Application

I. Complete the table below.

Principal (P) Interest Rate (r) Time (t) Amount of Interest (I)
1. ₱ 72 500 8% 3 yr
2. ₱ 3 000 12% 6 mo.
Page | 51 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 3. 1
₱ 48 200 2 𝑦𝑟. ₱13 255
2
4. 4
₱ 161 500 10 % ₱ 69 768
5
5. 1
9 % 5 yr. ₱ 208 125
4
II. Complete the table by finding the maturity value.
Principal (P) Interest Rate (r) Time (t) Amount of Interest (I)
6. ₱ 35 600 6% 9 mo.
7. ₱ 140 250 10% 15 mo.
8. 1
₱ 75 800 8 % 2 𝑦𝑟.
2
9. ₱ 340 200 11% 6 yr
10. ₱ 1 400 500 9% 10 yr.

First Semester 2021-2022

Midterm Coverage
Week 10 (Oct. 25 – 29, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce
Topic: Compound Interest
Starting Point
The simple interest (I) on the principal (P) at the rate (r) per year for t years is

I = Prt
The simple interest on a loan of ₱ 20 000.00 at 8% for 3 years is
I = Prt = 20 000 x 0.08 x 3 = 4 800
Thus, the interest is ₱ 4 800.00 at the end of 3 years for a loan of ₱ 20 000.00 at 8%
simple interest.
F Maturity Value (Amount or Balance)
O
R A = P + 1 or A= P + Prt or A = P(1 + rt)
M
U A = Maturity P = Principal I = Interest
L
A

The total amount that must be repaid on a loan of ₱ 20 000.00 at 8% for 3

years is ₱ 24 800.00

A=P+I A = ₱ 24 800.00
A = 20 000 + 4 800

Page | 52 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Exploration
A grandfather wishes to have ₱100 000.00 available for his granddaughter's
college education. If her granddaughter is now 10 -years old, how much money
must the grandfather invest at 4% interest compounded quarterly in order to have
₱100 000.00 when his granddaughter turns 18?

Arthur borrows ₱ 40 000.00 at 6% simple interest for a Period of 1 year. At

the end of one year, how much must he pay?
____________________________________________________________
If Arthur did not .pay back the loan or the interest by the end of the first
year and he wanted to continue the loan for another year at the same rate, then
he would owe ₱40 000.00 plus the interest incurred during the first year of
loan. How much must he pay at the end of the second year?_______________
_______________________________________________________________
If the Same thing happens, that is, Arthur was not able to pay back the
loan or the interest by the end of the second year. The lender gave him another
year under the same condition, how much must he pay at the end of the third
year?___________________________________________________

Developing Skills
The problem in the Activity is an example of compound interest. For example,
P40 000.00 .was loaned for a period of 3 years with interest compounded annually.
Banks pay compound interest on their savings accounts.

When the interest due at the end_ of a certain period is added to the principal
and that sum earns interest for the next period, the interest paid is called compound
interest.

The example in the Activity can be answered as shown in the following table:
Principal at
Amount
the start of Interest
(At the end of the year
the year
First
₱40 000.00 40 000 x 0.06 x 1= ₱2400.00 ₱40 000.00 + ₱2 400.00 = ₱42 400.00
Year
Second
₱42 400.00 42 400 x 0.06 x 1 = ₱2 544.00 ₱42 400.00 + ₱2 544.00 = ₱44 944.00
Year
Third
₱44 944.00 44 944 x 0.06 x 1 = ₱2 696.64 ₱44 944.00 + ₱2 696.64 = ₱47 640.64
Year
Page | 53 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 The amount (A) at the end of the year is equal to the sum of the principal (P)
and the interest (Pr) for that year. In symbols,
A = P + Pr = P(1 +r)
Thus,
First Year : A = 40 000(1+ 0.06) = 42 400.00
Second Year: A = 42 000(r + 0.06)
= 40 000(1+ 0.06)(1+ 0.06)
= 40 000(1+ 0.06)2 = 49 944.00
Third Year: A = 49 944(r + 0.06)
= 40 000(1+ 0.06)2 (1+ 0.06)
= 40 000(1+ 0.06)3 = 47 640.64
In general, when interest is compounded annually for n years, the
amount (or future value) A is
A = P(1 + r)t
Note: Because interest is paid on interest, compound interest is always greater
than simple interest.
In the example, at 6% the simple interest on ₱40 000.00 is ₱2 400.00 per year;
hence, ₱7 200.00 for three years. After three years, the amount of compound
interest ₱7 640.64 (₱47 640.64 - ₱40 000.00 = ₱7 640.64) is ₱440.64 more than the
amount at simple interest.

Example 1

Find the compound amount on deposit at the end of 1 year if P20 000.00 is
deposited at 4% compounded (a) annually and (b) semi-annually.

SOLUTION
a. Using the formula A = P(1 + r)t where P = ₱20 000.00, r = 4% or 0.04, and
t = 1, we have
A= 20000(1 + 0.04) = ₱20 800.00
b. A rate of 4% per year compounded semi-annually means a rate of 2% per
half year.
Amount
Principal Interest
(At the end of the year)
First half 1 ₱ 20 000.00 + ₱ 400.00=
₱20 000.00 20 000 x 0.04 x 2 = ₱400.00
year ₱20 400.00
Second 1 ₱ 20 400.00 + ₱ 612.00=
₱20 400.00 20 400 x 0.06 x 2 = ₱612.00
half year ₱20 612.00

At the end of one year, the amount of deposit is ₱20 612.00.

Page | 54 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 In Example lb, the period (interval for compounding) is 6 months. There are
𝑟
two periods per year: the rate is per period, and the number of periods in n years is
2
2n. Thus, if the interest 2 is compounded semi-annually for n years, the amount A is
𝑟 2𝑡
A= P(1 + )
2
𝑟
In the same way, if interest is compounded quarterly, the rate per period is
4
and there are 4n periods in n years. In symbols, the compound amount is
𝑟 4𝑡
A= P(1 + )
4

In general, the pattern can be extended for compounding K times per year to get
𝑟 𝐾𝑡 𝑟
A= P(1 + ) , where is called the periodic rate.
𝐾 𝐾

Example 2

Identify the interest rate per compounding period and the number of
compounding periods for each of the following investments.
a. 12% compounded monthly for 4 years
b. 10.2% compounded quarterly for 9 quarters
SOLUTION

𝑟 0.12
a. r = 12% = 0.12 and K = 12 (months per year), then = = 0.01. The
12 12
number of compounding periods is 12t = 12 • 4 = 48.
𝑟 0.102
b. r = 10.2% = 0.102 and K = 4 (quarters per year), then = = 0.026. The
4 4
number of compounding periods is 9.

Example 3

If ₱320 000.00 is invested for 5 years at 8% compounded quarterly, find (a)

the compound amount and (b) the compound interest.
SOLUTION

𝑟 0.08
a. r = 8% = 0.08 and K = 4. Then = = 0.02. The number of compounding
4 4
periods is 4t = 4(5) = 20.
𝑟
A = P (1 + )4t = 320 000 (1 + 0.02)4(5) = 320 000 (1.02)20 = ₱475 503.17
4
The compound amount is P475 503.17.
b. Compound Interest = Compound Amount - Principal
=475 503.17 - 320 000.00 = P155 503.17

Page | 55 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Example 4

What amount must be invested in order to have P128 376.52 after 8 years if money
is worth 6% compounded semi-annually?

SOLUTION
We need to find the principal P, knowing that the compound amount is
A=₱128 376.52, r = 6% = 0.06, K = 2, and t = 8 years.
𝑟 𝐾𝑡
A = P(1 + )
𝐾
𝐴 𝑟 𝐾𝑡
P= 𝑟 𝐾𝑡
Divide both sides by (1 + )
(1+ 𝐾) 𝐾

128 376.52
= 0.06 2(8)
(1+ 2 )

128 376.52
= (1.03)16
= 80 000.003 or ₱80 000.00

Exercises
I. Vocabulary and Concepts
Ana deposits P100 000.00 in a savings account and leaves it there for 5 years
to accumulate interest at 9% compounded semi-annually. Give the term for each
value in relation to the problem.
1. ₱100 000.00 ________________________
2. 5 years _________________________
3. 4.5% __________________________
4. P155 296.94 ________________________
5. P55 296.94 ________________________

II. Practice and Application

A. Find the future value of the indicated principal.
1. ₱30 000.00 at 8% compounded annually for 10 years.
2. ₱35 000.00 at 6% compounded semi-annually for 12 years.

B. Find the present value that will generate the indicated future value.
1. ₱ 15 000.00 at 8% compounded semi-annually for 3 years
2. ₱ 43 000.00 at 10% compounded annually for 5 years

Page | 56 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

First Semester 2021-2022
Prelim Coverage
Week 11 (Nov. 3 – 5, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Simple Annuity

Getting Ready

Entry Card
Answer each of the following:
1. ₱50 000 is invested for 5 years at 8% compounded quarterly. Give the value of
𝑟
each variable in the formula A = P(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 where i = and n = Kt .
𝐾
(a) P =
(b) r =
(c) i =
(d) n =

2. If ₱10 000 is invested for 10 years at 6% compounded semi-annually, the final

amount is ₱18 061.11. Give the value of each variable in the formula
𝑟
A = P(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 where i = and n = Kt .
𝐾
(a) P = (d) n =
(b) r = (e) A =
(c) i =

Starting point

Definition
Geometric Sequence
A sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying the preceding
term by a fixed number (also known as the common ratio)is called a geometric
Sequence or a geometric progression.

The following are geometric sequences:

 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, ... with common ratio 3

1 1 1 1
 2, 1, , , , …with common ratio
2 4 8 2
 2 3 4 5
x, x , x , x , x , ... with common ratio x
 (a + b), (a + b)2, (a + b)3, (a + b)4,... with common ratio a + b
 (1.1), (1.1)2, (1.1)3, (1.1), ... with common ratio 1.1

Page | 57 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Definition
Geometric Series

The sum of the terms a geometric sequence is called a geometric series.

R The sum of a finite geometric sequence is calculated by the formula

U 𝐚𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝐫 𝐧 )
L 𝐒𝐧 =
𝟏−𝐫
E where a1, is the first term, r is the common ratio, and n is the number of terms.

Example 2
Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the geometric sequence 3, -9, 27, -81, 243,...

Solution

Given: a1 = 3 and
r = -9 + 3 = -3
Solve for S12 by substituting n with 12, a, with 3, and r with -3 into the formula,

𝑎1 (1− 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟

3 [1− (−3)12 ]
𝑆12 =
1 −(−3)
3(1−531 441)
𝑆12 =
4

Remember:𝑆12 = −398 580

Annuity payment – is the payment for each period is fixed, and the compound
interest rate is fixed over a specified time.
Annuities – is the accounts associated with streams of annuity payments.
Ordinary annuity – is an annuity that the payment is made at the end of each
period.
Annuity due- is an annuity that the payment is due at the beginning of each
period.
Periodic payment –is each payment in an annuity.
Payment interval- is the time between the successive payments dates of an
annuity.
Term of the annuity –is the interval between the beginning of the first payment
period and the end of the last payment period.

Page | 58 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

The following are examples of annuities:
 Rent payment
 Pension
 payment of car loan or mortgage

The flowchart below gives the different kinds of annuities.

Difference between Simple Annuity and General Annuity

Definition
Annuity - a fixed sum of money paid to someone at regular intervals, subject to a
fixed compound interest rate.
Annuity Certain - payable for a definite duration. Begins and ends on a definite
or fixed date (monthly payment of car loan).
Annuity Uncertain - annuity payable for an indefinite duration (example:
insurance); dependent on some certain event.
Simple Annuity - interest conversion or compounding period is equal or the
same as the payment interval.
General Annuity - interest conversion or compounding period is unequal or not
the same as the payment interval.
Ordinary Annuity (A) - annuity in which the periodic payment is made at the
end of each payment interval.
Annuity Due - an annuity in which the periodic payment is made at the beginning
of each payment interval.
Deferred Annuity - the periodic payment is not made at the beginning nor at the
end of each payment interval, but some later date.
General Ordinary Annuity - first payment is made at the end of every payment
interval.

Page | 59 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 General Annuity Due - first payment is made at the beginning of every
payment interval.
Perpetuities - a series of periodic payments which are to run infinitely or
forever.

Example 1

Determine if the given situations represent simple annuity or general annuity.

a. Payments are made at the end of each month for a loan that' charges 1.05%
interest compounded quarterly.
b. A deposit of ₱5 500.00 was made at the end of every three months to an
account that earns 5.6% interest compounded quarterly.

SOLUTION

a. Since the payment interval at the end of the month is not equal to the
compounding interval, quarterly, the situation represents a general annuity.

b. Since the payment interval at the end of every three months (or quarterly) is
equal to the compounding interval, quarterly, the situation represents a simple
annuity.

Example 2 Difference between Ordinary Annuity and Annuity Due

Determine whether the situation describes an ordinary annuity or an annuity

due. Justify your answer.
a. Jun's monthly mortgage payment is ₱35 148.05 at the end of each month.
b. The rent for the apartment is ₱7 000.00 and due at the beginning of each
month

SOLUTION

a. Because the payments are made at the end of each month, Jun's stream of
monthly mortgage payments is an ordinary annuity.

b. Since the payments come at the beginning of each month, the stream of rental
payments is an annuity due.

Page | 60 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Definition
The future value of an annuity is the total accumulation of the payments and
interest earned.

The present value of an annuity is the principal that must be invested today to
provide the regular payments of an annuity.

Note: The term future value that has been used with compound interest means
the same term as used with annuity: Future value comes at the end.

Simple Ordinary Annuity

FORMULA
Future Value of Simple Ordinary Present Value of Simple Ordinary
Annuity Annuity

The future value FV of simple ordinary The present value PV of simple

annuity is ordinary annuity is

(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1 𝑃[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 ∙ 𝑃𝑉 =
𝑖 𝑖

where FV = Future Value or Amount in where PV = Present Future Value or

P = Periodic Payment Amount
i = interest rate per period; where P = Periodic Payment
i = interest rate per period; where
𝑟 annual rate
𝑖= annual rate
𝐾 𝑟
number of conversion 𝑖=
𝐾
periods in a year number of conversion
periods in a year
n = total number of conversion periods
n=t•K n = total number of conversion periods
n=t•K
Number of years
Number of years

Example 3 Future Value of Simple Ordinary Annuity

If you pay ₱50.00 at the end of each month for 40 years on account that pays
interest at 10% compounded monthly, how much money do you have after 40
years?

Page | 61 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SOLUTION
𝑟 10% 0.1
We are given P = ₱50 000, i = = = , and n = t ∙ 𝐾 = 40 ∙ 12 = 480. To
𝐾 12 12
find the future value, we have,

0.1 480
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1 (1 + 12 ) −1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 ∙ = 50 0.1 = ₱316 203.98
𝑖
12

Example 4 Future Value of Simple Ordinary Annuity

Alex and Tony are twins. After graduation and being finally able to get a good
job, they plan for retirement as follows.
 Starting at age 24, Alex deposits ₱10 000.00 at the end of each year for 36
years.

 Starting at age 42, Alex deposits ₱20 000.00 at the end of each year for 18
years.
Who will have the greater amount at retirement if both annuities earn 12% per
year compounded annually?

SOLUTION

For Alex’s plan For Tony’s plan

P = ₱10 000.00 P = ₱20 000.00
𝑟 12% 𝑟 12%
i= = = 0.12 i= = = 0.12
𝐾 1 𝐾 1

n = t ∙ 𝐾 = 36 ∙ 1 = 36 n = t ∙ 𝐾 = 18 ∙ 1 = 18
FV = ? FV = ?
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1 (1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 ∙ 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 ∙
𝑖 𝑖
(1 + 0.12)36 −1 (1 + 0.12)18 −1
= 10 000 ∙ = 20 000 ∙
0.12 0.12

= ₱4 844 631.16 = ₱1 114 994.30

Note: The example shows the value of time and the advantage of saving early
on the amount of money.

Page | 62 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Exercises Present Value of simple Ordinary Annuity

Fernan borrows money to buy a motorcycle. He will repay the loan by

making monthly payments of ₱1 500 per month for the next 24 months at an
interest rate of 9% per year compounded monthly. How much did Fernan
borrow? How much interest does Fernan pay?

SOLUTION?

Simple Annuity Due

Formula
Future Value of Simple Annuity Due Present Value of Simple Annuity Due

(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1 𝑃[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 ∙ (1 + 𝑖) 𝑃𝑉 = ∙ (1 + 𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

where FV = Future Value or Amount in where PV = Present Future Value or

P = Periodic Payment Amount
i = interest rate per period, where P = Periodic Payment
i = interest rate per period, where
𝑟 annual rate
𝑖= annual rate
𝐾 𝑟
number of conversion 𝑖=
𝐾
periods in a year number of conversion
periods in a year
n = total number of conversion periods
n=t•K n = total number of conversion periods
n=t•K
Number of years
Number of years

Example 5 Future Value of Simple Annuity Due

Suppose Mr. and Mrs. Mariano deposited ₱20 000.00 at the beginning of each
yaer for 5 years in an investment that earns 10% per year compounded annually,
What is the amount or future value of the annuity?
SOLUTION
𝑟 10%
We know that P = ₱20 000.00, 𝑖 = = = 0.1, and n = t • K = 5(1) = 5.
𝐾 1
Thus,
(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1 (1+0.1)5 −1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 ∙ (1 + 𝑖) = ₱20 000 ∙ ∙ (1 + 0.1) = ₱134 312.20
𝑖 0.1

Page | 63 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Note: An investment of ₱ 20 000.00 at the beginning of each year for 5 years at 10%
compounded annually would return ₱12 210.20 more than when the investment is
done at the end of each year.

Example 6 Present Value of Simple Annuity Due

Hope borrows money for the renovation of her house and repays by making
yearly payments of ₱50 000.00 at the beginning of each year for a period of 10 years
at an interest rate 0f 8% compounded annually. How much did Hope Borrow?

SOLUTION
𝑟 8%
Given: P = ₱50 000.00 , i = = = 0.08 , and n = t • K = 10(1) = 10
𝐾 1

𝑃[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ] 50 000[1−(1+0.08)−10 ]
𝑃𝑉 = ∙ (1 + 𝑖) = ∙ (1 + 0.08)
𝑖 0.08

= ₱ 362 344. 40

Therefore Hope borrows ₱ 362 344. 40

Regular Payment of Annuity

In previous examples, we used the formulas:

(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
1. 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] to solve the future value or amount of simple ordinary
𝑖
annuity,

[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
2. 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] to solve the present value or amount of simple ordinary
𝑖
annuity,

(1+𝑖)𝑛 −1
3. 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] (1 + 𝑖) to solve the future value or amount of simple
𝑖
annuity due, and

[1−(1+𝑖)−𝑛 ]
4. 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] (1 + 𝑖) to solve the present value or amount of simple
𝑖
annuity due.

Manipulating these equations, we can solve for the regular payment or

periodic payment, P, using the following formula.

Page | 64 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Example 7 Regular Payment of a Simple Annuity

Mary borrows ₱500 000 to buy a car. She has two options to repay her loan.
The interest is compounded monthly.

Option 1: 24 monthly payments every beginning of the month at 12% per

year.

Option 2: 60 monthly payments every beginning of the month at 15% per

year.

Find: a. Mary’s monthly payment under each option

b. The interest Mary pays under each option

Page | 65 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SOLUTION

a. For Option 1:
𝑟 12%
PV = ₱500 000.00 , i = = = 0.01 , n = 24 , and P =?
𝐾 12
(PV)i
𝑃 = [1−(1+i)−n ](1+i) Regular payment (P) of a Simple Annuity Due
Formula
(500 000)(0.01)
=
[1 − (1 + 0.01)−24 ](1 + 0.01)
5 000
=
0.214558211

=₱23 3030.70

For Option 2
𝑟 15%
PV = ₱500 000.00 , i = = = 0.0125 , n = 60 , and P =?
𝐾 12

(PV)i
𝑃= Regular payment (P) of a Simple Ordinary
1−(1+i)−n
Annuity Formula
(500 000)(0.0125)
=
1 − (1 + 0.0125)−60

=₱11 894.97

b. The interest paid is difference between the total amount paid and the principal
borrowed.

For Option 1:

24 payments of ₱23 303.70: 24 x 23 303.70 = ₱559 288.80.

Total interest paid is ₱559 288.80 - ₱500 000 = ₱59 288.80
Thus, the total interest paid is ₱59 288.80

For Option 2:

60 payments of ₱11 894.97: 60 x 11 894.97 = ₱713 698.20

Total interest paid is ₱713 698.20 - ₱500 000 = ₱213 698.20
Thus, the total interest paid is ₱213 698.20.

Page | 66 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Example 8 Regular Payment of a Simple Ordinary Annuity

Eva obtained a loan of ₱50 000.00 for the tuition fee of her son. She has to
repay the loan by equal payments at the end of every six months for 3 years at 10%
interest compounded semi-annually. Find the periodic payment.

SOLUTION

PV = ₱50 000.00 r = 10%

𝑟 10%
t = 3 years i= = = 0.05
𝐾 2
K=2
n = 3(2) = 6 P=?

(PV)i (50 000.00)(0.05)

𝑃= = = ₱9 850.87
1−(1+i)−n 1−(1+0.05)−6

The gradual extinction of a loan over a period of time by means of a sequence

of regular or equal payments as to principal and interest due at the end of equal
intervals of time is known as amortization. In Example 8, we can say that the loan
of P50 000 that is amortized by equal periodic or installment payments of P9 850.87
at equal intervals end of every six months, becomes the present value of a simple
annuity.

When a loan is gradually repaid, the construction of an amortization schedule

is very important for both the lender and the lendee. They will both see how much
of each payment goes to the interest and how much is applied to the reducing
principal.
The Amortization Schedule
Periodic Interest at 10% Amount repaid Outstanding
Period Payment at the due at the end to the Principal Principal at the
end of every of every at the end of end of every
6 months 6 months every 6 months 6 months
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
0 ₱50 000.00
1 ₱9 850.87 ₱2 500.00 ₱7 350.87 ₱42 649.13
2 ₱9 850.87 ₱2 132.46 ₱7 718.41 ₱34 930.72
3 ₱9 850.87 ₱1 746.54 ₱8 104.33 ₱26 826.39
4 ₱9 850.87 ₱1 341.31 ₱8 509.56 ₱18 316.84
5 ₱9 850.87 ₱915.84 ₱8 935.03 ₱9381.81
6 ₱9 850.87 ₱469.09 ₱9 381.81 ₱0.00
Total ₱59 105.22 ₱9 105.24 ₱50 000.00

Page | 67 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

The amortization schedule can be prepared as follows:
1. Calculate the periodic payment. Complete Column B with this periodic
P payment.
r
2. To fill up Column C, calculate interest using the formula: i = Prt.
o
1
c i = 50 000(0.10)( ) = ₱2 500 for row 1
2
e 1
d i =42 649.13(0.10)( ) = ₱2 132.46 for row 2
2
u 1
c i =34 930.72(0.10)( ) = ₱1 746.54 for row 3
2
e 1
r i = 26 826.39(0.10)( ) = ₱1 341.31 for row 4
2
1
i = 18 316.84(0.10)( ) = ₱915.84 for row 5
2
1
i = 9 381.81(0.10)( ) = ₱469.09 for row 6
2
3. To fill up Column D, subtract Column C from Column B.
Column D: 9 850.87 - 2 500.00 = ₱7 350.87 for row 1
Column D: 9 850.87 2 132.46 = ₱7 718.41 for row 2
Column D: 9 850.87 - I 746.54 = ₱8 104.33 for row 3
Column D: 9 850.87 - I 341.31 = ₱8 509.56 for row 4
Column D: 9 850.87 -915.84 = ₱8 935.03 for row 5
Column D: 9 850.87 - 469.09 = ₱9 381.81 for row 6
4. To fill up Column E. subtract Column D from Column E as follows:
Column E: 50 000.00 - 7 350.87 = ₱42 649.13
(Row 0) (Row 2)
Column E: 42 649.13 - 7 718.41 = ₱34 930.72
(Row 1) (Row 2)
Column E: 34 930.72 - 8 104.33 = ₱26 826.39
(Row 2) (Row 3)
Column E: 26 826.39- 8 509.56 = ₱18 316.84
(Row 3) (Row 4)
Column E: 18 316.84 - 8 935.03 = ₱9 381.81
(Row 4) (Row 5)
Column E: 9 381.81 - 9 381.81 = ₱0.00
(Row 5) (Row 6)

Note:
1. The amount of the original loan is equal to the total repayment on the
principal.
2. The outstanding principal is equal to 0 at the end of the term.
Page | 68 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Example 9

Exponent Corporation is required to pay 8 annual instalments of ₱2 500 000.00 each for a
loan to pay for expansion at 12% compounded annually. How much is the loan? Construct
amortization schedule.

SOLUTION

P = ₱2 500 000.00 r = 12%

𝑟 12%
t = 8 years i= = = 0.12
𝐾 1
K=1
n = Kt = 1(8) = 8 P=?

P[1−(1+i)−n ] 2 500 000[1−(1+0.12)−8 ]

𝑃= = = ₱12 419 099. 42
𝑖 0.12

Amortization Schedule from the Amortization Schedule Calculator

Periodic Interest at 12% Amount repaid Outstanding
Period Payment at the due at the end to the Principal Principal at the
end of every of every at the end of end of every
8 years 8 years every 8 years 6 month8 years
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
0 ₱12 419 099.41
1 ₱2 500 000 ₱1 490 291.93 ₱1 009 708.07 ₱11 409 391.34
2 ₱2 500 000 ₱1 369 126.96 ₱1 130 873.04 ₱10 278 518.30
3 ₱2 500 000 ₱1 233 422.20 ₱1 266 577.80 ₱9 011 940.50
4 ₱2 500 000 ₱1 081 432.86 ₱1 418 567.14 ₱7 593 373.36
5 ₱2 500 000 ₱911 204 .80 ₱1 588 795.20 ₱6 004 578.16
6 ₱2 500 000 ₱720 549.38 ₱1 799 450.62 ₱4 225 127.54
7 ₱2 500 000 ₱507 015.30 ₱1 992 984.70 ₱2 232 142.84
8 ₱2 500 000 ₱267 857 .14 ₱2 232 142.84 ₱0.00
Total ₱20 000 000 ₱7 580 900.57 ₱12 419 099.41

A loan given to customer like Eva in Example 8 for the tuition fee of her son
is an example of consumer loan; while the loan given to the exponent Corporation
to pay for the business expansion is an example of business loan.

A consumer loan - is a loan given to customers for personal, family, or

consumable items such as a car and home.

A business loan – is debt that the company is required to repay according to

the loan’s terms and conditions.

Page | 69 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Although computation for consumer loans and business loans are similar, they
are different in some aspects like collateral, guarantor, documentation, terms, and
follow-up. The table below summarizes these differences

Differences between Business Loan and Consumer Loan

Business Loan Consumer Loan

Real estate, equipment, furniture,
1. Collateral fixtures, inventory, or personal Real estate
assets of the business owners
The business owners have to sign
2. Guarantor Does not require a guarantor
the loan as guarantors
Requires credit report, tax
Requires a credit report or tax
3. Documentation returns, and the last three years
returns
of financial statements
Shorter and includes a higher Longer than the business loan
4. Terms
interest rate
Annual reviews of the No further follow-up once the
5. Follow- up
relationship are often conducted loan is released

Deferred Annuity
A deferred annuity is an annuity in which the first payment is not made at the
begging nor at the end of the payment interval but at a later date. The length of time
when these payments are made is called the period of deferment. The first payment
is made one period after the period of deferment. Thus, annuity that is deferred for 6
periods will have the first payment at the end of 7 periods. Likewise, in an annuity
whose first payment is mad at the end of the 7 periods, the annuity is deferred for 6
periods.

Present Value and future Value of Deferred Annuity

Formula
The present value PV of a deferred annuity is given by the formula:

1 − (1 + 𝑖)−(𝑛+𝑑) 1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑑
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ − ]
𝑖 𝑖

Where : PV = Present Value, P = Regular Payment, d = number of deferred periods

𝑟
i = rate per conversion period (𝑖 = , where r is the annual rate and K is the number of
𝐾
conversion periods)

n = rate per conversion period (n = t ∙ K, where t is the number of years)

Page | 70 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Formula
The future value FV of a deferred annuity is given by the formula:

(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ]
𝑖

Where : PV = Present Value, P = Regular Payment, d = number of deferred periods

𝑟
i = rate per conversion period (𝑖 = , where r is the annual rate and K is the number of
𝐾
conversion periods)

n = rate per conversion period (n = t ∙ K, where t is the number of years)

Note: The future value of a deferred annuity is the same as the future value of
simple ordinary annuity

Example 10

Find the present value of 10 semi-annual payments of ₱2 000.00 each if the

first payment is due at the end of 3 years and money is worth 8% compounded
semi-annually.

SOLUTION

Exercise

Find the Present value of a deferred annuity of ₱1 500 every 3 months for 8
years that is deferred 3 years if money is worth 6% converted or compounded
quarterly. (Write the solution in another sheet of paper)
First Semester 2021-2022
Page | 71 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Midterm Coverage
Week 12 (Nov. 8 – 12, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

TOPIC: General Annuity

Starting Point

Amount and Present Value of an Annuity

The Present value of an annuity is the principal that must be invested today to
provide the regular payments of an annuity.

The amount of an annuity is the sum of the regular deposits plus interest.

The given situations involve the amount of an annuity:

 Resty saves ₱2 000.00 by making equal monthly payments at his bank.
 Donna plans to retrieve a millionaire by making equal semi-annual deposits
into her retirement savings plan.

The given situations involve the present value of an annuity:

 Ellen plans to repay her loan of ₱50 000 by making equal quarterly
payments.
 Samson plans to make equal monthly withdrawals from his ₱1 000 000
retirement income fund.

Simple and General Annuities

In simple annuity, the interest conversion period is equal or the same as the
payment interval.

A general annuity is an annuity wherein the interest conversion period is

unequal or not the same as the payment interval.

General Ordinary Annuity

Formula
Present Value of General Ordinary Future Value of General Ordinary
Annuity Annuity
𝑛
1 − (1 + 𝑖)− (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ] 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ]
(1 + 𝑖)𝑏 − 1 (1 + 𝑖)𝑏 − 1

Where P = regular payment

𝑟 → 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
i = rate per conversion period (i = → 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
)
𝐾

Page | 72 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 n = number of conversion periods for the whole term ( n = t∙ K, where t is
the term of an annuity)
𝑝
b = , where p is the number months in a payment interval and c is the
𝑐
number of months in a compounding period.

Example 1 Present Value of General Ordinary Annuity

Find the present value of an ordinary annuity of ₱2 000 payable annually for 9
years if the money is worth 5% compounded quarterly.

SOLUTION
Given: P = ₱2 000.00 , n = 9 ∙ 4 = 36 , c=3, p =12
𝑟 5% 𝑝 12
i= = 𝑜𝑟 0. 0125 , b= = =4
𝐾 4 𝑐 3

𝑛
1− (1+𝑖)− 1− (1+0.0125)−36
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ (1+𝑖)𝑏 −1
] = 2 000 [ (1+0.0125)4 −1
] = ₱14 155.99

Example 2 Future Value of General Ordinary Annuity

₱25 000.00 will be invested in an account at the end of each year at 4%

compounded semi-annually. Find the size of the fund at the beginning of the 16 th
year.

SOLUTION

Given: P = ₱25 000.00 , n = 15(2) = 30 , c=6, p =12

𝑟 4% 𝑝 12
i= = 𝑜𝑟 0. 02 , b= = =2, K=2
𝐾 2 𝑐 6

(1+𝑖)−𝑛 −1 (1+0.02)30 −1
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ (1+𝑖)𝑏 ] = 25 000 [ (1+0.02)2 ] = ₱502 080.19
−1 −1

Present Value of General Annuity Due

Formula
Present Value of General Ordinary Future Value of General Ordinary
Annuity Annuity
𝑛
1 − (1 + 𝑖)− 𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 − 1 𝑖
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ][ + 𝑖] 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ][ + 𝑖]
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑏 − 1 𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑏 − 1

Page | 73 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Where PV = Present value
FV = Future value
P = Annuity Payment
𝑟 → 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
i = rate per conversion period (i = → 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 )
𝐾
n = number of conversion periods ( n = t∙ K, where t is the term of an annuity)
c = number of months in a compounding period
p = number of months in a payment interval
𝑝
b=
𝑐

Example 3 Present Value of General Annuity Due

Find the present value of an annuity due of ₱ 10 000.00 payable quarterly for 10
years if money is worth 6% compounded semi-annually.

SOLUTION

P = ₱ 10 000.00 c=6
t =10 years p=3
𝑝 3
K=2 b= = 𝑜𝑟 0.5
𝑐 6
𝑟 6%
n = 10(2) = 20 i= = = 0.03
𝐾 2

𝑛
1 − (1 + 𝑖)− 𝑖
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ][ + 𝑖]
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑏 − 1
1 − (1 + 0.03)−20 0.03
= 10 000 [ ][ + 0.03]
0.03 (1 + 0.03)0.5 − 1
= 10 000(14.87747486)(2.014889157 + 0.03)
= ₱ 304 227.87

Example 4 Future Present Value of General Annuity Due

Emy wants to save ₱100 000 for her first year of college. She deposits ₱3 500 at
the beginning of each month in an account that earns 4% per year compounded
semi-annually. Will Emy have enough money saved at the end of 2 years?

SOLUTION
𝑝 1
Given: P = ₱3 500 , c=6 , p=1, b= =
𝑐 6
𝑟 4%
n = t ∙ K = 2 ∙ 2 = 4, i= = 𝑜𝑟 0.02
𝐾 2
Page | 74 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
FV = ?
(1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 − 1 𝑖
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑃 [ ][ + 𝑖]
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑏 − 1

(1+0.02)4 −1 0.02
= 3 500[ ][ 1 + 0.02]
0.02 (1+0.02)6 −1

= 3 500(4.12)(6.07) or = 3 500 (4.121608)(6.069807484)

= ₱87 529.40 = ₱ 87 560.78

Because ₱ 87 529.40 is less than ₱100 000.00, Emy will not have enough money at the end of 2
years.

Regular Payment (P) of General Annuity

To solve for P in the in the formula for PV and FV for General Annuity, we can
transform the formulas as follows:

Formula
For General Annuity,

(1+𝑖)𝑏 −1 (1+𝑖)𝑏 −1
P = PV [ (1+𝑖)𝑛
] P = FV [ ]
1− 1− (1+𝑖)−𝑛

Example 5 Regular Payment of General Ordinary Annuity

Mr. and Mrs. Salazar will need ₱300 000 in 2 years to start their own business.
They plan to save money by making monthly deposits at the end of each month in
an account earning 8% per year compounded quarterly. How much must they make
monthly?

SOLUTION
𝑟 8%
FV = ₱300 000 , n = t ∙ K = 2(4) = 8 , i= = or 0.02 , p=1,
𝐾 4
𝑝 1
c=6, b= = and P =?
𝑐 6

(FV)[(1+𝑖)𝑏 −1]
P= (1+𝑖)𝑛 −1

1
(300 000 )[(1+0.02)3 −1]
= (1+0.02)−𝑛 −1

= ₱11 574.16
Page | 75 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Example 6

A couple left their son with a ₱1 000 000.00 insurance policy. What monthly income
would the policy provide for 15 years if the insurance company pays 8% compounded semi-
annually?

SOLUTION
𝑟 8%
Given: PV = ₱1 000 000.00 , n = t ∙ K = 15(2) = 30 , i= = or 0.04 ,
𝐾 2
𝑝 1
p = 1, b = = and P =?
𝑐 3

(1+𝑖)𝑏 −1
P = PV [ ]
1−(1+𝑖)𝑛
1
(1+0.04)6 −1
= 1 000 000 [ ]
1−(1+0.04)−30

= ₱ 9 481.53

Exercise

I. Vocabulary and concepts

The present of an annuity of ₱ 5 000 every end of 3 months for 10 years when
the interest rate is 4% compounded annually is ₱ 164 631.30

Use the given situation to give the values of the following variables:
1. P = ____________ 6. i = ______________
2. t = ____________ 7. c = ______________
3. K= ____________ 8. p = ______________
4. n = ____________ 9. b = ______________
5. r = ____________ 10. PV = ____________

II. Application
Solve each of the following
1. Find the present value PV or the amount FV of the annuity.
Payment
Payment Term Interest Rate Find
Interval
a. ₱5 000.00 3 mon. 5 yrs. 5% , K = 12 FV
b. ₱1 500.00 6 mon. 3 yrs. 8% , K = 2 FV
c. ₱2 000.00 1yr. 10 yrs. 6% , K = 4 PV

Note:
Evaluation will be posted in our Google Classroom.
Page | 76 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
First Semester 2021-2022
Pre-Final Coverage
Week 13 (Nov. 15 – 19, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Stocks and Bonds

Starting Point

Definition
Commission – a payment to an agent or sales person based on the value or quantity
of goods bought and sold; broker’s or brokerage fee. A
commission is found by finding the percentage of a sale.

Example 1

Tony sells T-shirts on weekends. He is paid a straight commission of 3%

on his sales. In April, his sales amounted to ₱15 000.00. How much was his
commission?

SOLUTION

Commission = 3% of the total sales

= 0.03 x ₱15 000 = 450.00
Tony received ₱450.00 commission.

Example 2

Lisa received a commission, of ₱ 11 000.00 on a sale of ₱200 000.00 what

was her rate of commission?

SOLUTION

To get the rate of commission, divide the amount of commission by the

amount of sales.
11 000 11
= = 0.055 𝑜𝑟 5.5%
200 000 200

Example 3

Martin receives a 6% commission on all items he sells. If this last week’s

commission was ₱ 7 500.00, what was his total sales?

Page | 77 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SOLUTION

To find Martin’s total sales, divide the commission by the rate of commission
7 500
= 125 000
0.06
Martin’s total sales was ₱125 000.00

Formula
The simple interest (I) on a principal (P) at an annual interest rate (r) for (t) years is
I = Prt
The future value (amount/maturity value) FV is the total of the principal P and the
interest I. Thus,
FV = P + I = P + Prt = P(I + t)
Where I = Interest
P = Principal
FV = future value, amount, or maturity value
r = annual rate of interest
t = number of years

Definition
A loan is an arrangement- in which a lender gives money (principal) to a
borrower in exchange for the future repayment of the principal along with interest
or other finance charges.

Loans and investments are considered similar transaction in such a way

that they both involve the flow of money from one party to another, the return of
money to its source, and the payment of a fee to the source for the use of the
money.

Take these two cases:

1. Deposit money in savings account.
- the depositor may view it as an investment because interest
may be earned from the amount of money deposited, but the
bank views it as loan from the depositor which in turn the
bank will lend to another customer.
2. Borrowing money to buy a house from a bank.
- the borrower views that transaction as loan but the bank views it as
an investment to the borrower in order to make a profit.

Page | 78 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Example 4

Find the interest charged on a simple interest loan of ₱68, 000.00 at 12.5% rate for
320 days.

SOLUTION
320
We are given P= ₱68, 000.00, r=12.5%=0.125, and t=320 days or years.
365
Applying the Simple Interest formula, we have

320
I= Prt =(68,000)(0.125)( ) =₱7,452.05
365
The amount of interest is approximately equal to ₱7,452.05.

Example 5
1
Find the future value of ₱145,000 invested at a 9 % interest rate for 1 year and 9
2
months.

SOLUTION
1 3
Given: P= ₱145,000, r= 9 %=9.5%=0.095, and t= 1 year and 9 months or 1 year=
2 4
7
year.
4

Applying the Future value Formula, we have

7
FV=P (1+rt) =145,000 (1 + 0.095 ∙ ) = ₱169,106.25
4

Note: An investor may be thought of as one who takes the risks of setting up a
business in hopes of making a profit.

Page | 79 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Answer Me
0Using the sample stock certificate, answer each of the following. Write your
answer on the space before each number.

____________1. Give the name of the corporation issuing the certificate.

____________2. Name the country where the corporation is incorporated.
____________3. The signatories of the corporation.
____________4. The stock certification number.
____________5. The type of stock represented by the certificate.
____________6. The number of shares being recorded in the certificate.
____________7. The par value of the stock.
____________8. The recipient of the stock.

Developing Skills

Sometimes, companies need one more money for them to grow. To expand their
business, they use their own savings and the company’s profits, or they borrow
from the lending institution, or they sell more shares of its capital stock.

SOURCE saving
and
of profits
M
O Borrow
N money
E
Y Sell
stocks
for or
Expansion bonds

Shareholders or stockholders - is the investor who buy the shares of the

corporation from the bank.

This is when the company gets money to grow. A stockholder gets stock
certificate showing the number of shares it represent. In the Activity, Mr. Aaron
Agbuya owns 100 shares of the Capital Stock of the Exponent Corporation. Since
the company has issued 40 000 shares and Mr. Agbuya owns 100 shares; thus, he
owns
100 1
= 0.0025 = %
40 000 4

Page | 80 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 of the exponent One Corporation. As a part-owner of the corporation, Mr.
Agbuya is entitled to any profit that the corporation makes.

When companies decide to raise money by selling stocks, they generally go to

a big investment bank. The bank handles the Initial Public Offering or IPO before
it becomes available on a stock exchange.

Each certificate is registered in the owner’s name of the corporation. Since Mr.
Agbuya bought a share of stock, he owns a part of the
1
corporation( % 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛). The profit that the corporation gives to Mr.
4
Agbuya is called dividends. Dividends are usually paid quarterly. Dividend are paid.
However, shareholders took the risk with the company since they know that they
know that they get dividends when the company makes profit.

The par value of a share of stock is the value printed in the certificate. In the
Activity, the par value of a share of stock is ₱50. All shares of an issue of stock have
same value. Since Mr. Agbuya owns 100 shares of stock with par value of ₱50 each,
his total investment is ₱5 000 (100 x ₱50.00 = ₱5 000).

Note: If the par value of a share of a stock is ₱50 each, it means that the bank
got it at a lower price. This is where the bank earns.

Some corporation issue stock without giving the shares any value. This stock is
called no-par stock.

After an issue of stock has been sold the first time, the investors buy and sell
the shares at any price they agree on. Ownership is just changing hands and nothing
goes to the company. Buying or selling stocks is called trading and takes place on a
stock exchange. The Philippine Stock Exchange Plaza is in Ayala Triangle, Ayala
Avenue, Makati City and another one is in Pasig, Metro Manila. The price a stock
sold is called the market price or market value.

Page | 81 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Two types of stocks
A preferred stock is a stock where the dividend set by the corporation is indicated
at the time the stock was issued.
A Common Stock does not have set dividend. There is no guarantee that dividends
will be paid to either class of stock. However, dividends that
are paid out go first to shareholders of preferred stock.
Definition
Stock Certificate – a paper issued to a shareholder which shows on its face the
number of shares it represents.
Shareholder or stock holder – one who owns shares of corporation stock.
Dividend – earning distributed to shareholders of a corporation.
Certificate Number – an accession number or place folder to keep track of the
number of certificates.
Par Value – the face value of a bond or stock.
No-par Stock – stock issued without a stated value on the certificate.
Market Price – the price at which a stock on bond is sold
Preferred Stock – type of stock for which stockholders get first choice is
distributed profits.
Common Stock – the ordinary stock of a corporation, paying no specified rate
or amount of dividend.
Initial Public Offering (IPO) – stock sold before it is available on a stock
exchange.

Example 6

Page | 82 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SOLUTION

A. Certificate number
B. Number of shares
C. Name of the corporation issuing the certificate
D. Par value of each share
E. Name of the shareholder

The market price or market value of a share of stock is usually quoted in pesos per
share.
1
A quotation of "35 " means that the price of one share is P35.50.
2
Investors make money with stock by selling a stock for more money than they
paid for it.
When one buys a stock through a broker (a dealer of stocks, bonds, or real
estate), the total cost of the stock is the market price of the stock and the broker's
commission.

Formula
Total Cost of Stock = Market Price + Commission

Example 7

Rowena bought 100 shares of Paper Mill stock at ₱150.00 per share. The
broker charged her ₱750.00 commission. Find the total cost of the stock.

SOLUTION

Market price: 100 x ₱150 = ₱15 000.00 (no. of shares x par value)
Broker's Commission: ₱750.00 (market price + commission)
Total Cost: ₱15 750.00

PRACTICE

Find the total cost of each stock purchase below.

Market Price
No. of Shares Name of Stock Commission
per Share
1 000 ANI ₱1.75 ₱75.00
2 000 COAL ₱0.94 ₱94.00
500 FGEN ₱30.55 ₱763.50
100 FPH ₱106.00 ₱530.00
750 SMC ₱74.45 ₱2 792.00
300 URC ₱215.00 ₱3 225.00
Page | 83 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 SOLUTION

Market Price Broker’s

+ Total Cost
(No. of shares x Market Price/Share) Commission
1 000 ₱75.00
2 000 ₱94.00
500 ₱763.50
100 ₱530.00
750 ₱2 792.00
300 ₱3 225.00

Page | 84 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Page | 85 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Stock Income
Dividends
The income the stockholder receives from his investment is the amount of
dividend he gets. The amount of dividends paid by the company depends on the profit
the company makes. The dividend may be shown either as a percent of the par value
of the stock or as an amount of money per share. For example, the Exponent One
Corporation in the Activity declared
1
a dividend of 1 % of the par value. Since the par value of the shares is ₱50, the
2
1
amount of dividend on each share is 1 % of ₱50 or ₱0.75. The Exponent One
2
1
Corporation may declare either a dividend of 1 % or a dividend of ₱0.75 per share.
2
Thus, Mr. Aaron Agbuya who owns 100 shares of Exponent One Corporation will
receive a total dividend of ₱75.00 (₱0.75 x 100 = ₱75.00)

Example 8

Ramon owns 75 shares of D&E common stock, par value ₱400.00. If the
1
corporation declares a 7 % dividend, what is the total dividend that Ramon should
4
get?

SOLUTION
1
Dividend per share: 0.07 x ₱400 = ₱29 dividend on one share
4
Total dividend: 75 x ₱29 = ₱2 175.00

Example 9

Find the yearly income Mr. Reyes will receive from an investment in 1 000
shares of ABC stock if a dividend of ₱14.80 per share is paid quarterly.

SOLUTION

Dividend for one quarter: 1 000 x P14.80 = P14 800

Yearly income: 4 x P14 800 = P59 200

The rate of income on a stock investment is the ratio of the annual dividends to
the total cost of stock.

Page | 86 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 If Robert owns a share of stock that costs ₱960 and pa's quarterly dividend of
1
₱22.40, the rate of inco me is 9 %.
3

22.40 𝑥 4 1
Rate of Inco me = = 0.0933 𝑜𝑟 9 %
960 3

Selling Stocks

Another way a shareholder earns an income is to sell his stock. A broker may
be used to buy or sell stocks. The broker's representatives take charge of the investor's
order. However, selling stock will either make a profit, break-even, or take a loss. A
profit, break-even, or loss depends on the total cost of the stock, the selling price of
the stock, and the expenses in selling the stock. Some expenses to be considered are
commission of the broker, small SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) fees,
and sometimes transfer tax. After deducting all the expenses from the market price
of the stock, the money that you will receive is called the net proceeds.

Formula
Net Proceeds = Market Price - Expenses

PRACTICE

Find the net proceeds of the stocks on the table below. Use the given formula
above?

Expenses
Shares Selling Price per (Commission,
Name of Stock Net Proceeds
Held share Taxes, and
Fees)
Food Corporation 100 ₱1 040.00 ₱2 640.00
Property Holdings 250 ₱500.00 ₱1 720.00
Power Corporation 80 ₱1 480.00 ₱1 880.00
Transportation
300 ₱320.00 ₱2 240.00
Corporation

(Write your solution to your notebook or another sheet of Paper)

Bonds

A bond is a form of long-term investment issued by a corporation or

government where the purchaser becomes a creditor of the company. People who
buy a bond lending money to the corporation from which they buy the bond. Hence,
a bond is very much like a loan. When a corporation is selling a bond, it is really
Page | 87 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
selling an IOU, which is a promise to payback the buyer his money, plus interest at
a particular time.

There are several reasons for issuing bonds. For example, the Association of
Celebrities and Talents Society (ACTS) Corporation wants to borrow ₱50 000 000
for 5 years for the expansion of their business. So, it issues 50 000 5-year bonds
with a face value of ₱1 000 each. The entire issue is often sold to an investment
banking house, the bank then sells the bonds to investors at a slight increase in price
over what it paid for them. In this particular case, the banking house may buy then
for ACTS Corporation at ₱995.00 each and then sell them at ₱1 000.00 each to the
investors.

The bonds that are issued are the corporation’s written promise notes to return
the price an investor pays for the bond at the time it was purchased, called the face
value, together with interest payments at a given rate.

In the above bond certificate, Ms. Janelle Catalig, the bond holder, lent ACTS
Corporation one thousand pesos (₱1 000.00) with interest rate of 10% per annum.
Hence, on March 1, 2020, ACTS Corporation has no shareholder to share the
corporation’s profit. If the loan is not repaid, the bonds holders may take the
corporation’s equipment, buildings, or land. This guarantee is an agreement made
between the corporation and a bank or trust company, called the trustee. The trustee
is appointed by the corporation to represent the bond holders as group in their
transaction with the corporation.

The following should be considered when buying bonds.

1. The price of the bond
2. The interest rate
3. Whether the bods can or cannot be resold
4. The earnings record of the issuer
5. The business condition

Page | 88 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Note: ● Riskier business offer higher rates of interest to convince investors to buy
Their bonds.
● There are ratings for bonds which are based on a company’s past
performance and whether analysts predict the company will do well or
poorly. Bonds are rated as:
Aaa or AAA for the best and safest bonds
Bbb or BBB for riskier bonds
Ccc or CCC for very risky bonds

Bods rated D are considered worthless.

Definition
Bond – a form of long-term promissory note issued by a corporation or
government in exchange for sum of money.
Bond holder – one who holds a corporation or government bond

REMINDERS
Bonds have two kinds of values. These are par value and market value.
 Par Value of the bond is the same as its face value.
 Market Value of a bond is the price at which the bond is being sold

If may be greater than or less than the amount of the par value.
 If the market value is greater than the par value, then the bond is selling
at a premium.
 If the market value is less than the par value, then the bond is selling at a
discount.

Example 10

Find the market price of one ₱1 000 bond at each quoted price.
3 1 1
a. 98 b. 96 c.102 d. 101 e. 99 f. 106
4 2 4

SOLUTION

a. at 98: 0.98 x ₱1 000 = ₱980

b. at 96: 0.96 x ₱1 000 = ₱960
c. at 102: 1.02 x ₱1 000 = ₱1 020
3
d. at 101 : 1.0175 x ₱1 000 = ₱1 017.50
4
1
e. at 99 : 0.995 x ₱1 000 = ₱995
2
1
f . at 106 : 1.0625 x ₱1 000 = ₱1 062.50
4

Page | 89 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Note: The bonds in (a), (b), and (e) are selling at discounts and the bonds is
(c), (d), and (f) are selling at premiums.

In order to find the total investment in bonds, you need to know the market
price of one bond and multiply the number of bonds bought.

Example 11

Ms. Johanna Vistan bought fifty ₱1 000 ACTS bonds at 103. What is her total
investment in ACTS bonds?

SOLUTION

Market Price of 1 bond: 1.03 x ₱1 000 = ₱1 030

Total Investment: ₱1 030 x 50 = ₱51 500

When bonds are bought and sold through a broker, the broker charges a
broker’s commission or brokerage fee. Hence, the amount of investment becomes
the market price of the bonds plus the broker’s commission.

Bond Income
The interest given by the corporation as a government unit who issued the
bond serves as the income from the bond. The interest of the bond is based on the
par value. Because the par value serves as the principal, the interest formula can be
calculated as:

Formula
Interest = Par value x Rate = Time
The interest for five years on a ₱1 000 par value, 10% bond would be ₱500
Interest = 1 000 x 0.1 x 5 = ₱500
If the interest is paid semi-annually, the amount of each interest for the said
500
bond is or ₱50 semi-annual interest.
(2)(5)

Example 12

Mr. Santos owns 45 bonds with a par value of ₱1 000 each and pay 8 ½ %
interest. What annual income does Mr. Santos get from these bonds?
SOLUTION
Par value of 45 bonds: 45 x ₱1 000 = ₱45 000
Interest: ₱45 000 x 0.085 x 1 = ₱ 3 825
The annual income for one year is ₱3 825
Page | 90 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Before buying bonds, it is important to know what rate of income you will receive from
them. Hence, this will help you compare bonds with other types of investments.

The rate of income is the ratio of the annual income to the total investment.

Formula
𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆
Rate of Income =
𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Note: Rate of income is often called yield.

Example 13
Find the yield on ₱1 000, 9% ACTS bond priced at 94 plus ₱10 commission.

SOLUTION
Annual income: ₱1 000 x 0.09 x 1 = 90
Amount invested: Market Price + Commission

(0.94 x ₱1 000) + ₱10 =

₱940 + ₱10 = ₱950
90
Yield (rate of income) = = 0.0947 = 47%
950

The yield on the investment is 47% or ACTS Corporation bond yields 47%.

PRACTICE
Match the terms in Column A to the statement in Column B.

A B
1. stock certificate a. stock without par value
2. shareholder b. a dealer in stocks and bonds
3. dividends c. selling price of stocks
4. market price d. a paper showing hares owned
5. no-par stock e. rate of income on bonds
6. broker f. a fee charged by a broker
7. yield g. anyone who owns stocks
8. broker’s commission h. profit distributed to stockholders

Find the total cost of the stock by completing the table.

No. of Market Broker’s

Stock Total Cost
Shares Price Commission
1. 98 Beiter Corporation ₱93.50 ₱458.15
2. 450 Holy Industries, Inc. ₱87.00 ₱1 957.50
3. 2 000 Fivics Holdings, Corp. ₱103.00 ₱10 300.00

Page | 91 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

First Semester 2021-2022
Pre - final Coverage
Week 14 (Nov. 22 – 26, 2021
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Propositions and Symbols

Starting Point

Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause.
2. Compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent
clauses joined by conjunctions (for, nor, but, or, yet, so), semicolons, or
semicolon followed by a conjunctive adverb.
3. Complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and
one or more independent clauses.
4. Compound- complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more
independent clauses.
According to the purpose of the speaker or writer, sentences are classified as
follows:
1. Declarative sentence is used to make statement of fact, wish, intent, or
feeling.
Example: I wish I could visit my grandparents this summer.
2. Imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or direction.
Example: Please do not answer in chorus.
3. Interrogative sentence is used to ask question.
Example: Did you prepare for final examination?
4. Exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feelings.
Example: The teacher shouted, “Keep quiet!”

Proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but not
both.

Two kinds of Proposition

1. Simple Proposition – conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Example: a. Rowena submitted her performance task in General mathematics
ahead of time.
b. Rowena received the highest score of performance task in
General Mathematics.
Page | 92 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
2. Compound Proposition – contains two or more simple propositions that are put
together using connective words.

TYPES OF COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS

a. Conjunction – compound propositions joined by the word and. It is denoted
by the symbol “Ʌ”.
Example: “today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday”
Sometimes, the word but will be used in place of and in a given sentence.
Example: “Roel was on time, but Tom was late” can also be written as
“Roel was on time and Tom was late.”
b. Disjuction – compound propositions joined by the word or. It is denoted by
the symbol “V”.
Example: I will get the cash gift or I will have birthday party.
c. Conditional – two statements joined by the phrase “if…. Then”. It is denoted
by the symbol “→”.
Example: If you will give me an invitation, then I will attend your party.
The statement between the if and then is called the antecedent of the conditional.
The sentence that follows then is called the consequent.

The example can also be written as:

a. If you will recite the poem, you will pass the oral examination; or
b. You will pass the oral examination if you will recite the poem.

In (a), then was omitted but it is understood to the there.

In (b), the two parts are switched around and then was also omitted.

d. Biconditional – two statements joined by the phrase if and only if. It is

denoted by the symbol “↔”.
Example: I will come with you if and only if you will call my mom.

OTHER SYMBOLS USED FOR PROPOSITION

e. Negation (~)
Example: Given Statement: I will attend mass tomorrow.
Negation: I will not attend mass tomorrow.

SYMBOLS
Symbols are used to simply work in logic. If x and y are the frequency used
letters in algebra, the letters p, q. or r are often used to represent propositions in
logic. The table below shows the several symbols for connectives, together with the
respective types of compound proposition.

Page | 93 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 Connective Symbol Type of Statement
and Ʌ Conjunction
or V Disjunction
not ~ Negation
if…then → Conditional
if and only if (iff) ↔ biconditional

EXAMPLE 1
Let p represent “Robin can swim” and Let q be “Tom plays the guitar.” Write
each symbolic statement in word.

a. p V q b. p Ʌ ~q c. ~(p V q) d. ~(p Ʌ q)

SOLUTION
a. V symbolizes or ; Thus, p V q represent
“Robin can swim or Tom plays the guitar.”
b. Robin can swim and Tom cannot play the guitar.
c. It is not the case that Robin can swim or Tom can play the guitar.
d. It is not the case that Robin can swim and Tom can play the guitar.

Exercise
I. Match each proposition in Column A to its respective symbol in Column B.

A B
1. Conjunction a. ~
2. Disjunction b. →
3. Negation c. ↔
4. Conditional d. Ʌ
5. Biconditional e. V

II. Let P = Mathematics is difficult and Q = PE is easy. Write each of the following
statements in symbolic form.

1. If Mathematics is difficult, then PE is easy.

2. It is false that PE is not easy.
3. PE is not easy, and Mathematics is difficult.
4. Mathematics is difficult, or PE is easy.
5. PE is easy iff Mathematics is difficult.

Page | 94 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

First Semester 2021-2022
Pre-Final Coverage
Week 15 (Nov. 29 – Dec. 3, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Truth Tables

Starting Point

Types of statements and their Connective Symbols

Connective Symbol Type of Statement

and Ʌ Conjunction
or V Disjunction
not ~ Negation
if…then → Conditional
if and only if (iff) ↔ biconditional

Connectives in their dominant order:

1. Biconditional (↔)
2. Conditional (→)
3. Conjunction (Ʌ), Disjunction (V)
4. Negation (~)

Conjunctions

The connective and implies the idea of “both.” For the conjunction p Ʌ q to be
true, both p and q must be true. All the four possible combinations of truth values
for the conjunction p and q are summarized by a table called a truth table.

Table 1

Truth table for the conjunction P and Q (P Ʌ Q)

P Q PɅQ Reminder:
T T T  If p and q is pair by false result is FALSE
T F F  If both p and q is true the result is TRUE
F T F
F F F

Page | 95 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

Disjunctions

If Rowan says that he has been reading or writing, then he telling the truth if
he has been reading and not writing. Likewise, he is telling the truth when he has
been writing and not reading. Also, he is telling the truth when he has been reading
and also writing. Table 2 shows the truth table for disjunction. The use of or in this
case called the inclusive or (inclusive disjunction).

Inclusive
One or the other, or both.
Table 2
Truth table for the Inclusive Disjunction P or Q (P V Q)
P Q PɅQ
T T T Reminder:
T F T  If p and q is pair by true result is TRUE
F T T  If both p and q is false the result is FALSE
F F F

Negation
If P is simple proposition, then P is either true or false but not both. That is, If
P is a true statement, then its truth value is true and if P is false, then its truth value
is false.
Table 3
Truth table for a simple Proposition’s Negation (~)

P ~P Reminder:
T F  When P is true, and the negation is false and
F T vice versa

Procedure
Constructing Truth Tables
1. Determine if the final result is a conjunction, disjunction, or negation. Recall
dominant connectives and the use of parentheses.
2. Complete the columns under a) the simple statements (P, Q,…)
b) the connectives negations inside parentheses
c) any remaining statements and their negations
d) any remaining connectives
reaching the final column as determined in Step 1.
Page | 96 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Number the columns in the order they are completed and highlight the column
Containing the final answer.
3. The truth table of compound proposition of n component statements, each
Represented by a different letter, has 2n number of rows. For example,

 A compound proposition with two different letters(simple statements) has

22 or 4 rows.
 A compound proposition with three different letters (simple statements) has
23 or 8 rows.

EXAMPLE 1

Construct the truth table for.

a. P V ~Q b. Q Ʌ ~(P V Q)

SOLUTION

a. ● The final result is a disjunction.

● Complete the columns under the simple
Statements P and Q in column 1 and 2. P Q ~Q P V ~Q
● Negate statement Q to get entries in T T F T
Column 3.
● Finally, combine Column 1 (P) and
T F T T
Column 3 (~Q) using the connective V F T F F
to get the truth value for P V ~Q. Write
the result in Column 4 F F T T

1 2 3 4

b. ● The final result is a conjunction.

● Complete the columns under the simple statements P and Q in column
1 and 2.
● Combine Columns 1 and 2 using the connective V to get the truth value of
P V Q. Write the result in Column 3.
● Negate the truth value in Column 3 to get entries in Column 4.
● Finally, combine Columns 2 and 4 using the connectives Ʌ to get entries in
Columns 5 [Q Ʌ ~(P V Q)].

Page | 97 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 P Q PVQ ~(P V Q) Q Ʌ ~(P V Q)
T T T F F
T F T F F
F T T F F
F F F T F
1 2 3 4 5

Truth Tables for Conditional and Biconditional

Conditional
Table 4
Truth Table for Conditional Statement (P →Q)

P Q P→Q Reminder:
T T T  When P is true and Q is false, P → Q is false only.
T F F  When P and Q is the same truth value the result is
F T T TRUE.
F F T

Table 5
Truth Table for Conditional Statement (P ↔Q)

P Q P↔Q
T T T Reminder:
T F F  When P and Q is not the same truth value the
F T F result is FALSE only.
F F T  When P and Q is the same truth value the result
is TRUE only.

EXAMPLE 2

Construct the truth table for.

a. (P → Q) ↔ (~P → Q)

Page | 98 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748

 SOLUTION

a. ● The dominant connective is ↔.

● Complete the columns under the single statements P and Q.

● Negate statement P to get entries in Column 3.

● Combine Columns 1 and 2 using the connective → to get the truth values for

P → Q. Write the result in column 4.

● Combine Column 3 and 2 using the connective → to get the truth values for

~P → Q. Write the result in column 5.

● Finally, combine Columns 4 and 5 using the connective → to get the truth

values for (P → Q) ↔ (~P → Q). Write the result in column 6.

P Q ~P (P → Q) ~P → Q (P → Q) ↔ (~P → Q)

T T F T T T

T F F F T F

F T T T T T

F F T T F F
1 2 3 4 5 6

EXERCISE

I. True or False
_____1. A conditional (→) is true in all cases except when the antecedent is true
and the consequent is false.
_____2. A conjunction (V) is only true when both components are false.
_____3. A disconjunction (Ʌ) is true unless both components are true.
_____4. A biconditional (↔) is true when both components have the same truth
value.
_____5. A negation (~) changes the value of the statement to its opposite.

II. Complete the truth table for the given statement by filling in the required
columns.
Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional Negation
Proposition
(and) (or) (if…then) (if and only if) (not)
p q pɅq pVq p→q p↔q ~p ~q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Page | 99 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
First Semester 2021-2022
Pre-Final Coverage
Week 16 (Dec. 6 – 10, 2021)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

Topic: Forms of Conditional Proposition

Starting Point

A conditional statement has two parts:

 Hypothesis (or antecedent), denoted by P, and
 Conclusion (or consequent), denoted by Q.
In symbols, the statement, “If P, then Q” is written as P → Q. Here is another
example:
If it is 9:30 a.m., then it must be daytime.

P Q
A conditional statement may be true or false. To show that a conditional
statement is false, you only need to find one example (called a couple example) in
which the hypothesis is fulfilled and the conclusion is not fulfilled.

To show that a conditional statement is true, you must construct a logical

argument using reasons.

The converse of the condition statement P → Q is Q → P.

If a conditional statement and its converse are both true, you can combine
them to form one biconditional statement or a biconditional. The parts of a
biconditonal statement are connected by the phrase if and only if.

Conditional Statement: If P, then Q. P→Q

Converse: If Q, then P. Q→P
Biconditional: P if and only if Q. P↔Q

The other statements related to a conditional are its inverse and its contrapositive.

Conditional Statement: If P, then Q. P→Q

Inverse: If not P, then not Q. ~P → ~Q
Contrapositive: If not Q, then not P ~Q → ~P

Page | 100 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 EXAMPLE 1

Write the inverse, converse and contrapositive f the statement below. Then,
tell whether each is true or false.

“If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.”

SOLUTION

Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.

Hypothesis: Two angles form a linear pair.
Conclusion: They are supplementary.
Inverse: If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not supplementary.
(False)
Converse: If two angles are supplementary, then they form a linear pair. (False)
Contrapositive: If two angles are not supplementary, then they do not form a linear
pair. (True)

EXAMPLE 2

Page | 101 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Because ~(P V Q) and ~P Ʌ ~Q have exactly the same truth values, FFFT,
then they are equivalent.

Because P V (Q Ʌ R) and (P V Q) Ʌ (P V R) have exactly the same truth

values, TTTTTFFF, then they are equivalent.
Page | 102 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 EXAMPLE 3 Using De Morgan’s law

EXAMPLE 4 Negating Conjunction/Disjunction

Page | 103 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 EXAMPLE 5

EXAMPLE 6

a. Show that p →q and ~p V q are equivalent

b. Use the result in (a) to write a statement that is equivalent to

“If a number is even, then then the number id divisible by 2.”

Page | 104 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 EXAMPLE 7

Select the statement that is not equivalent to:

“If it’s sunny, then I need an umbrella.’
a. It is not sunny or I need an umbrella.
b. I need an umbrella, then it is sunny.
c. If I need an umbrella, then it is not sunny.

SOLUTION

 Write the given statement and the choices in symbolic form. The statement,
“If it’s sunny, then I need an umbrella,” can be represented as follows:
P: It is sunny
Q: I need an umbrella

The symbolic representation of the given statement and the choices are:
If it’s sunny, then I need an umbrella: P ↔ Q

Page | 105 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 106 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 EXAMPLE 8

Write the negation of the following:

a. If the music is playing, then I cannot concentrates
b. ~A → ~B

Note:
Evaluation will be posted in our Google
Classroom.

Page | 107 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
First Semester 2021-2022
Final Coverage
Week 17 (Jan. 3 – 7, 2022)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

TOPIC: Tautologies and Fallacies

Starting Point

Recall
Equivalent
Two proposition P and Q that have the same truth values are said to be
logically equivalent and denoted by P ⟺ Q or P ≡ Q.

Definition
Tautology – a statement that is always true.
Contradiction – a statement that is always false.

Page | 108 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 109 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 110 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 111 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 112 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 113 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 114 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 115 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 EXERCISE

I. Translate each argument into symbolic form. Then, use Table 8 (if possible) to
determine whether each argument is valid or fallacy.

a. If I’m relaxed, I’m productive

If I’m productive, I’m happy.
∴ If I’m not happy, I’m not relaxed.

b. If it is cold and rainy, I stay home.

It is not cold or it is not rainy.
∴ I don’t stay home.

II. Match column A to column B

A B
1. P → Q a. Contrapositive reasoning
Q→R
∴ P→R

2. P → Q b. Direct reasoning
~Q__
∴ ~P

3. P V Q c. De Morgan’s Law
~Q__
∴P

4. P → Q d. Transitive reasoning
P____
∴ Q

5. ∼(P V Q) ≡ ∼P Ʌ ∼Q e. Disjunctive reasoning

Page | 116 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
First Semester 2021-2022
Final Coverage
Week 18 (Jan. 10 – 14, 2022)
Reference: General Mathematics, Orlando A. Oronce

TOPIC: Writing Proof

Recall
A compound proposition is a tautology iff for all possible assignments of
truth values to its variables, the compound proposition’s truth values is T.
A compound proposition is a contradiction iff for all possible assignments of
truth values to its variables, the compound proposition’s truth value is F.

Equivalent
Two proposition P and Q that have the same truth values are said to be
logically equivalent and denoted by P ⟺ Q or P ≡ Q.

P V ~P is a tautology. Tautology is symbolized by T.

P ~P P V ~P
T F T
F T T
Thus, P V ~P ≡ T.
P V ~P is a tautology. Contradiction is symbolized by F.
P ~P P Ʌ ~P
T F T
F T T
Thus, P Ʌ ~P ≡ F.

Direct Proof

Suppose you want to prove that P → Q. You need to assume P and then use
the rules of inference, axioms, definitions, and logical equivalences to prove Q.

Example 1
Prove that for all integers a and b, if a and b are odd integers, then a + b is an
even integer.

Page | 117 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 SOLUTION

Assume that a and b are odd integers. Then a and b can be written as

a = 2c + 1 and b = 2d + 1 where c and d are also integers.

a + b = 2c + 1 + 2d + 1 Substitution
= 2c + 2d + 2 Associative and Commutative Properties
= 2(c + d + 1) Distributive Property

Because a + b is twice another integer (c + d + 1), a + b is an even integer.

___________________________________________________________________

Indirect Proof
The two methods of indirect proof are proof of the contrapositive and proof
by contradiction.

Proof of the contrapositive means that you have to prove the contrapositive of
the given conditional propositions.

Example 2 Proof of the Contrapositive

Prove that for all integers a and b, if the product of a and b is even, then a is
even or b is even

SOLUTION

Proof:
Prove the contrapositive of the statement: If a and b are both odd integers,
then ab is odd.
Proof:

Suppose a and b are odd integers, then a = 2c + 1 and b = 2d + 1. Where c and

d are integers and
ab = (2c + 1)(2d + 1)
= 4cd + 2c + 2d + 1
= 2(2cd + c + d) + 1

Because ab is twice an integer (2cd + c + d) plus 1, ab is odd.

Proof by contradiction will be discussed in latter parts of this lesson.

Page | 118 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Table 1 : Logical Equivalences
Name Equivalence
PɅT≡P
1. Identify Laws
PVF≡P
PVT≡T
2. Domination Laws
PɅF≡F
PVP≡P
3. Idempotent Laws
PɅP≡P
4. Double Negation Law ~(~P) ≡ P
PVQ≡QVP
5. Commutative Laws
PɅQ≡QɅP
P V (Q V R) ≡ (P V Q) V R
6. Associative Laws
P Ʌ (Q Ʌ R) ≡ (P Ʌ Q) Ʌ R
P V (Q Ʌ R) ≡ (P V Q) Ʌ (P V R)
7. Distributive Laws
P Ʌ (Q V R) ≡ (P Ʌ Q) V (P Ʌ R)
~(P Ʌ Q) ≡ ~P V ~Q
8. DE Morgan’s Laws
~(P V Q) ≡ ~P Ʌ ~Q
9. Material Implication P → Q ≡ ~P V Q

10.Biconditional or Material Equivalence (P ↔ Q) ≡ [(P → Q) Ʌ (Q → P)]

P Ʌ ~P ≡ F
11. Negation Law
P V ~P ≡ T

12. Contrapositive or Transposition Law P → Q ≡ ~Q → ~P

13. Exportation Law (P Ʌ Q) → R ≡ P → (Q → R)

Example 3

Page | 119 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Example 4

There are several ways of proving statements. Like what we did in Proving
theorems are related problems in geometry, each proof is based on statements that are
accepted as true (definitions, postulates, theorems, corollaries, and properties). Each
direct proof is a sequence of statements such that each statement is either assumed or
is a logical consequence of the preceding statements, where the statements, where the
statement to be proven is included in the sequence. Symbolically, the proof process
has this form.

Assumptions Logical Steps Conclusion

Page | 120 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Example 5

Example 6

Example 7

Because all the entries in the last column are all T, then the given statement is
a tautology.

Page | 121 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 Example 8

Example 9

Note: Evaluation will be posted in our Google Classroom.

Page | 122 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
REFERENCE/S:

General Mathematics
2016 Rex Book Store Inc
Orlando A. Oronce

PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE BOOK

Prepared by:

MARY CLAIRE B. PRESNO

Instructor

Attested by:

NANCY CHIONG-MAGBANUA, MSIT

Academic Dean

Verified by:

DR. EUFEMIO D. JAVIER JR.

School President

Page | 123 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED
Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733

(COLLEGE)
CHED ACCREDITED COURSES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR

IN HUMAN MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MIDWIFERY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE MAJOR IN :

: ANIMAL SCIENCE : CROP SCIENCE

BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL TEACHERS EDUCATION

MAJOR IN :
: AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
: FOOD AND SWERVICE MANAGEMENT

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Page | 124 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED
Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733

STII TRAINING CENTER

 AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POUTRY CHICKEN) NC II
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
 BARTENDING NC II
 BOOKKEEPING NC III
 BREAD & PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
 CAREGIVING NC II
 DRIVING NC II
 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICING NC II
 EVENTS MANAGEMENT SERVICES NC III
 FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICES NC II
 FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II
 HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR) NC II
 HOUSEKEEPING NCII
 MOTORCYCLE/SMALL ENGINE SERVICING NC II
 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
 PHARMACY SERVICES NC III
 RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
 SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC I
 SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC

Page | 125 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED
Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: [email protected]
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09285033733

SENIOR HIGH
sSCHOOL

INDUSTRIAL ARTS
 DRIVING NC II
 SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC II
 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
 AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC II
HOME ECONOMICS
 FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II
 HOUSEKEEPING NC II
 FOOD AND BEVERAGES SERVICES NC II
 BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 2D ANIMATION NC III
 COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NC II
 ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICES NC II
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY STRAND
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY CHICKEN) NC II
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
 ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
 RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
 ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION NC II
ACADEMIC TRACK
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
 FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II
 EVENTS MANAGEMENT NC III
ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
 BOOKKEEPING NC III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND
MATHEMATHICS

Page | 126 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
 THE SCHOOL
THAT CARES
FOR YOUR
FUTURE

Page | 127 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748
Page | 128 Teacher Name: Mary Claire B. Presno Contact No. 09099757748