This module contains three (3) lessons,namely:

LESSON 7: TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

LESSON 8: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
LESSON 9: POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
At the end of this module, the student is expected to:
 determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation;
 apply trigonometric identities to find other trigonometric values;
 solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities;
 illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions;
 evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression;
 solve trigonometric equations; and
 solve situational problems involving inverse trigonometric functions and trigonometric
equations.

General Instructions: Answer all activities in this module. Use separate sheets of paper for
your solutions and answers.

Activity I 4PICS2WORDS. Guess the two (2) words that reflect in the four photos.

EQUATIONS AND IDENTITIES

There are some equations that can be satisfied by any real number. In other words, the
equation is true for all real numbers. For example, the equations
𝑚 + 𝑚 = 2𝑚, 𝑚 − 9 = 𝑚 − 9, and 2(𝑚 − 9) = 2𝑚 − 18
can be satisfied by all real numbers, while the equation 2𝑚 + 4 = 10 is only true when m = 3.
An equation in one or more variables is said to be an identity if the left side is equal to
the right side for all values of the variables for which both side are defined. All the equations
above are all examples of an identity, but 2𝑚 + 4 = 10 is not. The latter is called a conditional
equation, since it holds only when m = 3.
Identity is an equation that satisfied by every real numbers.
Conditional equation is an equation that is true for some real numbers.
Example 1. Show that 7 + 5(𝑥 + 6) + 4 − 30 = 3 + 2(𝑥 − 10) + 3𝑥 + 28 is an identity.
In order to show that the equation is an identity, we must simplify both sides of the equation.
Step1. Use the distributive properties to remove the parentheses.
7 + 5(𝑥 + 6) + 4 − 30 = 3 + 2(𝑥 − 10) + 3𝑥 + 28
7 + 5𝑥 + 30 + 4 − 30 = 3 + 2𝑥 − 20 + 3𝑥 + 28
Step 2. Combine like terms.
(5𝑥) + (30 + 7 + 4 − 30) = (3𝑥 + 2𝑥) + (28 + 3 − 20)
5𝑥 + 11 = 5𝑥 + 11.
The last equation is true for any value of x because the two sides are identical.

Page 1 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
Example 2. Solve the equation, and identify if it is conditional equation or an identity.
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 4
Step 1. Combine like terms.
2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 4
4𝑥 = 4
1
Step 2. Multiply both sides by or apply MPE (Multiplication Property of Equality).
4
4𝑥 = 4
1 1
4𝑥 ( ) = 4 ( )
4 4
𝑥=1
Since the equation is true only if x = 1 and not for all values for which both sides are
defined, then the equation is a conditional equation.

Trigonometric Identities
A trigonometric is an identity that involves trigonometric functions.
Let (x,y) be the point on the unit circle centered at (0,0) that determines the angle t.
1 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = (𝑥 ≠ 0) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = (𝑦 ≠ 0)
𝑥 𝑦

𝑦 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = (𝑥 ≠ 0) 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = (𝑦 ≠ 0)
𝑥 𝑦
These definitions readily establish the first of the basic or fundamental trigonometric.

Basic Trigonometric Identities

1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
Quotient Identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Several fundamental identities follow from the symmetry of the unit circle centered at (0,0). As
indicated in the figure below, if (x,y) is the point of this circle that determines the angle, it means
that (x,-y) is the point that determines the angle –t. This suggests that sin(t) = -y = -sin t and cos
(-t) = x = cost. Such functions are called odd and even respectively. Similar reasoning shows
that the tangent, cotangent, cosecant functions are odd while the secant function are even. For
−𝑦 𝑦
example, 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝑡) = = − = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡. Identities of this type, often called the symmetry or odd-
𝑥 𝑥
even identities, are listed in the table below.
Symmetry or Odd-even
Identities
sin(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 cos(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cot(−𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
csc(−𝜃) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 sec(−𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 tan(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Finally, let (x, y) be the point on the unit circle with center (0,0) that determines the angle t.
Replacing x and y by cos t and sin t respectively in the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1of the unit circle
yields the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 1 where and 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 are concise ways of
representing (sin 𝑡)2 and (cos 𝑡)2 respectively.
If we divide each term of the identity by (cos 𝑡)2 , we get an identity that involves tangent and
secant:
(cos 𝑡)2 (sin 𝑡)2 1
2
+ 2
+
(cos 𝑡) (cos 𝑡) (cos 𝑡)2
1 + (tan 𝑡) = (sec 𝑡)2
2

If instead we divide each term of the identity by (sin 𝑡)2 , we get an identity that involves
cotangent and cosecant:
(cos 𝑡)2 (sin 𝑡)2 1
+ +
(sin 𝑡)2 (sin 𝑡)2 (sin 𝑡)2
2
(cos 𝑡)2 + 1 = (csc 𝑡)2
These three identities which were the immediate consequence of the Pythagorean Theorem are
called the Pythagorean identities.
Pythagorean identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃

Page 2 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
Example 1. Write all six trigonometric functions in terms of sin 𝜃.
a. For sin 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
b. For 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
1
csc 𝜃 = Reciprocal identity
sin 𝜃
c. For cos 𝜃
To express cos 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃, apply the Pythagorean Theorem identity
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1.
Step 1. Apply the addition Property equality
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 1 + (−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
Combine like terms
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Step 2. Get the square root of both sides.
√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = ±√𝟏−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
d. For sec 𝜃
1
To express sec 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃, apply the reciprocal identity 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = and replace
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos 𝜃 n terms of sin 𝜃 from part c.
1
Step 1. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Step 2. Replace cos 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃 from part c.
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 2
±√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
e. For tan 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
To express tan 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃, apply the Quotient Identity 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = and replace
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃 from part c.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Step 1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Step 2. Replace cos 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃 from part c.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
±√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑜, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
±√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
f. For cot 𝜃
1
To express cot 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃, apply the Reciprocal Identity 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1
Step 1. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Step 2. Replace tan 𝜃, in terms of sin 𝜃 from part e and simplify.
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
±√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
±√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
Example 2. Write 2 in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝜃 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, and then simplify.
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃−1
Step 1. Apply the Pythagorean Identity.

1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃
= 2
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃−1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
Step 2. Apply the Quotient Identity.
1
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃−1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Step 3.simplify and apply the reciprocal identity.
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= ∙
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃−1

Example 3. Use the fundamental trigonometric identities to find the values of the other five
1
circular functions given 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan 𝜃 > 0. Note first that the circular point 𝑃(𝜃) is in
2

Page 3 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
Quadrant III, since that is the only quadrant in which 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 < 0 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 > 0. Next, find 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
using the Pythagorean Identity.
Step 1. Apply the Pythagorean Identity𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 and substitute the given value.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
2
1 2 substitution
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + (− ) 𝜃 = 1
2
2
1 2 APE (addition Property of Equality)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 − (− )
2
1 Evaluate and simplify
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 −
4
2
3 Get the square root on both side
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
4
√3 Since 𝑃(𝜃) is in Quadrant III
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = −
2
Since we have the values for sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃, we can now find the values for the four remaining
circular functions using the fundamental trigonometric Identities.
Step 2. Apply the Reciprocal Identity to find sec 𝜃.
1
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1 Substitution
sec 𝜃 =
√3
−
2
2 2√3 Simplify and rationalize
sec 𝜃 = − 𝑜𝑟 −
√3 3

Step 3. Apply the Reciprocal identity to find csc 𝜃.

1
csc 𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1 Substitution
csc 𝜃 =
1
−
2
csc 𝜃 = −2 Simplify and rationalize

Step 4. Apply Quotient Identity to find 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃.

sin 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1 Substitution
−
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 2
−√3
2
1 √3 Simplify and rationalize
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟
√3 3
Step 5. Apply Quotient Identity to find cot 𝜃.
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
−√3 Substitution
cot 𝜃 = 2
1
−
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = √3 Simplify and rationalize

We can also use the Reciprocal Identity to find cot 𝜃

√3 2√3 √3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = − , sec 𝜃 =− , csc 𝜃 = −2, tan 𝜃 , cot 𝜃 = √3.
2 3 3

Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions

The following strategies below may be helpful in simplifying trigonometric expressions.
1. Memorize the fundamental trigonometric identities and be acquainted with
rearrangements of fundamental identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2. When necessary, write all functions in terms of sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 .

Page 4 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
 3. Use algebraic manipulation and techniques like expanding or factoring, combining
fractions by getting the common denominator or breaking one fraction into two fractions.
Example 1. Simplify the expression sec 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 tan 𝜃 .
Step 1. Express both 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 in terms of sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃.
1 sin 𝜃
Reciprocal Identity for sec 𝜃 = and Quotient Identity for tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = − (sin 𝜃)( )
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Step 2. Combine the two fractions
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = −
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Step 3. Apply the Pythagorean Identity for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃, then simplify.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = = cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
It means that
sec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

[(sec 𝜃+1)(sec 𝜃−1)]

Example 2. Simplify the expression
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Step 1. Expand the numerator by getting the product of the sum and difference of the same two
terms. Recall that (a + b)(a -b)=𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 .
[(sec 𝜃 + 1)(sec 𝜃 − 1)] 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
2 2
Step 2. Apply the Pythagorean Identity for tan 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1.
[(sec 𝜃 + 1)(sec 𝜃 − 1)] 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
Step 3. Apply the Quotient Identity 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = .
cos 𝜃
[(sec 𝜃 + 1)(sec 𝜃 − 1)] sin 𝜃 1
=( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Step 4. Cancel the common factor and apply the Reciprocal Identity for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃.
[(sec 𝜃 + 1)(sec 𝜃 − 1)] 1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
Proving Trigonometric Identities
A trigonometric identity is a trigonometric equation that is valid for all values of the
variables for which the expression is defined. Trigonometric, identities can be difficult to
recognize.
Identities can be established algebraically by rewriting one side of the equation until it is
identical to the expression on the other side of the equation. Usually rewriting is often done by
simplifying one side of the equation by using the Fundamental Basic Identities.
When proving an identity, it is important that each equation that you write is logically
equivalent to the equation that precedes it. One way to ensure that all of your equations are
equivalent is to work with each side of the equation independently. Some are easy and some
can be quite challenging, but in every case the identity itself frames your work with a beginning,
and ending. The proof consists of filling in what lies between. Even though there is no fixed
method of verification or proving that works for all identities, there are certain strategies that
help in many cases.

The following strategies below may be helpful in proving trigonometric identities.

1. First, determine which side of the identity is simpler and which side is more complicated.
Begin working on the more complicated expression, because it is usually easier to simplify an
expression rather than make it more complex. .
2. When no other solution presents itself, rewrite both sides of the equation in terms of sin 𝜃 and
cos 𝜃.
Additionally, here are some algebraic manipulations to consider:
a. Look at the number of terms on both sides, and then determine if you need to combine
fractions or break up fractions so that the number of terms will match.
b. If necessary, multiply by the conjugate of either the numerator or denominator to get a
Difference of Squares, so that you can use a Pythagorean Identity.
c. Expand expressions by multiplication, if possible; then, combine like terms and simplify.

Page 5 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
d. Factor the numerator and denominator, if possible, to cancel common factors taking the
fractions in lowest terms.
Example 1. Prove that 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃.
Step1. Start with the Right Hand Side of the expression because it is more complicated than the
left because it involves two terms. By factoring out the common factor we obtain,
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
Step 2. Apply the Pythagorean Identity, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Recall that for a function f, every element x in the domain corresponds to one and only
one element y, or f(x), in the range. This means that the inverse of a function is the relation in
two variables obtained by representing the first and second coordinates in the ordered pairs of
the function. However, note that the inverse of a function may or may not be a function. If the
inverse is also a function, it is referred to as inverse function denoted as 𝑓 −1 . In general, the
inverse of a function exists if:
 no horizontal line intersects the graph of a function more than once. This means that the
function is one-to-one, and;
 if the point (a, b) is on the graph of f, then the point (b, a) is on the graph of the inverse
function𝑓 −1 . The graphs of f and 𝑓 −1 are reflections of each other across the line y = x.

The Inverse Sine Function

Refer to the graph of y= sin x in figure
below. Applying the 1 horizontal line
test, note that every horizontal line that
can be drawn intersects the graph
infinitely many times, it means that the
function is not one-to-one and has no
inverse function.

𝜋 𝜋
However, if we take a portion of the sine curve, restricting the domain in the interval [− , ]as
2 2
shown in the figure below, every
horizontal line-that be drawn intersects
the graph exactly once. The restricted
function passes the horizontal line test
and is one-to-one. It means that y= sin x
has an inverse function. We use this
restricted sine function to define the
inverse sine function.

Inverse sine function is denoted by 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 or arcsin x is the inverse of the restricted sine function
𝜋 𝜋
y = sin x, − ≤ 𝑥 ≤ Thus,
2 2
y= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x means sin y = x,
𝜋 𝜋
where − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. We read y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x as “y equals the inverse sine of x,” or
2 2
“are sine x.”
One way to graph y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x is
to take points on the graph of the
restricted sine function and reverse the
order of the coordinates. For example,
𝜋 𝜋
if ( − , -1); (0,0), and ( ,1) are points
2 2
on the graph of the restricted sine
function, (as shown in the figure).

Page 6 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
 𝜋 𝜋
then (-1,− ),(0,0), and (1, ) are
2 2
points on the graph of the inverse
sine function, (as shown in the
figure).

Another way to sketch the graph of graph y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x is to reflect the graph of the restricted sine
function about the line y = x. in the previous discussion the graphs of y = sin x and y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x
are symmetric with respect to the line y = x. This means that if a point (a, b) is on y = sin x, then
(b, a) is on y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x.

Table 1. Presents tables of values for 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and y = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 x in the figure below shows the
graph of the inverse sine function,
x 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− − − −
y = sin x 2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2
y -1 √3 √2 1 0 1 √2 √3 1
− − −
2 2 2 2 2 2

x -1 √3 √2 1 0 1 √2 √3 1
− − −
y = sin x 2 2 2 2 2 2
y 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− − − −
2 3 4 6 6 4 3 2

Inverse Cosine Function

Restricting the domain of the function y =
cos x in the interval [0,𝜋], as shown in the
figure below, makes the function one-to-one,
therefore, it has an inverse function. Over
this interval, the restricted cosine function
passes the horizontal line test and each
range value is assumed exactly once as x
moves from 0 to 𝜋. We use this restricted
cosine function to define the inverse cosine function.

Inverse cosine function, denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 or arccos x is the inverse of the restricted cosine
function y = cos x, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 . It means that
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 means cos 𝑦 = 𝑥,
where 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. We read y =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 x as "y equals the inverse “cosine of x,” or
“arc cosine x.”
To graph 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥, take the points on the
graph of the restricted cosine function, then the
order of the coordinates, notice that the coordinates
𝜋
(0, 1) ,( , 0), and (𝜋, -1) are points on the graph of
2
the restricted cosine function (as shown in the
figure).

Page 7 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
Reversing the order of the coordinates gives (1, 0), (0,
𝜋
), and (𝜋,-1) which are points on the graph of the
2
inverse cosine function (as shown in the figure).

Reflecting the graph of y = cos x across the line y

= x gives the graph of the inverse function, y =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 x (as shown in the figure).

The Inverse Tangent Function

𝜋 𝜋
Restricting the domain of the function y= tan x in the open interval (− , ), yields one-to-
2 2
one function. It means that it has an inverse function. Over this interval, the restricted tangent
function passes the horizontal line test and each range value is assumed exactly once as x
moves across this restricted domain. Use this restricted tangent function to define the inverse
tangent function.
Inverse tangent function is denoted by 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 or the arctan x is the inverse of the restricted
𝜋 𝜋
tangent function y = tan x,− <x< . It means that
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 means tan 𝑦 = 𝑥,
𝜋 𝜋
where − < 𝑦 < and −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ . We read y= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x
2 2
as "y equals the inverse tangent of x,” or “arc tangent x."
To graph y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x, take the points on the graph
of the restricted tangent function, and reverse the order of
𝜋
the coordinates. Notice that the coordinates (− , −1),
4
𝜋
(0,0), and ( , 1) are points on the graph of the restricted
4
tangent function (as shown in the figure).

𝜋
Reversing the order of the coordinates gives (-1,- ,
4
𝜋
(0,0), and (1, ) which are points on the graph of the
4
inverse tangent function (as shown in the figure).

Inverse Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent Functions

The remaining three inverse trigonometric functions
are defined similarly.
Inverse cosecant function is denoted by 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 or arccsc x
is the inverse of the restricted cosecant function y = csc x,
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ and x ≠ 0 Thus,
2 2
y =𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 x means csc y = x,
𝜋 𝜋
where− ≤ 𝑦 ≤ , and y ≠ 0 and |x| ≥1.
2 2

Page 8 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
Inverse secant function is denoted by 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 or arcsec x is
the inverse of the restricted secant function 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
1
𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ it means that 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 means sec 𝑦 = 𝑥,
2
𝜋
Where 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋, and 𝑦 ≠ and |x| ≥ 1.
2

Inverse cotangent function, denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 or

arccot x is the inverse of the restricted cotangent
function 𝑦 = cot 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 it means that 𝑦 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 cot 𝑦 = 𝑥
Where 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Finding the Exact Value of an Inverse Trigonometric Function
The value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥, and 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 are referred to as principal
values since values are selected from a restricted domain.
Exact Values of Inverse Sine Function
The exact values of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 can be found by thinking of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 as the angle in the interval
𝜋 𝜋
[− , ] whose sine is x. We shall represent such an angle by y.
2 2
1. Let y=𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋
2. Rewrite y = sin -1 x as sin y = x, where− ≤ 𝑦 ≤ .
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
3. Find the exact value of y in [− , ] that satisfies sin y = x.
2 2
−1 √3
Example. Find the exact value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
√3
Step1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 .
2
√3 √3
Step 2. Rewrite 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 as sin y = ,
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
Where − ≤ 𝑦 ≤
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝜋
Step 3. Find the exact value of y in [− , ] that satisfies sin y = is
2 2 2 3
𝜋
Thus, y = .
3
√3 𝜋
Therefore, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = .
2 3

Exact Values of Inverse Cosine Function

Finding the exact values of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 can be found by thinking of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 as the angle in the
interval [0,𝜋] whose cosine is x. We shall represent such an angle by y.
1. Let y= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥.
2. Rewrite y= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 x as cos y = x, where 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.
3. Find the exact value of y in [0, 𝜋] that satisfies cos y = x.
Example. Find the exact value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1)
Step 1. Let y=𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1)
Step 2. Rewrite y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) as cos y= 1, where 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.
Step 3. Find the exact value of y in [0, 𝜋] that satisfies cos y = 1 is 0.
Thus, y= 0.
Therefore, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) = 0.

Exact Values of Inverse Tangent Function

The exact values of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x can be found by thinking of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x as the angle in the
𝜋 𝜋
interval (− , ) whose tangent is x. We shall represent such an angle by y.
2 2
Let y = t𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x.
𝜋 𝜋
Rewrite y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 x as tan y = x, where − < 𝑦 < .
2 2

Page 9 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
 𝜋 𝜋
Find the exact value of y in (− , ) that satisfies tan y =x.
2 2
Example. Find the exact value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3)
Step 1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3)
Step 2. Rewrite 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3) as tan y = −√3
𝜋 𝜋
where − < 𝑦 <
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
Step 3. Find the exact value of y in (− , ) that satisfies tan y = −√3.
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The only angle in the interval (− , ) that satisfies tan y = −√3 is− .Thus, y=− . Therefore,
2 2 3 3
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−√3) = =−
3

Exact Values of Inverse Cotangent, Secant, & Cosecant Function

Finding the exact values of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 x, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥, and 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 x, is not simple, because these functions
must first be expressed in terms of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥, and 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥, respectively. For example, if y =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥, then sec y = x, which must be written in terms of cosine as follows.
1 1 1
If sec y = x,then = 𝑥, orcos 𝑦 = and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
cos 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
We can use the following to evaluate these inverse trigonometric functions.
Exact Values of Inverse Secant Function
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −𝟏 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝑥
Exact Values of Inverse Cosecant Function
1
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑥
Exact Values of Inverse Cotangent Function
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = { 𝑥
−1
1
𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
Example. Find the exact value of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 2.
Step 1. y= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 2.
1
Step 2. Evaluate 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 x as 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 .
𝑥
1 1
Step 3. Rewrite y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 as cos y = where 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.
2 2
1
Step 4. Find the exact value of y in [0, 𝜋] that satisfies cos y = .
2
1 𝜋
The only angle in the interval [0, 𝜋] that satisfies cos y = is
2 3
𝜋
Thus, y =
3
𝜋
Therefore, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 2= .
3
The table below gives all six Inverse trigonometric functions and their respective domain and
range.
Inverse function Domain Range
Interval Quadrants of the Unit Circle
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 [−1,1] 𝜋 𝜋 I&IV
[− , ]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 [−1,1] [0, 𝜋] I&II
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (−∞, ∞) 𝜋 𝜋 I&IV
[− , ]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 (−∞, ∞) (0, 𝜋) I&II
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) 𝜋 𝜋 I&II
[0, ) ∪ ( , 𝜋]
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) 𝜋 𝜋 I&IV
[− , 0) ∪ (0, ]
2 2

Finding the Approximate Value of an Inverse Trigonometric Function

1
Example . Use a scientific calculator to find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 to four decimal places.
3
1
Step 1. Set the calculator to radian mode and enter 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
3
1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 Given
3
Step 2. Press enter or the equal sign to get the answer.
y= 1.230959417
Step 3. Round off the answer to four decimal places

Page 10 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
 1
y = 1.2310 Therefore,𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 = 1.2310.
3
Example 2. Find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (-2.65) to four decimal places.
1
Step 1. Set the calculator to radian mode and enter 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (-2.65) as 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− ).
2.65
−1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (-2.65) given
1 Reciprocal Identity
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− )
2.65
Since x< 0 and inverse contagent is negative in Quadrant II, add 𝜋 to the result.
1 y must be in Quadrant II
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− )+𝜋
2.65
Step 2. Press enter or the equal sign to get the answer.
y = 2.780755871
Step 3. Round off the answer to four decimal places
y = 2.7808 Thus, 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (-2.65) = 2.7808.

Finding the Exact Values of Composite Functions with Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
In our discussion of functions and their inverses, we have learned that
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
−1
x must be in the domain of 𝑓 x must be in the domain of f
We apply these properties to the sine, cosine, tangent functions, and their inverse functions to
obtain the following properties:

Inverse Properties
The Sine Function and Its Inverse
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [−1,1]
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥(sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 [− , ]
2 2
The Cosine Function and Its Inverse
cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = x for every x in the interval [-1,1]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 (cos x) = x for every x in the interval [0, 𝜋]
The Tangent Function and Its inverse
tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = ( x) = x for every real number x
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (tan x) = x for every x in the interval (− , )
2 2
You can use the inverse properties only if x is in the specified interval
To evaluate an expression of the form 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) where f(x) = sin x, cos x. or tan x,

Follow the steps below:

1. If x is in the restricted domain of f, then 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥.
2. If not, then find an angle y within the restricted domain of f such that f(y) = f(x). 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥.
4
Example. Find the exact value of cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ).
5
4
Step 1. Determine if the value of lies in [-1, 1]
5
4
Since lies in [-1, 1], then we can use the inverse property cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 x) = x.
5
Step 2. Apply the inverse property cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 x) = x
4 4
Therefore, cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ) = .
5 5

Evaluating a Composite Inverse Trigonometric Functions

To evaluate a composition of a trigonometric function and the inverse of another
trigonometric function, we can use points on terminal sides of angles in standard position.
1. Let y be the angle which the inner part of the expression involves.
2. Use the trigonometric relations between the angles and sides of a right triangle, together, with
the use of Pythagorean Theorem between the lengths of the sides to solve for the other side of
the triangle.
2
Example. Find the exact value of cos(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ).
3
2
Step1. Evaluate 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
3
2
Let y= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
3
2 𝜋 𝜋
sin y= , where − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ .
3 2 2
Step 2. Draw the reference triangle associated with y.

Page 11 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
Draw a triangle with hypotenuse of length 3 and one side of length 2, placing the angle y so that
2 2
sin y = , Since is positive, y is in Quadrant I, as shown in the figure below
3 3

Step 3. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the other side of the triangle.
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 Pythagorean theorem
𝑎 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 Solve for a
𝑎 = √32 −22 substitution
𝑎 = √9 − 4
𝑎 = √5
It means that the value of cos y is the quotient of the adjacent side a and the hypotenuse c

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
A trigonometric equation is an equation whose variable is expressed in terms of a
1
trigonometric function value. An example of a trigonometric equation is sin 𝑥 = . One solution of
2
1 1 𝜋
sin 𝑥 = in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋 is 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 = . We also know that since sin x is positive
2 2 6
in the second quadrant, there is a
1
second quadrant angle, whose sine is
2
. We know that the relationship between
an angle in any quadrant to the acute
angle called the reference angle.
Therefore, another solution for this
𝜋 6𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
equation 𝑥 = 𝜋 − = − = . The
6 6 6 6
figure below shows that the equation
1 𝜋 5𝜋
sin 𝑥 = has a solution 𝑥 = and 𝑥 =
2 6 6
in the interval [0, 2𝜋).

Techniques in Solving a Trigonometric Equation

1. Determine whether the equation is linear or quadratic in form, so that you can decide the
solution method.
2. If the equation is linear in a single trigonometric function, isolate the function on one side
of the equation then solve the equation for that function. Solve for the angle by
determining the function values of the quadrantal or special angle by applying the
trigonometric tables.
3. If more than one trigonometric function is present, apply the Fundamental Identities to
represent the equation in terms of one trigonometric function.
4. If the equation is quadratic in form, rearrange the equation so that one side equals 0.
Then try to factor and set each factor equal to 0 to solve. If the equation is not factorable,
use the quadratic formula. Check if the solutions are in the desired interval.
5. Use the measure of the reference angle to find the degree measure of each solution in
the interval 0° ≤ x < 360° or the radian measures of each solution in the interval 0≤x <
2𝜋.
6. To find the general solution of a trigonometric equation in degrees, add 360n, where n is
an integer, to the solutions in degrees. To find the general solution of a trigonometric
equation in radians, add 2n𝜋, where n is an integer, to the solutions in radians.

Example 1. Find all solutions of 3 sin x-2 = 5 sin x-1.

Step 1. Collect all terms with sin x on the left side and constant terms on the right side.

3 sin x-2 = 5 sin x-1 Given

3 sin x + (-5 sin x )-2 = 5 sin x + (-5 sin x) -1 Add (-5 sin x) to both sides; APE
-2 sn x -2 = -1 Simplify
-2 sin x -2 + 2 = -1 + 2 Add two both sides; APE
-2 sin x = 1 Simplify
1 1 1
-2 sin x(− ) = 1 (− ) Multiply both sides by − ;MPE
2 2 2
1 Simplify
sin x = −
2
1
Step 2. Solve for c in sin x = −
2
𝜋 1 1
We know that sin = , the solutions of sin x = − in [0,2𝜋) are as follows:
6 2 2

Page 12 of 15
Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 The sine is negative in Quadrant III
𝑥1 = 𝜋 + + =
6 6 6

𝜋 12𝜋 𝜋 11 The sine is negative in quadrant IV

𝑥2 = 2𝜋 − = − =
6 6 6 𝜋
Because the period of the sine function is 2 𝜋, the solutions of the equation are given by 𝑥1 =
7𝜋 11𝜋
+ 2𝑛𝜋 and 𝑥2 = + 2𝑛𝜋, where n is any integer.
6 6

Some trigonometric equations are in the form of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,

where x is a trigonometric function and a≠ 0.
Example. 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0 and 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
To solve this kind of equation, rearrange the equation so that one side equals 0. Then try
to factor and set each factor equal to 0 solve. If the equation is not factorable, use the quadratic
formula and check if the solutions are in the desired interval.

Example. Solve the equations: 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.

Step 1. Solve the equation by factoring.
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 Given
(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1)(sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0 Factor
(2 sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0 Zero-factor Property
Step 2. Solve each equation for x where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
2 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0 For 2 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0 Solve each for sin x
2 sin 𝑥 − 1 + 1 = 0 + 1 Add 1 to both side; APE
2 sin 𝑥 = 1 Simplify
1 1 1
2 sin 𝑥 ( ) = 1 ( ) Multiply both sides by ; MPE
2 2 2
1 Simplify
sin 𝑥 =
2
𝜋 1 1
Recall that sin = . Thus the solutions of sin 𝑥 = in [0,2𝜋) are as follows:
6 2 2
𝜋 The sine function is positive in Quadrant I
𝑥1 =
6
𝜋 6𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 The sine function is positive in Quadrant II
𝑥2 = 𝜋 − = − =
6 6 6 6
For sin x -1 = 0 Add 1 to both sides; APE
Sin x -1+1=0+1
Sin x = 1 Simplify

The Polar Coordinate Learning System

The Rectangular Coordinate System or Cartesian Plane is the
most popular and widely used coordinate system. In this chapter, there
is another kind of coordinate system which can be used to describe the
location of a point. Instead of a straight line, the location of a point is
described through counterclockwise or clockwise motion. This is called
polar coordinate system.
The polar coordinate system is more applicable in graphing
trigonometric functions. In the real world, the polar coordinate system
is used in navigation, radio antennae, cardioid microphones, and
mechanical systems.

Locating Points in the Polar Coordinate System

The Cartesian or rectangular Coordinate is used to
describe the location of a point on a plane or space, using the
coordinates (x,y) wherein we start at the origin and move x units
horizontally; then y units vertically.

This is not the only way to

describe the position or location of a point on a two-
dimensional plane or space.
Instead of defining a point using the coordinates in the x and y
axes, draw a line r which is the directed distance from the
origin called the pole to the point. Then, determine 𝜃 which is
the directed angle whose initial side is along the positive x-axis
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Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
which we call the polar axis, and whose terminal side is along line r.

From the diagram, we now have as coordinates (r , 𝜃) which we

call the polar coordinates where r is the radial coordinate and 𝜃
the angular coordinate or polar angle. The angle may be
expressed in degrees or radians.
The location of a point is determined by the coordinates (r, 𝜃)
where line r is directed distance from the pole to the point and 𝜃
the directed angle between the polar axis and the line.

When plotting points on a polar coordinate system, remember the following:

1. The directed angle 𝜃 is positive if measured counterclockwise, and negative if clockwise.
2. The directed distance r is positive if the point is on the terminal side of the angle, and
negative if the point is located on the other side of the pole along the line where the angle
terminates.
As mentioned earlier, angle measurement may be expressed in degrees or radians.

Example 1. Plot points P and R with coordinates (3, 30°)

and (4, -135°), respectively.

In the figure (right side), the polar coordinates (3,

30°) are plotted as point 3 units from the pole on a 30°
angle from the polar axis.
The given directed distance r is positive; it means
that the point along the terminal side of the angle. Since
the given angle 𝜃 is also positive, it is measured in a
counterclockwise motion.
For R with coordinates (4, -135°) the point is
plotted 4 units from the pole along the terminal side of
the angle. Since the given angle negative, it is measured clockwise.

Example 2. Plot the following points on the polar

coordinates system with angles in degrees.
A (2, 45°) B(1,-60°) C(-2,90°) D(-2,150°)

Converting the Coordinates of a Point from Rectangular

to Polar system and Vice Versa
To convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, find
r by using the following formula
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
To find , use the following formula.
𝑦 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = or 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥
To convert polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates, get the values of x and y using the
following formulas.
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Example 1. Convert (-3,4) to polar coordinates.
Step1. Find the value of r.
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(−3)2 + 42 = √9 + 16 = √25
Step 2. Determine the value of 𝜃.
𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝜋 since x and y are in the 2nd quadrant.
𝑥
4
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 180°
−3
𝜃 = −53.1 + 180
𝜃 = 126.9°
Example 2. Convert (0,2) to polar coordinates . Express 𝜃 in degrees and radians.
Step 1. Find the value of r. here x=0 and y=2.

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √02 + 22 𝑟 = √4 = 2

Step 2. Determine the value of 𝜃.

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Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7
 𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥
2
−1 ( )
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
0
𝜋 3𝜋
Since the arc tangent is undefined, it means that the angle is either or . But because the y
2 2
𝜋
coordinate is positive then the angle 𝜃 is .
2
𝜋
It means that the corresponding polar coordinates to (0,2) is (2, ).
2

Activity II CONDITIONAL OR IDENTITY. Solve each equation below and identify if it is a

conditional or identity.
1. 2x+2x =4
2. 2x+3x+5x
3. y+6=14
4. 𝑐 3 = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ 𝑐
5. 4𝑧 = 𝑧 2

Activity III COMPUTATION. Solve the following problems.

1. Use the fundamental trigonometric identities to find the values of the other five circular
functions given sin 𝜃.
2. Simplify the expression 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + sin 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃.
3. Simplify the expression sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃.
cos 𝜃+cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃
4. Simplify the expression
cot 𝜃
5. Prove that csc 𝜃 sec 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃

Activity IV. Answer the following.

1. Find the value of 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 (−3) to four decimal places.
2
2. Evaluate tan(2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ).
5
𝜋
3. Convert the point (3, ) to rectangular coordinates.
3
4. Convert (7, 210°) to rectangular coordinates.
5. Determine the equivalent rectangular coordinates for (-5,75°).

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Subject: Pre-Calculus – Module 7