Combine the sentences using a relative clause.

1. The boy solved the difficult maths question. He was praised by

the teacher.
The boy who solved the difficult maths question was praised by
the teacher.

2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother sent it.

The parcel which my brother sent reached me this morning.

3. The bar in Paris is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

The bar in Paris which I met my wife is still there.

4. This is the villa. Jack built it.

This is the villa which Jack built.

5. The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.

The house whose roof is very old belongs to me.

6. I live in a city. I study in the city.

I study in the city where I live.

7. My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

My brother met a woman whom I used to work with.

8. The little boy is sad. The little boy’s toy car was lost.
The little boy whose toy car was lost is sad.

9. The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in

the summer.
I graduated from university in the summer which was long and
hot.

 10. I visited the city. John comes from the city.

I visited the city where John comes from.

11. I live in London. London has some fantastic parks

I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

Complete the sentence. Change the question into a noun

clause.

1. (How long has Hank lived in Memphis?)

Do you know how long Hank has lived in Memphis.
_____________________________________________________
_____?

2. (Whose dictionary is that?)

I'm not sure whose dictionary that is.
_____________________________________________________
______.

3. (Where did she go after the lecture?) I don't know where she
went after the lecture.
_____________________________________________________
______________.

4. (Would Jim prefer a sweater or a shirt?)

I'm not sure whether Jim would prefer a sweater or a shirt.
___________________________________________________
________.

5. (Does Tom mind when his brother practices the drums?)

___________________________________________________
_______ Whether Tom minds when his brother practices the
drums is unimportant.

 Combine the sentences into one that contains a noun clause.

Use it or that where necessary to make the noun clause.
1. Women live longer than men. It is a fact.
It is a fact that women live longer than men.

2. It is important. Everyone should be told the truth.

It is important that everyone should be told the truth.

3. The rumor is fake. The company has been in financial difficulty

for 1 year.
The rumour that the company has been in financial difficulty for 1
year is fake.

4. The announcement is unbelievable. All the workers will be

fired.
The announcement that all the workers will be fired is
unbelievable.

5. The news reached us at night. The battle was over.

The news that the battle is over reached us at night.

Gerunds & Infinitives

Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs.
1. He wastes a lot of time ___chatting (chat) on WeChat.
2. We are considering ____to take taking (take) a trip around the
island.
3. He finds it easy __to learn (learn) English as a foreign language.
4. You had better ____hear (hear) what he has to say.
5. Don’t bother ____to make making (make) the bed – I’ll do it
later.
6. They saw him ___jumping (jump) from the bridge.
7. The silkworm is an insect worth ____knowing(know).
8. I am sorry, but I forgot ____to buy (buy) the candy you wanted.

 9. He warned me __not to go (not, go) swimming alone because of

the rain.
10. The carpet needs ___to wash washing (wash).

Participles
Read the underlined parts of the following statements. Correct the
mistakes if any. Write “CORRECT” if there is no mistake.
1. The birds sing in the trees seemed to fill the air with music.
2. Having shown to the school building, the visitors were led to see the library.
3. Some men have come to clear up the rubbish leaving in the street after the procession.
4. He bought the car because of its reduced price.
5. Been a small boy, I went with my father to France.

1. singing
2. Having been shown
3. left
4. Correct
5. Being

Adverbial Clause Revision

Practice A – Choose the correct answer.

1. Perhaps no country in the world has developed ___ an advanced solar energy system ___
the United States with so efficient solar cell technology.
A. so … as B. such … as C. although … but D. Though … so
2. ____ Henry Ford invented the Model T, America has been romanced by the automobile.
A. Unless B. Ever since C. When D. Before
3. ____ arriving at a conclusion, we must wait to hear and try to understand their case from
their perspective.
A. Contrary to B. Before C. By D. When
4. We all went home ____ a fire broke out.
A. although B. before C. or D. where
5. She went to bed ____ she put the cat out in the balcony.
A. since B. when C. after D. because
6. I went up to my room to drop off my bags ____ I checked in.
A. before B. while C. after D. as soon as

 7. I prefer to drive ____ I have a chance to travel.

A. until B. after C. as soon as D. whenever
8. We are not leaving anywhere ____ everything is sorted out.
A. until B. when C. whenever D. after
9. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains ____ the ground is rough and hard.
A. even though B. before C. so that D. because
10. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing ____ they don't get hurt.
A. in order that B. after C. because D. although
11. _________ I understood some Spanish, I started to visit the markets of Lima.
A. By the time B. Until C. Although D. Once
12. __________ graduate a semester early, I took three extra classes.
A. Although I was determined to B. In spite of being determined to
C. When I was determined to D. Until I was determined to
13. __________ I need to pick up Benny from work, I take the earlier train.
A. By the time B. So that C. When D. Once
14. You can sit anywhere __________ many students aren't attending the lecture today.
A. since B. by the time C. so that D. wherever
15. I think the birds can sense storms because they always take cover __________ the rain
begins.
A. since B. although C. after D. before

Practice B – Join the two sentences with the hint given in the bracket.
1. The carpet was very expensive. It had been woven by hand. (Reason)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
2. The concert went ahead. The lead singer was feeling unwell. (Concession)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
3. He wanted to bake his own bread. He had run of flour. (Transition)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
4. She bought a new dress. She bought new shoes to match. (Reduced Adverbial Clause)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
5. They would have to arrive before 2pm. They might miss the first train. (Conditional)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
6. Everything is funny. It’s happening to somebody else. (Conditional)

 ________________________________________________________________________________
____
7. The truck driver could hardly see the road. The snow was falling. (Time)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
8. The maths questions are hard. I can only do one of them. (Result)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
9. Thailand has beautiful temples. Tourists from all over the world come to see them. (Cause &
effect)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
10. They stopped work at 1.00 o’clock. They wanted to have lunch. (Purpose)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
11. We got up early. I didn’t want to be late for work. (Purpose)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
12. You are a good speaker. You should join the debating society. (Reason)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
13. While I was playing a game on my phone, I walked into the wall. (Reduced Adverbial Clause)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
14. Because he was unable to afford a new car, Jacky bought a used car. (Reduced Adverbial
Clause)
________________________________________________________________________________
____
15. Thinking of others first, Julia didn't accept the seat on the bus. (Unreduced Adverbial Clause)
________________________________________________________________________________
____

Grammar – Conditionals

Choose the best answer.

1. If I ___________ rich, I ___________ around the world.
A. be…would B. am… C. were…would D. were…would have
travel travel travel travelled

2. She wouldn't have missed the train if she ___________ earlier.

A. wake B. wakes C. has woken D. had woken
up up up up

 3. I___________ you if I come back early.

A. will B. C. D. would have
call calls called called

4. If I ___________ a billionaire, I would help the needy.

A. B. C. D.
be am were being

5. Tell her if you ___________ her.

A. B. are C. will be D. had
see seeing seeing seen

6. If she ___________ her hairstyle she would be pretty.

A. B. C. D. had been
change changes changed changed

7. What ___________ you do if Bob ___________?

A. will… B. will… C. would… D. would…has
refuse refuses refuse refused

8. Unless you are quiet, I ___________ you the joke.

A. am not B. will not C. have D. had
telling tell told told

9. “If I’d warned him about the dangers of drugs, he wouldn’t be

in jail now.” What does this mean?
A. I warned him about drugs and he is now in
jail.
B. I warned him about drugs and he is not in jail.
C. I didn’t warn him and now he is in jail.
D. I didn’t warn him but he is not in jail.

10. “I studied hard and now I have a great job.” Which of the
following sentences expresses that idea?
A. If I had studied hard, I wouldn’t have a great job.
B. If I hadn’t studied hard, I wouldn’t have a great job.

 C. If I had studied hard, I’d have a great job now.

D. If I hadn’t studied hard, I’d have a great job now.

11. ___________someone stole your car, what would you do?

A. Suppose
B. Even if
C. Unless
D. If only

12. She brings a pen and notebook ___________she needs them.

A. in case
B. unless
C. what if
D.
whether

13. ___________ we miss the bus – what will we do then?

A. Suppose
B. If only
C. Unless
D. Even if

14. They will let you stay here ___________ you obey the rules.
A. in case
B. whether
C. even if
D. so long as

15. Ted can borrow my laptop ___________ he returns it on

Sunday.
A. on condition that
B. even if
C. unless

 D. if only

16. You cannot leave school ___________ you get permission

from the teacher.
A. what if
B. only if
C.
providing
D. unless

17. ___________ you lost your identity card?

A. What if
B. Even if
C. Only if
D.
Provided

18. Sam can take my dictionary ___________ he uses it carefully.

A. even if
B. in case
C. as long as
D. unless

19. I’m going to bake a cake ___________ she likes it or not.

A. in case
B. even if
C. whether
D. unless

20. ___________ you are a member, you can’t borrow books from
the library.
A. Only if
B. Unless
C. So long
as
D. Suppose