FAITH AND REASON

Carrying Water on Both Shoulders

Lowell Bennion was the favorite teacher, through both his Institute classes at the University of Utah and his books
and essays, for thousands of young Latter-day Saint students in the 40s and 50s, he is now Associate Dean of
Students and Professor of Sociology at the University of Utah and a Sunday School teacher and high Priest Group
Leader in his ward. Shortly after his marriage he served a mission in Germany; his wife, Merle, then joined him at
the University of Strasburg where he became a student of Max Weber and wrote one of the first treatises on his
work.

A thoughtful Latter-day Saint who grows up in [his or her] faith and takes it seriously may encounter difficulties as
[he or she] immerses [him/herself] in secular education, particularly on the graduate level, and more particularly if
[they are] studying in the humanities or social and behavioral sciences. The tension between [one’s] cherished faith
and [one’s] intellectual discipline is almost inevitable for a number of reasons. [A student] learned [his or her]
religion in the uncritical years of childhood through indoctrination and on the authority of others and through
personal, subjective experience, whereas science and philosophy are studied in years of greater maturity, and their
findings are accepted on their own merit on the basis of empirical evidence and logic. These studies also lend
themselves to rational and critical modes of analysis, whereas religion does not to the same degree. Then, too,
modern industrial and post-industrial society has become increasingly pluralistic and secular in character. Religious
values — whether one is in college or not — are challenged and questioned by competing, secular values, ideas and
behavior patterns of society. It is becoming increasingly difficult for anyone anywhere to preserve [their] faith by
isolation. Religion, to survive, will have to win its way in the public market place of competing ideas, interests, and
satisfactions.

When faith and reason meet in the life of a college student, something must give; some type of working relationship
must be established. In observing how my students, friends, and I have reacted to this situation, it seems to me that
there are three logical models people develop to reconcile their religious faith and their secular studies. These
models, which I shall describe, are abstract constructs of the mind. In real life, an individual does not follow any one
of them totally or consistently, but borrows elements of all. However, it is useful to have these logically possible
models to help clarify people's real positions.

One position a student can take is to hold fast to his faith and let no knowledge or experience gained in study disturb
it. Religion becomes his standard and only that knowledge which does not disturb his religious views is considered
seriously. A second position is to give reason reign. Accordingly, religion is judged by thinking and what does not
square with one's increased learning is rejected. Thus religion tends to be reduced to one object of thought and its
importance diminishes as it takes second place to secular studies. A third position is to choose to live in both worlds,
to keep faith, as it were, with both one's religious commitments and with the ways of learning in the academic
world.

In my own life, thus far, I have chosen the third model. I have had a profound respect for both the gospel of Jesus
Christ, including its antecedents in the Law and the Prophets and its interpretation through the Restoration, and also
for the understanding I have — limited though it be — of philosophy, literature, world religions, and science. In this
brief essay, I shall explain why I have sought the best of these two worlds.

I.

The first model, in which one clings to faith and does not let reason disturb it, has meaning for some people. There is
a simplicity about this approach. One is spared much mental effort and anguish by wearing blinders which shut out
peripheral vision and even set boundaries to the view straight ahead. This kind of simple faith provides for the
believer a total view of life, a fixed Weltanschauung. It also calls for full commitment. From it is born a sense of
security as long as it proves adequate to the exigencies at hand.

I have seen this model function beautifully in the lives of humble converts in Germany. Their faith was of the heart,
uncontaminated by abstract symbolic thought, which often stands between the thinker and the spiritual reality
beyond his concepts. Their child-like humility brought them close to the kingdom of God. I respect and sometimes
momentarily envy the quality of their faith.

But those of us who go to the University, who read books, who learn to view life from many angles of vision,
thoughtfully and critically, cannot with integrity don blinders to reason in order to protect a child-like faith. To be
sincere, to have integrity, faith must be examined and cherished in the context of one's total life experience.
Furthermore, a faith that cannot withstand and transcend the light of reason, is not a faith worth keeping.

This is particularly true of the Latter- day Saint faith, which declares that "the glory of God is intelligence" and
believes that man is a child of God, created in his image. And, if this is true, where then is the glory of man, if not in
his intelligence? Religion without thought is deprived of its distinctly human attribute. I like Jesus' ad- monition to
love God with all our mind as well as with all our heart.

II.

The second model, which places reason above faith, has great appeal in this modern, secular age in which religion
has lost considerable ground as a viable force. I can understand why some of my friends prefer this to the first
model. They are independent in their thinking, self-confident, and wish to keep their integrity. And there is no way
to keep one's integrity except by trusting one's own judgment in the last analysis.

Then, too, there is much in the religious tradition that is discouraging. Religion has had a long and uneven history. If
one looks at the whole of it — in primitive religions, and even into our Judeo-Christian tradition, one finds a great
mixture of error and truth, of that which debases as well as that which glorifies Deity and man. Religion has one
source in God and an- other in man. The human element is quite evident in the long story of religion. When this
becomes clear to a person, he quite naturally begins to exercise reason in matters religious. He finds thinking
rewarding here as well as in other fields.

While I believe in using my mind, in and out of religion, I do not believe in exalting reason above faith and in
making all religious experience subservient to rational thinking. "Life divided by human reason leaves a remainder,"
wrote Goethe. The remainder is quite large. Life's ultimate meaning and ultimate values transcend man's thinking.
"All thinking," said Albert Schweitzer, "leads to mysticism" —to something beyond empirical and logical thought.
Religious experience, like aesthetic experience, as Rudolf Otto persuasively argues in The Idea of the Holy, is sui
generis, is unique and distinctive and is not some- thing that must be denied nor legitimated by scientific or
philosophic thought.

III.

Because neither the first nor second model is satisfying to me, I choose the third. I am committed both to religious
faith and idealism and to the best critical thinking of men. The reason for this dual commitment is that each has
greatly enriched my life. I can deny neither at this point.

To live in two worlds is not easy. There is always tension, unresolved conflicts, and new problems in the offing.
Some of my friends who have chosen the second model think the third one is impossible — full of compromises,
dissipating of intellectual effort, and beclouding to intellectual clarity. They say, "You cannot carry water on both
shoulders." In his famous lecture, "Science as a Vocation," Max Weber, Germany's greatest social thinker, said that
"intellectual sacrifice is the decisive characteristic of the positively religious man."
These remarks notwithstanding, I believe one can be committed to religion and to secular thought, even though it is
not an easy course to follow. Space will only permit me to indicate how I live in two worlds. I hope to fill in details
later in sufficient depth to clarify my position.

First of all, I look upon religion and secular thought as being complementary to each other was well as conflicting at
times. I no longer seek to harmonize them with each other in the sense of expecting them to give me identical views
of reality (as I once did). I let them find a harmony in my life as I draw upon each to meet my needs. I reject, for
example, those well meant efforts of people whom I respect, who try to make a biology or geology text out of
Genesis, Chapter One, or who read a theory of physics into Doctrine and Covenants, Section 93. For me, the
scriptures declare the existence of God and his will and man's obligation to God and fellowman, and they leave me
free to explore nature and human nature as I will.

Secondly, I think it is easier to appreciate both religion and secular thought if we exercise more humility in both
fields. Religionists have a tendency — based on their faith in revelation — to reduce God and his ways to man's
ways of doing and perceiving things. The longer I live, the more appreciation I have for the conception that man was
created in the image of God and not vice versa. The Creator is the protoype, the original "picture" — the
Transcendent. It is becoming to a man of faith to realize that his knowledge of God and his eternal truth is relative to
the person's capacity and experience. Likewise, it is also appropriate for any scientist or philosopher or historian to
remember that he is dealing with fragments of reality and that he cannot see nor know the whole. Modesty is
becoming to him as well.

Bennion, Lowell L. “Carrying Water on Two Shoulders.” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon