Computer Architecture 1: 1. Introduction To Assembly Language Programming

303 ‫ح‬ Computer Architecture 1
Lecture 4
A. Addressing MODES
1. Introduction to assembly language programming:
 Program is a sequence of commands used to tell a microcomputer
what to do.
 Each command in a program is an instruction
 Programs must always be coded in machine language before they can
be executed by the microprocessor.
 A program written in machine language is often referred to as machine
code.
 Machine code is encoded using 0s and 1s
 A single machine language instruction can take up one or more bytes
of code
 In assembly language, each instruction is described with alphanumeric
symbols instead of with 0s and 1s
 Instruction can be divided into two parts : its opcode and operands
 Opcode identify the operation that is to be performed.
 Each opcode is assigned a unique letter combination called a
mnemonic.
 Operands describe the data that are to be processed as the
microprocessor carried out the operation specified by the opcode.
 Instruction set includes
1. Data transfer instructions
2. Arithmetic instructions
3. Logic instructions
4. String manipulation instructions
5. control transfer instructions
6. Processor control instructions.
 As an example for instructions, next section discusses the MOV
instruction.
2. The MOV instruction:

 The move instruction is one of the instructions in the data transfer group
of the 8086 instruction set.
 Execution of this instruction transfers a byte or a word of data from a
source location to a destination location.
 Fig 1 shows the general format of MOV instruction and the valid source
and destination variations.
1
ً‫م اثٌر هادي عٌسى الرماح‬.‫م‬
Fig 1 The MOV instruction and the valid source and destination variations
3. Addressing modes:
An addressing mode is a method of specifying an operand. The 8086
addressing modes categorized into three types:
3.1 Register operand addressing mode
With register operand addressing mode, the operand to be accessed is
specified as residing in an internal register.
MOV AX, BX
3.2 Immediate operand addressing mode

With Immediate operand addressing mode, the operand is part of the
instruction instead of the contents of a register of a memory location.
MOV AL, 15H
 Operand is part of instruction
 Operand = address field
 e.g. ADD 5
o Add 5 to contents of accumulator
o 5 is operand
 No memory reference to fetch data
 Fast
 Limited range
3.3 Memory Operand addressing modes:
the 8086 use this mode to reference an operand in memory. The 8086 must
calculate the physical address of the operand and then initiate a read of
write operation of this storage location. The physical address of the operand
is calculated from a segment base address (SBA) and an effective address
(EA). This mode includes five types:
3.3.1 Direct addressing: the value of the effective address is encoded
directly in the instruction.
MOV CX, [1234H]
• Address field contains address of operand
• Effective address (EA) = address field (A)
• e.g. ADD A
— Add contents of cell A to accumulator
— Look in memory at address A for operand
2
• Single memory reference to access data

• No additional calculations to work out effective address
• Limited address space
3.3.2 indirect addressing: this mode is similar to the direct addressing but
the offset is specified in a base register (BX), base pointer (BP) or an index
register (SI or DI) within the 8086.
MOV AX, [SI]
• Memory cell pointed to by address field contains the
address of (pointer to) the operand
• EA = (A)
— Look in A, find address (A) and look there for
operand
• e.g. ADD (A)
— Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of A to
accumulator
Note that if BP is used instead of BX, the calculation of the physical

address is performed using the contents of the stack segment (SS) register
instead of DS.
3.3.3 Based addressing: this mode, the effective address is obtained by

adding a direct or indirect displacement to the contents of either base
register BX of Base pointer register BP.
MOV [BX]+1234H , AL
3.3.4 Indexed addressing: this mode, work in similar manner to that of the
based addressing mode but the effective address is obtained by adding
the displacement to the value in an index register (SI or DI).
MOV AL, [SI]+1234H
Note that The displacement could be 8 bits or 16 bits
3.3.5 Based-Indexed addressing: this mode combines the based
addressing mode and indexed addressing mode.
3
MOV AH, [BX][SI]+1234H

Note that if BP is used instead of BX, the calculation of the physical
address is performed using the contents of the stack segment (SS) register
instead of DS.
Note that The displacement could be 8 bits or 16 bits
B. 8086 programming-Integer instructions and computations

1. Data transfer instructions:
(a)MOV instruction
(b)XCHG Instruct
Fig (a) XCHG data transfer instruction (b) Allowed operands
Example 1: For the figure below. What is the result of executing the following
instruction? XCHG AX , [0002]
Solution:
(c) XLAT:
Fig (a) XLAT data transfer instruction
4
Example 2: For the figure below, what is the result of executing the following
instruction? XLAT
Solution:
(d)LEA, LDS, and LES instructions:
Fig (a) LEA, LDS and LES data transfer instruction
instruction? LEA SI , [ DI + BX + 2H]
Solution: SI= (DI) + ( BX) + 2H = 0062H
instruction? LDS SI , [ DI + BX + 2H]
Solution: SI= (DI) + (BX) + 2H = 0062H
5
Example 6:What is the result after executing each one of the next
instructions?
LEA BP, [F004]
MOV BP, F004
MOV BP, [F004]
Solution:
The instruction LES is similar to the instruction LDS except that it load the Extra
Segment Register instead of Data Segment Register
2. Arithmetic instruction:
 The 8086 microprocessor can perform addition operation between any
two registers except segment register ( CS, DS, ES, and SS) and
instruction pointer (IP).
 Addition must occur between similar sizes
 Addition can occur between register and memory

Example 4: For the figure below,
 What is the result of executing the following instruction?
 What is the addressing mode for this instruction?
 What is the PA is BP register used instead of BX register?
6
ADD AX , [ DI + BX + 2H]
Solution:
EA= [ DI + BX + 2H] =[0020 + 0040 + 02H ]= 0062H
PA = (DS × 10H) + EA = 1000H +0062H= 1062H
Memory word stored at location 1062H is 9067
AX = AX + 9067
 The addressing mode for this instruction is Based Indexed mode.

 If BP used in the EA, then PA = (SS × 10H) + 0062 = 2000H +0062H= 2062H
(a) Addition instructions (b) Allowed operands for ADD and ADC.
(c) Allowed operands for INC instruction
 The instruction add with carry (ADC) work similarly to ADD, but in this
case the content of the carry flag is also added, that is
 (S) + (D) + (CF) (D)
 ADC is primarily used for multiword add operation.
Example 8: let num1=11223344H and num2=55667788H are stored at

memory locations 200 and 300 respectively in the current data segment.
ADD num1 and num2 and store the result at memory location 400.
Solution:
7
MOV AX , [0200]
MOV BX , [0202]
ADD AX , [0300]
ADC BX , [0302]
MOV [0400] , AX
MOV [0402] , BX
 INC instruction add 1 to the specified operand
 Note that the INC instruction don’t affect the carry flag
instructions?
INC WORD PTR [0040]
INC BYTE PTR [0042]
Solution:
SI= (DI) + (BX) + 2H = 0062H
 AAA instruction specifically used to adjust the result after the operation
of addition two binary numbers which represented in ASCII.
 AAA instruction should be executed immediately after the ADD
instruction that adds ASCII data.
 Since AAA can adjust only data that are in AL, the destination register
for ADD instructions that process ASCII numbers should be AL.
Example 10: what is the result of executing the following instruction
sequence?
ADD AL , BL
AAA
Assume that AL contains 32H (the ASCII code for number 2), BL contain 34H
(the ASCII code for number 4) , and AH has been cleared.
Solution :
8
 DAA instruction used to perform an adjust operation similar to that

performed by AAA but for the addition of packed BCD numbers.
instead of ASCII numbers.
 Since DAA can adjust only data that are in AL, the destination register
for ADD instructions that process BCD numbers should be AL.
 DAA must be invoked after the addition of two packed BCD numbers.
Example 11: what is the result of executing the following instruction

sequence?
ADD AL , BL
DAA
Assume that AL contains 29H (the BCD code for decimal number 29), BL
contain 13H (the BCD code for decimal number 13) , and AH has been
cleared.
Solution :
9

Computer Architecture 1: 1. Introduction To Assembly Language Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Computer Architecture 1: 1. Introduction To Assembly Language Programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Computer Architecture 1: 1. Introduction To Assembly Language Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

303 ‫ح‬ Computer Architecture 1

2. The MOV instruction:

3.2 Immediate operand addressing mode

• Single memory reference to access data

Note that if BP is used instead of BX, the calculation of the physical

3.3.3 Based addressing: this mode, the effective address is obtained by

MOV AH, [BX][SI]+1234H

B. 8086 programming-Integer instructions and computations

Fig (a) XCHG data transfer instruction (b) Allowed operands

Fig (a) XLAT data transfer instruction

(d)LEA, LDS, and LES instructions:

Fig (a) LEA, LDS and LES data transfer instruction

 Addition can occur between register and memory

 The addressing mode for this instruction is Based Indexed mode.

Example 8: let num1=11223344H and num2=55667788H are stored at

 DAA instruction used to perform an adjust operation similar to that

Example 11: what is the result of executing the following instruction

You might also like