4

Design of Steel Structures

Contents
 Structural Fasteners
 Tension Member
 Compression Member
 Beams
 Plate Girders and Industrial Roofs
 Plastic Analysis
[4.2] Civil Engineering
7. In the design of framed connections, the rivets or
Structural Fasteners bolts connecting the web of the beam with
1. A steel plate is 30 cm wide and 10 mm thick. A connecting angles are subject to
rivet of nominal diameter 18 mm is driven. The (a) Single shearing and bearing on the web
net sectional area of the plate is
(b) Double shearing and bearing on the web
(a) 18.00 cm2 (b) 28.20 cm2
(c) Double shearing and no bearing on the web
(c) 28.05 cm2 (d) 32.42 cm2
2. The common assumption that, ‘all rivets share (d) No shearing but only bearing on the web
equally a non-eccentric load’ is valid at a load 8. The effective length of the filet weld is
(a) below the working load (a) Total length – (2 × throat size)
(b) equal to the working load
(b) Total length – (2 × weld size)
(c) above the working load
(c) 0.7 × total length
(d) equal to the failure load
3. A circular plate 10 mm diameter is welded to (d) Total length – (weld size 2)
another plate by means at 6 mm fillet weld. If the
9. Consider the following statements:
permissible shearing stress in the weld equals 10
kg/cm2, then the greatest twisting moment that 1. To insert a 28 mm nominal diameter rivet,
can be resisted by the weld will be 29.5 mm rivet hole is made.
(a) 424 kg-m 2. Provision is made to allow temperature
(b) 300 kg-m expansion of the bolt.
(c) 212 kg-m Which of these statements are correct?
(d) 60 kg-m (a) Both 1 and 2
4. In a fillet weld the weakest section is the (b) 1 only
(a) smaller side of the fillet
(c) 2 only
(b) throat of the fillet
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) side perpendicular to force
(d) side parallel to force 10. In a diamond riveting, for a plate of width ‘b’ and
rivet diameter ‘d’, the efficiency of the point is
5. Which one of the following methods of design is
given by
not suitable for structures subjected to impact and
fatigue? (b  d) (b  2d)
(a) Simple design (a) (b)
b b
(b) Semi-rigid design
(c) Rigid design (b  d) (b  2d)
(c) (d)
(d) Plastic design d d
6. Upper yield point in the stress-strain curve in 11. In a double-riveted double-covered butt joint, the
structural steel can be avoided by strength of the joint per pitch length in shearing
(a) cold working the rivets is n times the shear strength of one
(b) hot working rivet in single shear, where ‘n’ is equal to

(c) quenching (a) 1 (b) 2

(d) galvanizing (c) 3 (d) 4

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Design of Steel Structures [4.3]
12. Consider the following statements regarding pin 20. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is
connections: considered in the design of rivets and bolts for
1. Moment at pin connection is zero steel structures, by what percentage the
2. Only one pin is used in a connection permissible stresses may be exceeded?
3. Secondary stresses do not occur (a) 15% (b) 25%
4. They are rigid (c) 33.33% (d) 50%
Which of these are the advantages of pin 21. Which one of the following is the most critical
connections? rivet in the joint shown in the figure given below?
(a) 1, 3 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4
Flange (11.6mm)
(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 2
P
13. The permissible stresses in rivets under wind load
conditions as per IS : 800 can be exceeded by 1 4 Bracket Plate
about (12 mm)

300 mm
(a) 15% (b) 25%
(c) 33% (d) 50% 2 3
16 mm  rivets
14. Which one of the following is the mode of failure 80mm @ 50 mm
in a fillet weld material?
(a) Tension (b) Shear (a) No. 1
(c) Bearing (d) Crushing (b) No. 2
15. Load on connection is not eccentric for (c) No. 3
(a) lap joint (d) No. 4
(b) single cover butt joint 22. A bracket has been attached to flange of a column
(c) double cover butt joint as shown in the figure. What is the maximum
(d) all the joints mentioned in (a), (b) and (c) of force in the bolt?
the question
100
16. The order of elongation which a specimen of mild P
steel undergoes before fracture is 30 30
(a) 0.1% (b) 1%
(c) 10% (d) 100%
17. Which of the following does not describe a weld 40
type? 40
(a) Bull (b) Plug
(c) Zig-Zag (d) Lap
18. A plate used for connecting two or more structural 100
members intersecting each other is termed as P
(a) Template (b) Base plate All dimension in mm
(c) Gusset plate (d) Shoe plate (a) P/4 (b) P/2
19. In a riveted joint, failure will occur due to which (c) P (d) 2P
one of the following? 23. What is the ratio of the yield stress in power
(a) Shear failure of rivet driven shop rivets relative to the permissible
(b) Bearing failure of rivet bearing stress of mild steel?
(c) Tearing failure of plate (a) 1.0 (b) 0.8
(d) Minimum load value of shearing, bearing or (c) 0.6 (d) 0.4
tearing failure
Infinity Educations India
[4.4] Civil Engineering
24. Which one of the following is correct? 30. The maximum longitudinal pitch allowed in bolted
Steel structures are ideally suitable for impact joints of tension members is
loads because they have high (a) 16 times the diameter of the bolt
(a) toughness value (b) elastic modulus (b) 32 times the diameter of the bolt
(c) design stress (d) plastic modulus (c) 16 times the thickness of the plate
25. Which one of the following is correct? (d) 32 times the thickness of the plate
The permissible stresses in a weld are usually 31. A structural member carrying a pull of 700 kN is
taken as connected to a gusset plate using rivets of 20 mm
(a) less than those of the parent body diameter. If the pull required for shearing the
(b) equal to those of the parent body rivets, to crush the rivets and to tear the plate per
pitch length are 60 kN, 35 kN and 70 kN
(c) more than those of the parent body any desired
respectively, then number of rivets required is
value
(a) 12 (b) 18
(d) any desired value
(c) 20 (d) 22
26. For field rivets, the permissible stresses are
reduced by what percentage? 32. When the distance between centers of two
adjacent rivets connecting the members subjected
(a) 10% (b) 15%
to either compression or tension exceeds the
1 maximum pitch, then the additional rivets which
(c) 25% (d) 33 %
3 are not subject to the calculated stresses are
known as
27. A steel plate is 300 mm wide and 10 mm thick.
A rivet of nominal diameter of 16 mm is driven (a) Packing rivets
into it. What is the net sectional area of the plate? (b) Long-grip rivets
(a) 2600 mm2 (b) 2760 mm2 (c) Tacking rivets
(c) 2830 mm2 (d) 2840 mm2 (d) Auxiliary rivets
28. What is the safe load P that can be transmitted 33. The maximum longitudinal pitch in bolted joints,
by the filet-welded joint shown in figure below if subjected to tensile forces, wherein t = thickness
the safe allowable shear stress in the fillet-weld of the plate and D = diameter of bolt, is
is 108 MPa? (a) 32 D (b) 16 D
(c) 32 t (d) 16 t
6V
34. A tie bar 100 mm × 16 mm thick is to be welded
to another plate as shown in figure using 8 mm
50 mm

P 60 mm P fillet welds. If the tensile stress in plates is 150

N/mm2 and shear stress in weld is 110.0 N/mm2,
the minimum overlap required will be
(a) 60 kN (b) 66 kN
100 mm

(c) 77 kN (d) 81 kN
29. A bolt designated as Hex bolt M 16 × 70 NL will
have
(a) diameter of 16 mm 16mm
(b) diameter of 70 mm
(c) length of 16 mm (a) 50 mm (b) 75 mm
(d) cross-sectional area of 16 × 70 cm2 (c) 100 mm (d) 150 mm

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Design of Steel Structures [4.5]
35. For two plates of equal thickness, full strength of 41. The effective length of a fillet weld is taken as
square-edged fillet weld can be ensured if its the actual length
maximum size is limited to (a) plus twice the size of the weld
(a) 1.5 mm less than the plate thickness (b) minus twice the size of the weld
(b) 67% of the plate thickness (c) plus the size of the weld
(c) 80% of the plate thickness (d) minus the size of the weld
(d) Thickness of the plate 42. A fillet-welded joint is shown in the figure. The
36. When the effect of wind or earthquake load is size of the weld is 8 mm. Safe stress in the weld
taken into account in the design of a riveted is 110 N/mm2. What is the safe force (to the
connection, the permissible stresses in rivets may nearest magnitude) to which the weld can be
be exceeded by subjected?
(a) 16.66% (b) 33.33% 80mm

(c) 25% (d) 30%

50 mm
37. The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld
depends upon
(a) angle between fusion faces
(b) length of weld (a) 125 kN (b) 130 kN
(c) permissible shear stress (c) 140 kN (d) 135 kN
(d) type of weld 43. What is the maximum number of 20 mm diameter
38. When the load line coincides with the centroid of bolts that can be accommodated in a single row
the rivet group, the rivets are subjected to on a 140 mm wide flat strip used as one of the
structural elements involved in the process?
(a) shear only (b) tension only
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) bending only (d) shear as well as tension
(c) 2 (d) 5
39. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
44. Which of the following statements are correct in
1. A steel structure designer can guarantee the
respect of welded connections?
safety of the structure.
1. Strength of Butt weld is equal to the strength
2. Working stress method of design of steel of components joined.
structures offers a safer and economical
2. Fillet welds carry the loads computed based
structure.
on the tensile strength characteristic of fusion
3. Strength and serviceability of a structure material.
cannot be predicted on account of several
3. For effective transmission of load by fillet weld,
unforeseen factors
the fusion faces shall subtend an angle
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 only between 60° and 120°.
(c) 2 only (d) 1 only (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
40. An angle ISA 50 × 50 × 6 is connected to a (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
gusset plate 5 mm thick, with 16 mm bolts. What 45. The block shear failure of a bolted joint in tension
is the bearing strength of he bolt when the hole occurs because of
diameter is 16 mm and the allowable bearing stress 1. Use of high shear strength bolts
is 250 MPa?
2. Use of plate with higher bearing strength
(a) 8 kN (b) 20 kN (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 22.5 kN (d) 24 kN (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Infinity Educations India

[4.6] Civil Engineering
46. The design strength of a tension member is Codes:
governed by A B C D
1. Rupture at a critical section (a) 3 4 1 2
2. Yielding of gross area (b) 4 3 1 2
3. Block shear of end region (c) 3 4 2 1
Select the correct answer using the codes given (d) 4 3 2 1
below: 52. The working stress for structural steel in tension
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only is of the order of
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) 15 N/mm2 (b) 75 N/mm2
Tension Member (c) 150 N/mm2 (d) 750 N/mm2
53. As per the elastic theory of design, the factor of
47. A single-angle tie of a welded steel truss in an
safety is the ratio of
industrial shed is required to be designed for an
(a) working stress to stress at the limit of
axial tension of 50 kN. If the permissible tensile
proportionality
stress is 150 MPa, then the most suitable section
satisfying IS : 800 codal requirements will be (b) yield stress to working stress
(a) ISA 75 × 50 × 6 (c) ultimate stress to working stress
(b) ISA 60 × 40 × 5 (d) ultimate load to load at yield
(c) ISA 50 × 30 × 4 54. In the context of the ultimate load theory for
(d) ISA 45 × 30 × 5 steel, the stress-strain curve for steel is idealized
as
48. Given that
(a) a single straight line
Ae = effective area of the member and
(b) bi-linear
y = yield stress
In order to obtain the ultimate strength of a tension (c) a quadratic parabola
member, as per the plastic design concept, Aey (d) a circular arc
is to be multiplied by 55. The centre to centre maximum distance between
(a) 1.1 (b) 0.95 bolts in tension member of thickness 10 mm is
(c) 0.85 (d) 0.75 (a) 200 mm (b) 160 mm
49. The permissible stresses for main structural steel (c) 120 mm (d) 100 mm
members under dynamic loads should be increased 56. Lug angles
by (a) are necessarily unequal angles
(a) 20% (b) 25% (b) are always equal angles
(c) 30% (d) 33.33% (c) increase the shear resistance of joint
50. The slenderness ratio in tension member as per (d) reduce the length of joint
BIS code where reversal of stress is due to loads 57. A steel rod of 16 mm diameter has been used as
other than wind or seismic shall not exceed a tie in a bracing system, but may be subject to
(a) 350 (b) 180 possible reversal of stress due to the wind. What
(c) 100 (d) 60 is the maximum permitted length of the member?
51. Match List-I (Properties) with List-II (Stress points (a) 1600 mm
labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4) in the stress-strain figure (b) 1400 mm
and select the correct answer using the codes
(c) 1200 mm
given below the lists:
(d) 1000 mm

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Design of Steel Structures [4.7]
58. An equal angle of area A has been attached to 64. Steel of yield strength 400 MPa has been used in
the support by means of a lug angle. If allowable a structure. What is the value of the maximum
stress intension is f, what is the load carrying allowable tensile strength?
capacity of the member? (a) 240 MPa (b) 200 MPa
(a) 0.5fA (b) 0.85fA (c) 120 MPa (d) 96 MPa
(c) 0.9fA (d) 1.0fA 65. A steel plate is 300 mm wide and 10 mm thick.
59. In the case of a tension member consisting of A rivet of nominal diameter 18 mm is driven. The
two angles back to back on the same side of net sectional area of the plate is
gusset plate, what is k equal to? (Area of (a) 1800 mm2 (b) 2805 mm2
connected leg = A1, Area of outstanding leg = (c) 2820 mm2 (d) 3242 mm2
A2 ) 66. The capacity of a single ISA 100 × 100 × 10 mm
3A1 3A1 as tension member connected by one leg only
(a) 3A  A (b) A  3A using 6 rivets of 20 mm diameter is
1 2 1 2
(a) 333 kN (b) 253 kN
5A1 5A1 (c) 238 kN (d) 210 kN
(c) A  5A (d) 5A  A The allowable stress is 150 N/mm2.
1 2 1 2
67. A mild steel tube of mean diameter 20 mm and
60. For a pair of identical steel channel sections, tack-
thickness 2 mm is used as an axially loaded tension
welded as a tension element, what is the net area
member. If fy = 300 MPa, what is the maximum
of cross-section for design purposes?
load that the member can carry?
(a) Net area of the webs only
(a) 11.25 kN (b) 22.5 kN
(b) Net area of the flanges only
(c) 30.0 kN (d) 37.5 kN
(c) Net area of the webs and flanges
68. The best-suited rolled steel section for a tension
(d) Web area plus a portion of the area of the
member is
flanges
(a) angle section (b) T-section
61. What is the allowable direct tensile stress in
(c) channel section (d) flat section
structural steel (approximately)?
69. As per IS code, the maximum longitudinal pitch
(a) 0.45fy (b) 0.6fy
allowed in bolted joints of tension members is
(c) 0.66fy (d) 0.80fy
nominally
where fy is the yield stress or proof stress.
(a) 12 time the thickness of the plate
62. How are structural members composed of two
(b) 12 times the diameter of the bolt
angles back to back connected throughout their
(c) 16 times the thickness oft he plate
length?
(d) 16 times the diameter of the bolt
(a) By locking rivets
(b) By spacing rivets Compression Member
(c) By gripping rivets
70. In the case of structural steel sections, the
(d) By tacking rivets MINIMUM ratio of thickness of elements in
63. An equal angle of area A has been welded on compression, in terms of their outstanding length
one side of a Gusset plate and carries tension is specified to prevent
along the axis. What is the effective area of the (a) bending failure
angle?
(b) shear failure
(a) 0.5A (b) 0.75A
(c) local bucking
(c) 0.875A (d) A
(d) tension failure
Infinity Educations India
[4.8] Civil Engineering
71. In the case of an axially loaded column machined 76. The effective length of the member shown in the
for full bearing, the fasteners connecting the figure is equal to
column to the base plates in gusseted base are
designed for
(a) 100% of the column load
(b) 50% of the column load
(c) 25% of the column load
(d) erection conditions only
L
72. The effective length of a structural steel
compression member of length L effectively held
in position and restrained against rotation at one
end but neither held in position nor restrained
against rotation at the other end, is
(a) L
(b) 1.2L (a) 1.2L (b) 1.5L
(c) 2.0L (d) 3.0L
(c) 1.5L
77. A compression member has a centre to centre
(d) 2.0L
length of 4.0 m. It is fixed at one end and hinged
73. Consider the following statements: at the other end. The effective length of the
A grillage base is checked for column is
1. bending (a) 4.0 m (b) 3.2 m
2. shear (c) 2.8 m (d) 2.6 m
3. compression 78. An electric pole 5 m high is fixed into the
4. web crippling foundation. It carries a wire at the top and is free
to move sideways. The effective length oft he
Which of these statements are correct?
pole is
(a) 1 and 4
(a) 3.25 m (b) 4.0 m
(b) 1 and 3 (c) 5.0 m (d) 10.0 m
(c) 2, 3 and 4 79. A steel column in a multi-storeyed building carries
(d) 1, 2 and 4 an axial load of 125 N. It is built up of 2 ISMC
74. M60 structural steel tube has a radius of gyration 350 channels connected by lacing. The lacing
20 mm. The unbraced length upto which the tube carries a load of
can be used as a compression member, is (a) 125 N (b) 12.5 N
(a) 3.6 m (c) 3.125 N (d) Zero
(b) 5.0 m 80. For a compression member having the same
effective length about any cross-sectional axis,
(c) 6.0 m
the most preferred section from the point of view
(d) 7.2 m
of strength is
75. The elements that are normally subjected to (a) A box (b) An I-section
combined bending and axial forces are (c) A circular tube (d) A single angle
(a) struts in reinforced concrete members 81. The type of stress induced in the foundation bolt
(b) the members in long span bridges fixing a column to its footing is
(c) columns in framed structures (a) pure-compression (b) bearing
(d) space truss members (c) pure tension (d) bending

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Design of Steel Structures [4.9]
82. A member is subjected to axial compression. 90. Which one of the following is a compression
Effective length is 3000 mm. Size of the angle member?
used is 100 × 100 × 10 mm. What is the maximum (a) Purin (b) Boom
capacity (if fy = 250 MPa)? (c) Girt (d) Tie
(a) 101.2 kN (b) 81.7 kN
91. In a situation where torsion is dominant, which
(c) 59.2 kN (d) 95.1 kN
one of the following is the desirable section?
83. What is the maximum slenderness ratio for a steel
(a) Angle section
member carrying compressive loads resulting from
dead loads and imposed loads? (b) Channel section
(a) 180 (b) 250 (c) I-section
(c) 350 (d) 400 (d) Box type section
84. What is the maximum slenderness ratio of lacing 92. In a gusseted base, when the end of the column
bars in built-up columns? is machined smooth for complete bearing, the axial
(a) 120 (b) 145 load is transferred to base slab
(c) 180 (d) 200 (a) fully through fastening
85. Where should splices in the columns be provided? (b) fully by direct bearing
(a) At the floor levels (c) 50% by direct bearing and 50% through
(b) At the mid height of columns fastening
(c) At the beam-column joints (d) 60% by direct bearing and 40% through
(d) At one-fourth height of columns fastening
86. Which one of the following stresses is independent 93. A cantilever arm is to be attached to a column.
of yield stress as a permissible stress for steel Which one among the following is the best
members? connection?
(a) Axial tensile stress
(a) Framed connection
(b) Maximum shear stress
(b) Seated connection
(c) Bearing stress
(c) Stiffened seated connection
(d) Stress in slab base
87. Why are the plates provided in laced columns? (d) End plate connection
(a) To check the buckling of column as a whole 94. What is the maximum slenderness ratio permitted
(b) To check the buckling of the lacing flats as per IS : 800-1984 for design of a tie member
subjected to reversal of stress due to earthquake?
(c) To check the buckling of the component
columns (a) 180 (b) 250
(d) To check the distortion of the end cross (c) 300 (d) 350
sections 95. An industrial portal frame shown has weak floor
88. What is the permissible tensile stress in bolts used beams. What is the effective length of column?
for column bases (fy is the yield stress of the
steel)?
(a) 120 N/mm2 (b) 150 N/mm2
4m

(c) 0.5 fy (d) 0.4 fy

89. The slenderness ratio of lacing bars should not
exceed
(a) 100 (b) 120 (a) 3 m (b) 4 m
(c) 145 (d) 180 (c) 6 m (d) 8 m

Infinity Educations India

[4.10] Civil Engineering
96. What is the maximum permissible slenderness ratio 104. Which one of the following values represents the
of a major compression member which undergoes maximum slenderness ratio of any connection
reversal of stress due to wind load? member which normally acts as a tie in a roof
(a) 180 (b) 250 truss but can be subjected to possible reversal of
(c) 300 (d) 400 stresses from the action of wind or seismic force?
97. Which one among the following is the correct (a) 150 (b) 200
ratio of effective length to actual length of a (c) 250 (d) 350
discontinuous angle strut, if ends are welded? 105. The batten plates used to connect the components
(a) 0.65 (b) 0.85 of a built-up column are designed to resist.
(c) 1.0 (d) 1.2 (a) longitudinal shear only
98. In a gusseted base, when the end of the column (b) transverse shear only
is machined for complete bearing on the base (c) longitudinal shear and moment arising from
plate, the axial load is assumed to be transferred transverse shear
to the base plate (d) vertical shear only
(a) fully by direct bearing 106. In ISMC 400 channels places back to back at a
(b) fully through the fastenings spacing of 26 cm carry an axial load of 160 tonnes.
(c) 50% by direct bearing and 50% through The lacing system should be designed to resist a
fastenings transverse shear of
(d) 75% by direct bearing and 25% through (a) 16 tonnes (b) 12 tonnes
fastenings (c) 8 tonnes (d) 4 tonnes
99. What is the maximum permissible longitudinal pitch 107. Match List-I (Type) with List-II (Recommended
is stagged riveted compression joints? slenderness ratio) and select the correct answer
(a) 500 mm (b) 400 mm using the codes given below the lists:
(c) 300 mm (d) 100 mm List-I
100. A reduction in the allowable stress in steel chimney A. Single angle in roof trusses
construction is necessary if the temperature B. Double angles in roof trusses
exceeds
C. Single I section in columns
(a) 75°C (b) 100°C
D. Double I section in columns
(c) 200°C (d) 300°C
List-II
101. What is the maximum permissible slenderness ratio
1. 80 – 150
for steel ties likely to be subjected to compression?
2. 30 – 60
(a) 400 (b) 350
3. 100 – 180
(c) 250 (d) 180
4. 60 – 100
102. Which one of the following forces is used for the
design of battens of a built-up column? Codes:
(a) Axial load (b) Twisting moment A B C D
(c) Vertical shear (d) Transverse shear (a) 3 4 1 2
103. A column bearing truss in an open industrial shed (b) 2 4 1 3
is 6 m height between its own base and the bottom (c) 3 1 4 2
of the truss. What is the effective height of the (d) 2 1 4 3
column taken for calculation of compressive 108. Which of the following steel section should
strength? preferably be used at places where torsion occurs?
(a) 4.8 m (b) 6.0 m (a) Box-type section (b) Channel section
(c) 7.2 m (d) 9.0 m (c) Angle section (d) Any of the above

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Design of Steel Structures [4.11]
109. The most critical consideration in the design of a 115. The effective width of outstand in compound steel
rolled steel column carrying axial loads is the columns for design purposes is equal to
(a) Percentage elongation at yield and the net (a) half the flange width
cross-sectional area (b) distance of the free edge from the rivet line
(b) Critical bending strength and axial yield (c) distance of the free edge from the stiffeners
strength of material
(d) distance of the free edge to the nearest row
(c) Buckling strength based on the net area of of rivets
the section and percentage elongation at
116. For a steel built-up column subjected to an axial
ultimate load
force of 1200 kN, the lacing system is to be
(d) Compressive strength based on slenderness
designed for resisting transverse shear of
ratio and gross cross-sectional area
(a) 15 kN (b) 20 kN
110. Top chord of a truss is continuous over joints l
apart. Effective lengths of the member in the (c) 25 kN (d) 30 kN
plane perpendicular to the truss is 117. The effective length of a battened strut of actual
(a) 0.7 l (b) 0.85 l length L, effectively held in position at both ends
but not restrained in direction, is taken as
(c) l (d) 1.5 l
(a) L (b) 1.1 L
111. Through which of the following responses may a
steel tubular hinged strut fail? (c) 1.5 L (d) 1.8 L
1. Compression 2. Bending 118. The slenderness ratio (as per IS : 800) of a
3. Overall buckling 4. Torsion member, carrying compressive loads arising from
combined dead loads and imposed loads, should
5. Skin buckling
not exceed
(a) 2, 4, and 5 (b) 1, 2 and 3
(a) 180 (b) 250
(c) 3, 4 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 5
(c) 350 (d) 380
112. A steel column pinned at both ends has a buckling
load of 200 kN. If the column is restrained against 119. Localized bearing stress caused by the
lateral movement at its mid-height, its buckling transmission of compression from the wide flange
load will be to the narrow web causes a failure called
(a) 200 kN (b) 280 kN (a) web buckling (b) web shear flow
(c) 400 kN (d) 800 kN (c) web bearing (d) web crippling
113. In laced columns, end tie-plates are provided to 120. Lacing of compound steel columns
(a) check the buckling column (a) increases the load-carrying capacity
(b) keep the column components in position (b) decreases the chances of local buckling
(c) check the distortion of column section at ends (c) decreases overall buckling of the column
because of unbalanced horizontal force from (d) assures unified behaviour
facings.
121. For a compression member with double angle
(d) prevent rotation of elements section, which of the following sections will give
114. A column is effectively held in position and larger value of minimum radius of gyration?
restrained in direction at one end but is free at (a) Equal angles back-to-back
the other end. If the actual length is L, the effective
(b) Unequal angles with long legs back-to-back
length is
(c) Unequal angles with short legs back-to-back
(a) 0.67 L (b) L
(d) None of the above
(c) 1.5 L (d) 2L

Infinity Educations India

[4.12] Civil Engineering
122. Battens provided for a compression member shall List-I
be designed to carry a transverse shear equal to A. Semi-rigid connection
(a) 2.5% of axial force in the member B. Framed connection
(b) 5% of axial force in the member C. Flexible connection
(c) 10% of axial force in the member D. Seated connection
(d) 20% of axial force in the member List-II
123. In the case of an axially loaded column, machined 1. To permit large angles of rotation and to
for full bearing, the fastenings connecting the transmit negligible moment.
column to the base plates through gussets are to 2. To allow small end rotation and transmit
be designed for appreciable moment.
(a) 100% of the load on the column 3. When a beam is connected to a beam or
stanchion by means of an angle at the bottom
(b) 50% of the load on the column
of the beam which is shop-riveted to the beam
(c) 25% of the load on the column
and an angle at the top of which is field riveted.
(d) Respectively erection conditions only 4. When a beam is connected to a beam or
124. Web crippling is caused by stanchion by means of two angles riveted to
(a) Excessive bending moment them.
(b) Failure of web under point loads Codes:
(c) Width of flanges A B C D
(d) Column action of web (a) 2 4 3 1
125. As per IS 800 : 2007, the permitted slenderness (b) 4 2 1 3
ratio for a bracing member in case of hangers (c) 2 4 1 3
shall be (d) 4 2 3 1
(a) 140 (b) 145 129. Racking force on a steel railway bridge is due to
(c) 150 (d) 160 (a) tractive effect of the driving well
(b) braking effect
Beams (c) resistance offered by the bearing to the
126. The allowable shear stress in stiffened webs of movement at the roller end
mild steel beams decreases with (d) lateral movement of the train when moving
on a straight track.
(a) decrease in the spacing of the stiffeners
130. In a simply supported beam of span L each end
(b) increase in the spacing of the stiffeners
is restrained against torsion, compression flange
(c) decrease in the effective depth being unrestrained. According to IS : 800, the
(d) increase in the effective depth effective length of the compression flange will be
127. The rolled steel section used in a cased beam has equal to
width B mm and diameter D mm. The minimum (a) L (b) 0.85 L
width of the finished cased beam in mm is given (c) 0.75 L (d) 0.70 L
by 131. Which one of the following pairs is correctly
(a) (B + 50) (b) (B + 100) matched?
(c) (B + D + 100) (d) 2(B + D) (a) Truss : Bending
128. Match List-I (Type of connection) with List-II (b) Beam : Twisting
(Type of beams) and select the correct answer (c) Column : Buckling
using the code given below the lists: (d) Shaft : Shortening

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Design of Steel Structures [4.13]
132. A simply supported beam of span 4000 mm is loaded 136. A steel beam is connected to a steel column by
with a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m. fy for means of two angles placed on the two sides of
the material is 250 MPa. Which rolled steel section the web of the beam. What is it called?
is required? (a) Stiffened seat connection
(a) ISMB 500 (b) ISMB 400 (b) Unstiffened seat connection
(c) ISMB 300 (d) ISMB 600 (c) Framed connection
133. How are the most commonly produced and used (d) Rigid connection
structural elements in frames, floor beams, etc.
137. An ISMB 300 beam has modulus of section of
with high moment of inertia about x-axis, are
600 × 103 mm3. Plates of 200 mm × 10 mm are
designated?
added by welding them one on each flange to
(a) ISWB-section (b) ISLB-section have total depth of section as 320 mm. What is
(c) ISMB-section (d) ISHB-section the section modulus of the plated section?
134. An angle is connected to the back of the flange (a) 462 × 103 mm3 (b) 550 × 103 mm3
of a channel section to be used as a beam as (c) 710 × 103 mm3 (d) 1220 × 103 mm3
shown in the diagram below.
138. For an I-beam, the shape factor is 1.12; the factor
of safety in bending stress is 1.5. If the allowable
stress is increased by 20% for wind or earthquake
loads, then the load factor is
(a) 1.10 (b) 1.25
(c) 1.35 (d) 1.40
139. The allowable shear stress in stiffened webs of
mid steel beams decreases with
(a) Decrease in the spacing of the stiffeners
(b) Increase in the spacing of the stiffeners
(c) Decrease in the effective depth
(d) Increase in the effective depth
140. Consider the following statements in respect of
This is done to design of web and flange splices:
(a) increase the compression flange area 1. Flange splice shall be designed for actual BM
(b) increase the moment of inertia about the major at the section.
axis 2. Flange splice shall be designed to resist the
(c) increase the moment of inertia about the minor actual shear at the section.
axis 3. Web splice shall be designed to resist the actual
(d) make the load pass through the shear centre shear at the section.
135. In beam to column connections in steel 4. Web splice shall be designed for actual BM
construction, if torsion is permitted at the ends of Which of these statements are correct?
simply supported beams by not providing the cleats, (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3
the (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
(a) effective length of the beam increases by 20% 141. The allowable shear stress in the web of mild
(b) effective length remains same as the actual steel beams decreases with
length (a) Decrease in h/t ratio
(c) permissible bending stresses are increased by (b) Increase in h/t ratio
around 10% (c) Decrease in thickness
(d) joint has to be designed for torsion (d) Increase in height
Infinity Educations India
[4.14] Civil Engineering
142. Consider the following statements: (a) Orientation A is structurally more efficient than
Web crippling due to excessive bearing stress can orientation B.
be avoided by (b) Orientation B is structurally more efficient than
1. Increasing the web thickness orientation A
(c) Both the orientation are structurally equally
2. Providing suitable stiffeners
efficient
3. Increasing the length of the bearing plates.
(d) Neither of the two orientation is structurally
Which of these statements are correct? efficient
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only 147. Intermediate vertical stiffeners are provided in
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 plate girders to
143. An ISMB 500 is used as a beam in a multistorey (a) eliminate web buckling
construction. From the view point of structural (b) eliminate local buckling
design, it can be considered to be ‘laterally (c) transfer concentrated loads
restrained’ when (d) prevent excessive deflection
(a) the tension flange is laterally restrained 148. The thickness of web for unstiffened plate girder
with clear distance ‘d’ between the flanges shall
(b) the compression flange is laterally restrained
not be less than
(c) the web is adequately stiffened (a) d/200 (b) d/85
(d) the conditions in both (a) and (c) are met (c) d/100 (d) d/160
144. According to IS : 875 Part 3, design wind speed 149. At a section along the span of a welded plate
is obtained by multiplying the basic wind speed by girder, where the web is spliced, the bending
factors k1, k2 and k3, where k3 is moment is M. If the girder has top flange, web
(a) terrain height factor and bottom flange plates of equal area, then the
(b) structure size factor share of the bending moment which would be
taken by the splice plates would be
(c) topography factor
(a) M (b) M/3
(d) risk coefficient
(c) M/7 (d) M/13
145. The problems of lateral buckling can arise only in 150. IN the simplified design of angle iron purlins, which
those steel beams which have one of the following assumptions would NOT be
(a) moment of inertia about the bending axis larger valid?
than the other (a) Load component acting normal to the slope is
(b) moment of inertia about the bending axis considered
smaller than the other (b) Bending moment about the minor axis is
(c) fully supported compression flange considered
(d) None of the above (c) Allowable bending stress is not reduced
(d) Slope of the roof should not exceed 30°
Plate Girders and Industrial Roofs 151. The height at which wind force acts on a moving
vehicle on a bridge deck is
146. Z-purlins may be fixed in either orientation A or
(a) 1.2 m (b) 1.5 m
B as shown in the given figure. Which one of the
(c) 1.7 m (d) 2.0 m
following statements is correct in this regard?
152. If ‘p’ is the basic wind pressure, for buildings
A B
with large opening design pressure on a wall is
taken as
(a) 0.5 p (b) 0.7 p
(c) 1.0 p (d) 1.2 p

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Design of Steel Structures [4.15]
153. According to Indian Railway Board, in respect of 159. In the design of steel bridges if wind or seismic
steel girders of single track span for metre/broad forces are also considered, the allowable stresses
gauge, the impact factor for a span of 6 m is as per BIS may be increased by
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.75
2
(c) 1 (d) 1.25 (a) 10% (b) 16 %
3
154. The economic spacing of a roof truss depends
upon the 1
(c) 25% (d) 33 %
(a) cost of purlins and cost of roof covering 3
(b) cost of roof covering and dead loads 160. Which among the following assumptions are made
(c) dead loads and live loads in the design of roof trusses?
(d) live loads and cost of purlins 1. Roof truss is restrained by the reactions
155. As per IS : 800 in the case of a plate girder with 2. Axes of the members meeting at a joint
vertical and horizontal stiffeners, the greater and intersect at a common point
lesser unsupported clear dimension of a web panel 3. Riveted joints act as frictionless hinged
in terms of web thickness ‘tw’ should not exceed 4. Loads act normal to roof surface
respectively Select the correct answer using the codes given
(a) 180 tw and 85tw (b) 270tw and 200tw below:
(c) 270tw and 180tw (d) 400tw and 250tw (a) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4
156. In a truss girder of a bridge, a diagonal consists (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
of mild steel flat 400 ISF and carries a pull of 800 161. The effective flange area in tension of a plate
kN. If the gross diameter of the rivets is 26 mm, girder is equal to
then the number of rivets required in the splice is
Aw
(a) 6 (b) 7 (a) Af (b) A f 
2
(c) 8 (d) 9
157. Which of the following loads are to be considered Aw Aw
(c) A f  (d) A f 
in designing a gantry girder in an industrial 8 6
building? where Af is the area of each flange and Aw is the
1. Gravity load web area.
2. Lateral loads 162. Consider the following statements:
3. Longitudinal loads Horizontal stiffener is provided when
4. Wind loads 1. the depth of webs is small.
Select the correct answer using the codes given 2. tendency to web buckling is less.
below: 3. vertical stiffeners becomes too close.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 and 3 4. only thin plates are available for web.
(c) 1 and 3 (d) 2, 3 and 4 Which of these statements are correct?
158. In a plate girder bridge the thickness of web is (a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4
less than d'/200 where d' is the unsupported depth (c) 1, 2 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4
of web. The web plate should be provided with 163. In a gabled industrial building in order to minimize
(a) vertical stiffeners the wind forces on the roof, the roof slope should
(b) horizontal stiffeners be kept close to
(c) end stiffeners (a) 5° (b) 15°
(d) both vertical and horizontal stiffeners (c) 30° (d) 45°

Infinity Educations India

[4.16] Civil Engineering
164. Af is the area of flanges and Aw is the area of (a) I-section with equal flanges
web. What is the effective flange area in the (b) I-section with a channel attached to the top
design of a plate girder? flange
(a) Af + Aw/8 (b) Af + Aw/6 (c) I-section with a wide bottom flange
(c) Af – Aw/8 (d) Af – Aw/6 (d) I-section with a heavy plate connected to the
165. In a crane gantry girder, a channel is provided at bottom flange
the top flange girder. This accounts for bending in 171. Why are intermediate vertical stiffeners provided
(a) horizontal plane only in plate girders?
(b) vertical plane only (a) To eliminate web buckling
(c) horizontal and vertical planes (b) To eliminate local buckling
(d) horizontal and vertical planes and twisting (c) To transfer concentrated loads
(d) To prevent excessive deflection
166. For a vertical stiffened web of a plate girder, the
lesser clear dimension of the panel should not 172. The portal bracing is designed for which of the
exceed (‘t’ is the thickness of the web) following?
(a) Wind forces only
(a) 85t (b) 180t
(c) 200t (d) 250t 1
(b) Wind force 1 % of the compression force
167. Purlins are provided, in industrial buildings, over 4
roof trusses to carry dead loads, live loads and in two end posts
wind loads. As per IS code, what are they (c) Wind force + 2.5% of the compression force
assumed to be? in two end posts
(a) Simply supported (d) Lateral shear + 2.5% of the compression force
(b) Cantilever in two end posts
(c) Continuous 173. A symmetrical plate girder has been fabricated
(d) Fixed with three equal plates. If a circular hole of
168. Consider the following statements: diameter equal to half of its height is centrally cut
Bearing stiffeners, in plate girders, are in the web, what is the approximate ratio of the
strength of this punctured girder to that of the
1. provided at supports.
original girder?
2. provided under concentrated loads.
(a) 93% (b) 85%
3. provided alternately on the web.
(c) 75% (d) 56%
Which of these statements is/are correct?
174. Horizontal stiffeners are needed in plate girder if
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only the thickness of web is
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3 (a) < 6 mm
169. The outstand of the flange of built-up beams from (b) < d/200
the line of connection should not extend beyond (c) < L/500
(a) 10 T (b) 85 T (d) nearly equal to flange thickness
256T where, d = distance between flanges
(c) (d) 180 tw L = span length
fy
175. At what value (nearly) is the maximum spacing
(where T is the thickness of flange and tw is the of purlins for standard asbestos roofing sheets
thickness of web) kept?
170. Which one of the following sections is the most (a) 1.0 m (b) 1.4 m
efficient for a simply supported gantry girder? (c) 1.8 m (d) 2.0 m

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Design of Steel Structures [4.17]
176. Which one of the following is correct? 181. A building with a gabled roof will experience
An intermediate vertical stiffener connected to pressure on its leeward slope which is
the web is designed to withstand a shearing force (a) always positive
of not less than (b) always negative
(c) sometimes positive and otherwise negative
100t 150t 2
(a) (b) (d) zero
h h
182. The live load for a sloping roof with slope 15°,
125h 125t 2 where access is not provided to the roof, is taken
(c) (d) as
t2 h
(a) 0.65 kN/m2 (b) 0.75 kN/m2
where t is web thickness in mm and h is the
outstand of stiffener in mm. (c) 1.35 kN/m2 (d) 1.50 kN/m2
177. The effective length of an angle member in a 183. A protective or decorative non-structural element
riveted truss is equal to which one of the placed at the level of the truss supports and
following? column head is called.
(a) l (b) 0.85 l (a) Eaves girder (b) Baluster
(c) 0.65 l (d) 0.5 l (c) Eaves board (d) Tie girder
where l is the centre to centre distance between 184. The purlins in roof trusses are placed at the panel
the joints. points essentially to avoid
178. Which one of the following is correct? (a) Axial force in rafter
The purlins in the roof trusses are subjected to (b) Shear force in rafter
unsymmetrical bending because the loading (c) Deflection in rafter
(a) is parallel to the minor principal axis, but (d) Bending moment in rafter
doesn’t coincide 185. In a roof truss, if pitch is 1/2 and slope is 1, the
(b) is perpendicular to the minor principal axis angle of inclination with the horizontal would be
(c) is inclined to the minor principal axis (a) 30° (b) 45°
(d) coincides with the minor principal axis (c) 60° (d) 75°
179. For a welded plate girder with vertical stiffeners, 186. The thickness of web for unstiffened plate girder
what is the maximum depth of web provisionable with clear distance ‘d’ between the flanges shall
in design when the thickness of the web plate is be not less than
5 mm? d d
(a) 425 mm (b) 1000 mm (a) (b)
200 85
(c) 1250 mm (d) 2000 mm
180. The base plate of a roof truss is attached to the d d
(c) (d)
concrete pier with the help of 16 mm diameter 100 160
mild steel anchor bolts of grade fy = 250 MPa. 187. For heavy vibrating loads in industrial buildings,
What is the maximum pull the base can be the roof trusses are provided with
subjected to, if the root area of bolt = 0.75 times (a) diagonal bracing in the plane of lower chord
shank area? members
(a) 30 kN (b) diagonal bracing in the plane of upper chord
(b) 67.5 kN members
(c) 90 kN (c) knee bracing
(d) 120 kN (d) sway bracing

Infinity Educations India

[4.18] Civil Engineering
188. Which of the following elements of a pitched roof 195. The serviceability criterion for a plate girder design
industrial steel building primarily resists lateral load is based upon
parallel to the ridge? (a) width of flange
(a) Bracing (b) Purlin (b) depth of web
(c) Truss (d) Column (c) minimum thickness of web
189. Gantry girders are designed to resist:
(d) stiffness of web
1. Lateral loads
196. Consider the following statements:
2. Longitudinal loads
In a plate girder
3. Vertical loads
1. Bearing stiffness are designed for bearing
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
forces and they must also be checked for
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
safety against compressive forces.
190. Bearing stiffeners in plate girders are provided to
2. The length of any staggered intermittent fillet
(a) decrease the effective depth of web weld should not be less than 10 times the
(b) transfer the load from the top flange to the thickness of the stiffener.
bottom flange
3. Bearing stiffeners must be provided at the
(c) prevent buckling of web point of maximum bending moment.
(d) increase the bearing capacity of the flange
Which of the above statements are correct?
191. In a plate girder, the web is primarily designed to
(a) 1 and 3 only
resist
(b) 2 and 3 only
(a) torsional moment (b) shear force
(c) bending moment (d) diagonal buckling (c) 1 and 2 only
192. A welded plate girder, consisting of two flange (d) 1, 2 and 3
plates of 350 mm × 16 mm each and a web plate 197. Gantry girders can be designed
of 1000 mm × 6 mm, requires 1. As laterally supported beams.
(a) no stiffeners 2. As laterally unsupported beam.
(b) horizontal stiffeners 3. By using channel sections.
(c) intermediate vertical stiffeners Select the correct answer using the codes given
(d) vertical and horizontal stiffeners below:
193. Horizontal stiffener in a plate girder is provided to (a) 1, 2 and 3
safeguard against web buckling due to
(b) 1 and 2 only
(a) shear
(c) 2 and 3 only
(b) compressive force in bending
(d) 1 and 3 only
(c) tensile force in bending
198. According to IS : 875 Part 3, the design wind
(d) heavy concentrated load
speed acting on industrial roof is estimated based
194. In an industrial steel building, which of the
on the basic wind speed by multiplying it by factors
following elements of a pitched roof primarily resist
k1, k2 and k3, k1 is called
loads parallel to the ridge?
(a) Terrain height factor
(a) Bracings
(b) Purlins (b) Structure size factor
(c) Columns (c) Topography factor
(d) Trusses (d) Risk coefficient

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Design of Steel Structures [4.19]
199. Consider the following two statements regarding 2W
Bearing stiffeners provided at the location of a W
concentrated load:
1. Bearing stiffeners have to resist bearing and
L/2 Constant MP L/2
buckling loads.
2. Bearing area and the area resisting buckling
load are the same.
L/2 L/2
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 2 only 2M P 4M P
(a) (b)
(b) 1 only L L
(c) Both 1 and 2
6M P 8M P
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (c) (d)
L L
200. Double-pitched roof trusses of span 20 m and
rise 2.5 m are placed at 8 m spacing. The 204. A simply supported beam of span L supports a
maximum live load reaction at the supports is concentrated load W at its midspan. If the cross-
nearly section of the beam is an I-section, then the length
of elastic-plastic zone of the plastic hinge will be
(a) 36 kN (b) 40 kN
(c) 46 kN (d) 60 kN L L
(a) (b)
8 4
Plastic Analysis
201. In the plastic analysis which of the following pairs L 3L
(c) (d)
is/are correctly matched? 2 4
Geometry of steel Shape factor 205. A continuous beam of constant MP has three equal
section spans and carries total uniformly distributed load
1. Rectangle 2.0 W on each span. The value of collapse load for
the beam will be
2. Round 1.7
3. Square 1.0 12M P
(a)
Select the correct answer using the codes given L
below:
8.65M P
(a) 1 and 2 (b)
L
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 2 alone 11.656M P
(c)
(d) 1 and 3 L
202. At the location of plastic hinge
4M P
(a) radius of curvature is infinite (d)
L
(b) curvature is infinite
(c) moment is infinite 206. Yield line theory results in
(d) flexural stress is infinite (a) elastic solution
203. Given figure shows a portal frame with loads. All (b) lower bound solution
members of frame have same plastic moment of (c) upper bound solution
resistance MP. The collapse load W is (d) unique solution

Infinity Educations India

[4.20] Civil Engineering
207. For the beam shown in the given figure, the
L 2L
collapse load P is given by (a) (b)
3 5
P
L 3L
(c) (d)
MP 2 4
4M P
L/2 L/4 L/4
211. The figure below shows a continuous beam loaded
with concentrated loads W at the centre of each
16M P 14M P span. The value f W at collapse will be
(a) (b)
L L W W W

12M P 10M P
(c) (d) MP 0.8 M P MP
L L
208. A fixed beam as shown in Figure 1 is loaded with L L L
a UDL over the entire span, the total load being (a) 3.2 MP/L
W; when load was just increased to W1, the (b) 4 MP/L
deformed shape as shown in Figure 2 was seen. (c) 5.6 MP/L
The value of W1 (plastic moment of resistance = (d) 6.4 MP/L
MP) is
212. The ratio of collapse load of a propped cantilever
W (UDL) of span L carrying a UDL throughout the span to
that of a simply-supported beam carrying the same
L
load is
Figure-1 (a) 1.457 (b) 1.500
Plastic Plastic (c) 2.000 (d) 3.000
hinge hinge
213. A fixed beam is sown in the figure below. The
plastic failure load for this beam is
Figure-2
P
24M P 16M P
(a) (b) MP
L L 2MP

12M P 8M P L
(c) (d) 3
L L L
2
209. A ductile structure is defined as one for which L
the plastic deformation before fracture
(a) 10 MP/L
(a) is smaller than the elastic deformation
(b) 12.5 MP/L
(b) vanishes (c) 15 MP/L
(c) is equal to the elastic deformation (d) 16.5 MP/L
(d) is much larger than the elastic deformation 214. To transform an indeterminate frame with a
210. A simply supported beam of uniform cross-section degree of indeterminacy ‘r’ into a determinate
as span L and is loaded by a point load P at its one, the number of plastic hinges required is
mid-span. The length of elastoplastic zone of the (a) r + 2 (b) r + 1
plastic hinge will be (c) r (d) r – 1

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Design of Steel Structures [4.21]
215. A propped cantilever of span L is subjected to a Codes:
concentrated load at mid-span. If MP is plastic A B C D
moment capacity of the beam, then the value of (a) 1 2 4 3
the collapse load will be (b) 2 1 3 4
12M P 8M P (c) 2 1 4 3
(a) (b)
L L (d) 1 2 3 4
219. The yield line theory is a
6M P 4M P
(c) (d) (a) lower bound method of design of over-
L L reinforced slabs
216. In a plastic hinge, the actual distribution of strain (b) lower bound method of design of under-
across the section will be as in reinforced slabs
(c) upper bound method of analysis of under-
reinforced slabs
(a) (b) (d) upper bound method of analysis of over-
reinforced slabs
220. The number of possible independent mechanisms
for a portal frame shown in the given figure is
P
(c) (d) P

217. Which one of the following is the load factor?

Live load Failure load

(a) (b) Working load
Dead load
(a) 2 (b) 4
Total load Dynamic load (c) 1 (d) 3
(c) (d)
Dead load Static load 221. The collapse load of a simply supported beam of
218. Match List-I (Beam) with List-II (Collapse load) span L and fully plastic moment MP subjected to
and select the correct answer using the codes central concentrated load is given by
given below the lists: 4M P 6M P
List-I (a) (b)
L L
A. Fixed beam with a central point load
B. Fixed beam with a udl of intensity ‘wu’ 8M P 2M P
(c) (d)
C. Propped cantilever with a central point load L L
D. Simply supported beam with a central point 222. A propped cantilever beam of span L and constant
load plastic moment capacity MP carries a concentrated
List-II load at mid-span, then the load at collapse will be

8M P 16M P MP 6M P
1. 2. (a) (b)
L L L L

6M P 4M P 4M P 2M P
3. 4. (c) (d)
L L L L

Infinity Educations India

[4.22] Civil Engineering
223. A continuous beam ABC of two equal spans AB 229. Match List-I (Type of beam) with List-II (Collapse
and BC carries a load P at Z, the centre of BC. load wu, Wu) and select the correct answer using
Then the magnitude of collapse load P is equal to the codes given below the lists:
P List-I
L/2
A B C
Wu
Z

L L A.
L/2 L/2
2M P 4M P
(a) (b)
L L Wu

6M P 8M P B.
(c) (d) L/2 L/2
L L
224. The shape factor for a solid circular section of wu/unit length
diameter D is equal to
C.
D 15 L
(a) (b)
2 2
wu/unit length
16 D
(c) (d) D.
3 8
L
225. The load factor to be used for plastic design of
List-II
steel structures for dead load and imposed load is
8M P 16M P
(a) 2.2 (b) 2.0 1. 2.
L L2
(c) 1.7 (d) 1.5 11.66M P
6M P
226. At the location of the plastic hinge of a deformed 3. 4.
L L2
structure Wu and wu per unit length denote the collapse
(a) curvature is infinite loads and MP denotes the plastic moment capacity
(b) radius of curvature is infinite of the beams corresponding to the collapse loads.
Codes:
(c) moment is infinite
A B C D
(d) flexural stress is infinite
(a) 2 1 3 4
227. A structure has two degrees of indeterminacy. (b) 3 4 1 2
The number of plastic hinges that would be formed (c) 3 1 2 4
at complete collapse is (d) 2 4 1 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 230. A beam of rectangular section having simply
(c) 2 (d) 3 supported span L, is subjected to a concentrated
load at its mid-span. What is the length of elasto-
228. For steel structures proportioned using plastic
plastic zone of the plastic hinge?
design, the working load (dead load + imposed
load) should be multiplied by which one of the L L
(a) (b)
following minimum load factor? 3 4
(a) 1.3 (b) 1.5
L L
(c) 1.7 (d) 2.0 (c) (d)
5 7

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Design of Steel Structures [4.23]
231. In a plastic analysis of structures, the segment 236. What is the number of plastic hinges which will
between any two successive plastic hinges is cause the overall total collapse of a structure?
assumed to deform as (a) One more than the order of statical
(a) A plastic material indeterminacy
(b) A rigid material (b) Equal to order of statical indeterminacy
(c) An elastic material (c) One less than the order of statical
(d) An inelastic material indeterminacy
(d) Not determinable
232. For the propped cantilever beam shown in the
figure given below, the plastic moment capacity is 237. A portal frame has a collapse mechanism as shown
MP. What is the value of its collapse load? below. What is the type?
W

L/2 L/2

4M P 6M P
(a) (b)
L L
(a) Pure portal mechanism
6M P 11.7M P
(c) (d) (b) Panel mechanism
L L
(c) Combined mechanism
233. A beam of square cross-section of side ‘x’ is (d) Dual beam mechanism
composed of material whose yield stress in
238. Plastic analysis of structures is applicable to the
compression is 1.5 times the yield stress in the
structures made of which one of the following?
tension. What is the distance of he neutral axis
(a) Ductile and brittle materials
from the centre for the fully plastic condition?
(b) Any structural material
(a) 0.1 x (b) 0.15 x
(c) Brittle material only
(c) 0.2 x (d) 0.25 x
(d) Ductile material only
234. What is the ratio of the shape factors for beam
239. What value of the shape factor is taken for a
cross-sections having rectangular, circular and
rectangular section in plastic design?
triangular shapes and of same area?
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5
(a) 1.00 : 0.73 : 0.64
(c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
(b) 1.00 : 0.88 : 1.38
240. A prismatic beam (shape factor, S) fixed at both
(c) 1.00 : 1.13 : 1.56
ends carries UDL throughout the span. What is
(d) 1.00 : 1.56 : 1.13 the ratio of collapse load to yield load?
235. Which one of the following is the correct maximum
4 3
shear capacity of a prismatic beam under plastic (a) S (b) S
design of steel structures? 3 4
(a) 0.5 AwFy 5 3
(c) S (d) S
(b) 0.55 AwFy 3 5
(c) 0.75 AwFy 241. In a T-section shown in figure below, what is the
(d) AwFy distance of plastic neutral axis as measured down
from top?

Infinity Educations India

[4.24] Civil Engineering

400 mm

100 mm
Load
(d)

Deflection

500 mm
243. Consider the following statements:
1. Shape factor
2. Length of the beam
3. Type of loading
4. Yield strength of material
100 mm Which of these affect the influence length of plastic
(a) 100 mm (b) 150 mm hinge in a beam?
(c) 200 mm (d) 300 mm (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3
242. Which one of the following diagrams corresponds (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
to the load-deflection characteristic upto plastic 244. The moment capacity of a section at plastic hinge
collapse of the beam shown below? equals
P (a) Yield moment
(b) Zero
(c) Fully plastic moment
(d) Twice the yield moment
245. In the virtual work method of plastic analysis of
P steel structure, the virtual quantity is
Load (a) Slope (b) Moment
(a)
(c) Load (d) Displacement
Deflection 246. Which of the following conditions is to be satisfied
both in elastic and plastic analysis?
(a) Equilibrium condition
(b) Yield condition
(c) Plastic moment condition
Load
(d) Mechanism condition
(b)
247. If the shape factor of a section is 1.5 and the
Deflection factor of safety to be adopted is 2, then the load
factor will be
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 1.5 (d) 2
248. What is the distance away from midspan of a
Load
plastic hinge if developing in a simply supported
(c)
beam of rectangular cross-section and span 6 m,
Deflection subjected to a point load at the centre?
(a) Zero (b) 1 m
(c) 2 m (d) 3 m

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Design of Steel Structures [4.25]
249. The plastic neutral axis
1. Divides the given section into two equal halves
2. Divides the given section into two unequal
parts
3. Lies on the centroidal axis of the section
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 only
250. The plastic moment capacity MP is
(a) Less than the yield moment
(b) Equal to the yield moment
(c) Greater than the yield moment
(d) Dependent on section dimensions
251. The ultimate moment capacity of a mild steel
section is usually
(a) Equal to the plastic moment capacity
(b) More than the yield moment capacity
(c) Less than the plastic moment capacity but
more than the yield moment capacity
(d) More than the plastic moment capacity


Infinity Educations India

[4.26] Civil Engineering

Answer Keys
1.(c) 2.(d) 3.(c) 4.(b) 5.(d) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(d) 10.(a)
11.(d) 12.(d) 13.(b) 14.(b) 15.(c) 16.(c) 17.(c) 18.(c) 19.(d) 20.(b)
21.(c) 22.(c) 23.(d) 24.(a) 25.(a) 26.(a) 27.(c) 28.(c) 29.(a) 30.(c)
31.(c) 32.(c) 33.(d) 34.(c) 35.(a) 36.(c) 37.(a) 38.(a) 39.(b) 40.(b)
41.(b) 42.(d) 43.(c) 44.(d) 45.(c) 46.(d) 47.(b) 48.(c) 49.(d) 50.(b)
51.(a) 52.(c) 53.(b) 54.(b) 55.(b) 56.(d) 57.(b) 58.(d) 59.(d) 60.(c)
61.(b) 62.(d) 63.(c) 64.(a) 65.(b) 66.(d) 67.(b) 68.(b) 69.(c) 70.(c)
71.(b) 72.(d) 73.(d) 74.(a) 75.(c) 76.(c) 77.(b) 78.(d) 79.(c) 80.(a)
81.(c) 82.(b) 83.(a) 84.(b) 85.(d) 86.(d) 87.(d) 88.(a) 89.(c) 90.(b)
91.(d) 92.(c) 93.(d) 94.(d) 95.(d) 96.(b) 97.(b) 98.(c) 99.(c) 100.(b)
101.(d) 102.(d) 103.(a) 104.(d) 105.(c) 106.(d) 107.(b) 108.(a) 109.(d) 110.(c)
111.(d) 112.(d) 113.(c) 114.(d) 115.(d) 116.(d) 117.(b) 118.(a) 119.(d) 120.(d)
121.(b) 122.(a) 123.(b) 124.(b) 125.(d) 126.(b) 127.(b) 128.(c) 129.(d) 130.(a)
131.(c) 132.(c) 133.(c) 134.(d) 135.(a) 136.(c) 137.(d) 138.(d) 139.(b) 140.(a)
141.(b) 142.(a) 143.(b) 144.(c) 145.(a) 146.(c) 147.(a) 148.(b) 149.(c) 150.(b)
151.(b) 152.(b) 153.(b) 154.(a) 155.(c) 156.(d) 157.(b) 158.(a) 159.(d) 160.(d)
161.(c) 162.(b) 163.(c) 164.(b) 165.(a) 166.(b) 167.(c) 168.(c) 169.(c) 170.(b)
171.(a) 172.(d) 173.(a) 174.(b) 175.(b) 176.(d) 177.(a) 178.(c) 179.(b) 180.(a)
181.(b) 182.(a) 183.(c) 184.(d) 185.(b) 186.(b) 187.(a) 188.(b) 189.(d) 190.(c)
191.(b) 192.(c) 193.(b) 194.(d) 195.(d) 196.(c) 197.(a) 198.(d) 199.(b) 200.(d)
201.(c) 202.(b) 203.(b) 204.(a) 205.(c) 206.(c) 207.(c) 208.(c) 209.(d) 210.(a)
211.(c) 212.(a) 213.(c) 214.(c) 215.(c) 216.(a) 217.(b) 218.(c) 219.(c) 220.(a)
221.(a) 222.(b) 223.(c) 224.(c) 225.(c) 226.(a) 227.(d) 228.(c) 229.(c) 230.(a)
231.(b) 232.(b) 233.(a) 234.(c) 235.(b) 236.(a) 237.(c) 238.(d) 239.(b) 240.(a)
241.(b) 242.(d) 243.(b, c) 244.(c) 245.(d) 246.(a) 247.(a) 248.(a) 249.(a) 250.(d)
251.(a)


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Design of Steel Structures [4.27]

Solution and Explanation

Length of the weld,
Structural Fasteners
l = d = 100  mm
1. (c)
For a rivet with nominal diameter less than or d
Twisting moment = Fl 
equal to 25 mm, the hole diameter is taken 1.5 2
mm more than nominal diameter. For nominal = 42.42 × 100  × 50
diameter more than 25 mm, the hole diameter is = 212100 kg-mm
2 mm more than the nominal diameter. The rivet
= 212.1  kg-m
is heated uniformly from temperature 550°C to
1000°C and after placing it in the hole in the 4. (b)
heated condition, its head is pressed on the rivet. Throat being the minimum section will carry
Thus it fills the hole completely. However it can maximum stress. Thus, it is weakest.
be cold driven also. 5. (d)
Diameter of rivet hole = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm The connection, whether riveted, bolted or welded,
The net cross-sectional area of plate can be designed as flexible, semi-rigid or rigid
= (30 – 1.95) connections. Flexible connections are also known
= 28.05 cm2 as simply connections. These connections are
2. (d) assumed to resist shear only. Rigid connections,
For eccentric riveted connection, also known as moment connections, can resist
Direct shear force, both shear and bending moments at the
connections. Semi-rigid connections resist the
P bending moment in between the flexible and rigid
RP =
N connections.
P  Load with eccentricity (e) Plastic or ultimate design considers complete
N  Number of rivets mobilization of strength of material. This method
Shear force due to eccentricity, does not take into consideration the effect of
impact, fatigue, creep and shrinkage. The
Per serviceability requirements of avoidance of
Rm =
r 2 excessive deflection and cracking are not
r  radial distance of rivet from centroid. considered.
   6. (a)
Resultant R = RP  Rm
Plastic deformation of metals below the
The magnitude of resultant should be less than
recrystallization temperature is known as cold
rivet value.
working. In this process steel is loaded above
3. (c) elastic limit to have some plastic strain which in
The strength of weld (F) turn omits upper yield point later.
= 0.707 × 10 × 6 7. (b)
= 42.42 kg/mm

Infinity Educations India

[4.28] Civil Engineering
8. (b) 12. (d)
The effective length of fillet weld is taken equal Pinned connection are provided when hinged joints
to its overall length minus twice the weld size. are required i.e., for the connection where zero
The deduction is made to allow for craters to be moment or free rotation is desired. Introduction of
formed at the ends of the welded length. The a hinge simplifies the analysis by reducing
effective length of a fillet should not be less than indeterminacy. These also reduce the secondary
4 times the weld size. stresses but do not make them zero. A pin is
9. (d) subjected to shear, bearing and flexure.
For rivets with diameter < 25 mm 13. (b)
Diameter of the hole = (d + 1.5) mm As per clause 3.9.22 IS 800 : 1984, the permissible
For rivets with diameter > 25 mm stresses for rivets are increased by 25% when effect
Diameter of the hole = (d + 2) mm of wind and seismic load is taken into account.
For 28 mm diameter, diameter of hole 14. (b)
= (28 + 2) mm Regardless of the direction in which load is applied,
fillet weld fails by shear on throat.
= 30 mm
15. (c)
This provision is provided for ease of alignment of
bolt. The connection is concentric in double cover butt
joint whereas in lap joint and single cover butt
10. (a)
joint the connection is eccentric.
Efficiency of riveted joint,
Cover plate
Strength of riveted joint Main plate
 = Strength of solid plate  100 Eccentric

4 3 2 1
Single cover butt joint

P Bolt Joint
P

4 3 2 1
The section 1 – 1 is most critical. The strength of
joint at section 1 – 1 is (b – d) t at. Double cover butt joint

The strength of solid plate is b t at.

Eccentric
bd
So =  100
b
11. (d) Lap Joint

Strength of one rivet in single shear

 2 16. (c)
= Ps  d  vf For mild steel
4
Strength of double riveted double cover butt joint (i) Proportional limit 190 – 220 N/mm2
per pitch length = Pd (ii) Yield strength 230 – 250 N/mm2
 2 (iii) Ultimate strength 410 – 530 N/mm2
= 2  2  d  vf (iv) Fracture strength 250 – 300 N/mm2
4
But P d = nPs (given) (v) Elongation at fracture 23 – 35%
 P d = 4Ps Thus the order of elongation is 10%

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Design of Steel Structures [4.29]
17. (c) T0 = 40 kN
Zigzag is not a weld type. Fillet, Butt, Plug, Lap,
P cos 45
Slot, Seam are type of welds. V=
4
18. (c)
Base plates are provided to distribute the load of Psin 45
T=
a column on greater area. 4
19. (d)
P P
In riveted joint, failure can occur by shear failure So,  < 1.4
2  4  30 3  4  40
and bearing failure of rivet and tearing failure of
plate. Strength of joint is calculated for each mode  P < 135.76
of failure and minimum value is taken as joint 24. (a)
strength. Toughness is the ability of a metal to resist fracture
20. (b) and it is significant for ductile materials only. Ductile
As per IS 800-1984, In case of wind or earthquake materials have greater fracture strain, hence they
load, allowable stresses can be increased by 25% are more tough e.g. mild steel is more tough than
in design of rivets and bolts for steel structures. cast iron. Toughness, for this reason is desirable
against impact loading.
21. (c)
25. (a)
In the case of inclined loads.
As per IS Code, Permissible stresses in weld shall
A rivet nearest to the load axis will be critical. not exceed allowable stress for parent metal.
Extending the line of action of load P, it passes
26. (a)
almost through the rivet 3. So rivet 3 is most
critical. As per IS 800-1984, Permissible stress are reduced
by 10% for the field rivets.
22. (c)
27. (c)
The forces on either side balance each other so
Not sectional area of the plate = (B – d')t
force in bolts is due to moment only. Moment on
the rivets = [300 – (16 + 1.5)] × 10
M = P × 100 + P × 100 = 200P = 282.5 × 10
= 2825 mm2
The distance of any rivet from centroid (r)
28. (c)
= 2 2
(30)  (40)  50 mm The safe load that can be transmitted by the fillet
welded joint is given by
The maximum force in the bolt
S

Mr Mr
 2 =
M 200P P = t  108
2
 P 2
r 4r 4r 4  50
23. (d) 6
= (60  50  60)   108
According to IS : 800, the rivet and bolts subjected 2
to both shear and tension shall follow the relation = 77895 N = 77.895 kN
V T 29. (a)

V0 T0 < 1.4 Bolt designated as Hex bolt M16 × 70NL has 16
mm as nominal diameter of the bolt and 70 mm
Here, V0 = 30 kN as the length of the bolt.

Infinity Educations India

[4.30] Civil Engineering
30. (c) 35. (a)
As per IS 800-1984, maximum longitudinal pitch As per IS 800, full strength of square-edged fillet
allowed in bolted joints of tension members is 16 weld can be ensured if its maximum size is limited
times the thickness of plate subject to maximum to 1.5 mm less than the plate thickness and when
spacing 200 mm. fillet weld is applied to round toe of rolled steel
31. (c) section, maximum size of weld should not exceed
Number of rivets 3/4 of thickness of section of toe.
P 700 36. (c)
=   20
Rivet value 35 For rivets, bolts and tension rods, the permissible
32. (c) stress may be increased by 25%.
Tacking or stitch rivets are used to make the For structural steel and steel casings, the
section act in unison, and to prevent buckling in 1
compression members, where two or more sections permissible stresses may be increased by 33 %.
3
are in contact.
When the distance between the centres of two 37. (a)
consecutive rivets in such cases exceeds the The value of K depends upon the angle between
maximum specified pitch of 12t or 200 mm, the fusion faces as given in table
whichever is less, in compression members and Angle b/w
60  90 91  100 101  106 107  113 114  120
16t or 200 mm, whichever is less in tension fusion faces
Constant K 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5
members, additional rivets are provided. These
are not subjected to calculated stresses and are 38. (a)
called tacking or stitch rivets. 39. (b)
33. (d) No structural engineer can guarantee the safety
The maximum longitudinal pitch in tension is 16t of a structure. WSM results in uneconomical
or 200 mm which ever is less and in compression design.
is 12t or 200 mm whichever is less. To account for uncertainty in strength and
34. (c) serviceability of a structure FOSs are introduced.
The overlap should not be less than 40. (b)
5 × 16 = 80 mm Bearing strength = fb dt
Let length of the overlap be equal to ‘l’ then total = 250 × 16 × 5
length of the filet weld = 2l + 200. = 20 kN
Size of the fillet weld = 8 mm and throat thickness 41. (b)
= 0.7s = 5.6
Effective length of fillet weld
The joint will be designed for full strength of the
= Actual length – 2 × weld size.
plate. Strength of the fillet weld
This deduction is made to compensate for craters
= 110 × (2l + 200) × 5.6
to be formed at the end of welded length.
Strength of the plate
42. (d)
= 150 × (200 × 16)
= 240000 N Throat thickness = 0.7 × size of weld
For fillet weld to carry full strength of plate = 0.7 × 8 = 5.6 mm
 110 × (2l + 200) × 5.6 = 24000 Safe force = (80 + 60 + 80) × 5.6 × 110
 l = 94.5 mm = 135520 N
= 100 mm = 135.520 kN

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Design of Steel Structures [4.31]
43. (c)
Section A1 (mm)2 A 2 (mm 2 ) A(mm 2 )
Nominal diameter of bolt = 20 mm
ISA75  50  6 432 282 663.60
Then diameter of hole = 20 + 2 = 22 mm
ISA60  40  5 287.5 187.5 441.52
Minimum pitch = 2.5 × 20 = 50 mm
Minimum end/edge distance = 1.5 × 22 = 33 mm ISA50  30  4 192 112 285.77
Let n be the number of bolts, then ISA45  30  4 212.5 137.5 325.60
2 × 33 + (n – 1) × 50 = 140 Thus ISA 60 × 40 × 5 is most suitable with net
 n = 2.48 area 441.52 mm2, which is more than required
Therefore, maximum 2 number of bolts can be area of 333.33 mm2 to resist the load.
provided 48. (c)
44. (d) The maximum load capacity of tension member is
Filet welds carry the loads computed based on 0.85 Acfy
the shear strength characteristics of fusion material. For compression member the load capacity is 1.7
45. (c) Aeac
The possibility of block shear failure increases ac  allowable compression
with the use of high bearing strength material and The maximum shear capacity of beam column is
high strength bolts which results in fewer bolts 0.55 Awfy where Aw is the effective cross-sectional
and smaller connection lengths. area resisting shear.
46. (d) 49. (d)
As per IS code 800 : 2007, Clause 6.1. For structural steel and steel castings, the
Tension Member 1
permissible stresses may be increased by 33 %.
47. (b) 3
The net area required For rivets, bolts and tension rods, the permissible
stress may be increased by 25%.
Axial load
= 50. (b)
Permissible stress
As per IS 800-1984, the maximum allowable
50  103 slenderness ratio is 180 for a tension member in
=  333.33 mm 2 which a reversal of direct stress due to load other
150
than wind or seismic force occurs.
For an angle of size ISA a × b × t
51. (a)
The area of connected leg with dimension ‘a’ A1
52. (c)
= (a – t/2)t
The area of outstand leg with dimension ‘b’ A2 = The permissible tensile stress
(b – t/2)t = 0.6 fy
It is better to connect larger leg and leave smaller = 0.6 × 250
leg as outstand. = 150 N/mm2
Net effective area, 53. (b)
A = A1 + kA2 Usually ratio of ultimate stress to working stress
is called factor of safety. In elastic theory of design
1 3A1
k=  the material factor of safety is only considered
A
1  2 3A1  A 2 and the ratio of yield stress to working stress is
3A1 called factor of safety.

Infinity Educations India

[4.32] Civil Engineering
54. (b) 58. (d)
The stress-strain relationship is idealized to consists Strength of member = allowable tensile stress ×
of two straight lines as shown in the figure. Net area of the angle
Net area × Gross Area – deduction for holes.
fy 59. (d)
For single angle,
Stress

Idealised
stress-strain
curve 3A1
k = 3A  A
1 2
Strain For angles connected back-to-back on the same
55. (b) side of the gusset plate.
The distance between centres of two adjacent
rivets, in a line lying in the direction of stress, shall 5A1
k = 5A  A
not exceed 16t or 200 mm, whichever is less in 1 2
tension members and 12t or 200 mm, whichever 60. (c)
is less in compression member. 61. (b)
 c/c distance = Lesser of (16 × 10, 200) As per IS : 800-1984, the permissible stress in
= 160 mm axial tension (at) in MPa on the net effective
56. (d) area of the section shall not exceed
Lug angles are used to reduce the length of at = 0.6fy
connections. Figure below shows the lug angle where fy = minimum yield stress of steel in MPa.
connection with a channel type of tension member. The permissible stress in tension has been worked
Lug angle out after applying a factor of safety of 1.65.
62. (d)
Channel Tacking or stitch rivets are used to make the
sections act in unison, and to prevent buckling in
compression members where two or more sections
are in contact.
63. (c)
In the case of single angle connected through one
leg, the net effective sectional area shall be taken
Gusset as
57. (b) Anet = A1 + kA2
Load carrying capacity
A
= Net effective area × 0.6 fy where A1 = area of connected leg =
Let (A/2) be the area of one leg of angle. 2
Without tack riveting as in case (a) and (d) the A
net effective area = 1.75 A/2 = 0.875A. A2 = area of unconnected leg =
2
In case (c) when the angles are back to back on
3A
the same side of the gusset, the net effective area 3A1 3
 2 
will be 0.917A. k=
3A1  A 2 3A  A 4
In the case (b) where a pair of angles are on both 2 2
sides of the gusset, the net effective area = A.
Therefore maximum tensile load can be carried A 3 A
 Anet =    0.875A
by the angles connected in case (b). 2 4 2

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Design of Steel Structures [4.33]

64. (a) Compression Member

Maximum allowable tensile strength
70. (c)
= 0.6 fy The minimum ratio of thickness of elements in
= 0.6 × 400 compression in terms of their outstanding length is
= 240 MPa specified in order to prevent local buckling of the
65. (b) element and hence to make the entire cross
section effective in compression.
Net sectional area of the plate is given by
71. (b)
Anet = (B – nd') × t
When the end of the column is machined for
= [300 – 1 × (18 + 1.5)] × 10 complete bearing on the base plate, 50% of the
= 2805 mm2 axial column load is assumed to be transferred to
66. (d) the base plate by direct bearing and the remaining
The net area of the tension member is given by 50% of axial load will be transferred through the
fastenings including the gusset plates, angle cleats,
Anet = A1 + kA2
stiffeners etc.
 10  Where the end of the column shaft and the gusset
A1 = 100    10  (21.5  10) plates not faced for complete bearing, the
 2
fastenings connecting to the base plate are designed
= 735 mm2 to transmit all forces to which the base plate is
subjected.
 10  2
A2 = 100    10  950 mm 72. (d)
 2 
Degree of restraint Effective Length
The angle section is connected by one leg only. (i) Effectively held in 1.2L
3A1 3  735 position and restrained
 k = 3A  A  3  735  950 against rotation at one
1 2
end, and the other
= 0.7 end restrained against
 Anet = 735 + 0.7 × 950 = 1400 mm2 rotation but not held
 Psafe = at × Anet inposition.
= 150 × 1400 × 10–3 = 210 kN (ii) Effectively held in 1.5L
67. (b) position and restrained
T = A × (0.6 fy) against rotation at one
=  × 20 × 2 × 0.6 × 300 end, and the other end
is partially restrained
= 22.62 kN
against rotation but not
68. (b)
held in position.
In T-section and flat section only, force pass
(iii) Effectively held in 2.0L
through CG of section so (a) and (c) ruled out.
position at one end
Since flat section flutter during wind or any dynamic
loading that is why we prefer T-section as best but not restrained against
for tension member. rotation, and at the other
end restrained against rotation
69. (c)
but not held in position.
Infinity Educations India
[4.34] Civil Engineering
(iv) Effectively held in 2.0L 80. (a)
position and restrained leff
against rotation at one Slenderness ratio,  =
r
end but neither held in Lesser the value of  (greater radius of gyration
position nor restrained r), the column can take more load. Maximum radius
against rotation at the of gyration is obtained when material is farthest
other end. from centroid. Therefore box section is best.
73. (d) 81. (c)
The grillage base essentially consists of steel 82. (b)
beams encased in concrete. They are provided Area of section
when = (100 – 5) × 10 + (100 – 5) × 10
(i) The load on the column is very heavy = 1900 mm2
(ii) The bearing capacity of the soil on which the Radius of gyration = 19.4 mm
concrete block is to be placed may be poor. (From properties of sections)
They are designed for bending, shear and web 3000
Slenderness ratio =  154.6
crippling 19.4
74. (a) Allowable compressive stress = 43 MPa
Maximum permissible slenderness ratio = 180 Capacity of section
 Unbraced length = 180 × 20 = 43 × 1900 = 81700 N = 81.7 kN
= 3600 mm = 3.6 m 83. (a)
75. (c) As per IS 800-1984, for a steel member carrying
76. (c) compressive loads resulting from dead load and
imposed load the maximum allowable slenderness
The member is effectively held in position at lower
ratio is 180.
end but not restrained against rotation. At the upper
end, it is restrained against rotation but not held in 84. (b)
position. As per IS : 800-1984 Clause 5.7.2.3 the
slenderness ratio of the lacing bars for compression
77. (b)
members shall not exceed 145.
Effective length = 0.80 L = 0.80 × 4 = 3.2 m
85. (d)
78. (d)
Splices should be provided 30 cm or 15 cm above
It is equivalent to a compression member whose the floor line. At this height it is convenient for the
one end fixed against rotation and position end the workman to add the next section of the storey
other and neither restrained against rotation nor above. Theoretically the splice plate should be
fixed in position in the direction perpendicular to located at the point of contraflexure of the column.
wire. So effective length = 2L = 10 m 86. (d)
In the direction of wire, the pole is hinged at wire Permissible values
end so effective length = 0.8L = 4.0m Axial tensile stress = 0.6fy
79. (c) Bearing stress = 0.75fy
Load carried by lacing = 2.5% of axial load. Maximum shear stress = 0.45fy
2.5 Stress in slab base = 185 MPa for all type of
=  125  3.125N steels.
100

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Design of Steel Structures [4.35]
87. (d) without rotation and therefore rigid connections
Tie plates are provided at points where lacing would be the best choice. Clip angle connection,
system is interrupted or at the ends of lacing split beam connection and bracket connection (end
system in laced compression member to check plate connection) are rigid connections.
the distortion of end cross-section. 94. (d)
88. (a) 95. (d)
Permissible tensile stresses in bolts used for column
Since the floor beam is weak so the top end of
bases is 120 N/mm2.
the column behaves like a free end. Therefore
89. (c)
the effective length of the column is 2 × 4 = 8 m.
As per IS 800-1984, the slenderness ratio of lacing
96. (b)
bars should not exceed 145.
90. (b) As per IS 800-1984, the maximum permissible
Strut is a compression member used in the roof slenderness ratio of a compression member which
truss and bracing. They are of small span and undergoes reversal of stresses due to wind or
may be vertical or inclined. earthquake load is 250.
The principal rafter is a top chord member in a 97. (b)
roof truss and boom is the principal compression For single angle discontinuous
member in a crane. (i) One rivet or bolt – Effective length is the
Column, stanchion or post is a vertical compression distance between the centres of end fastenings
member supporting flats or girders in a building. (ii) Two or more rivets or welding – Effective
91. (d) length is 0.85 times the distance between node
For torsion resistance, the best section is solid points.
circular shaft or hollow circular shaft. The area
98. (c)
of section should be away from the axis of the
If the column ends and gusset materials are not
section and it should be symmetrical about the
faced/machined for complete bearing, the fasteners
axis. Therefore box section is most desirable.
are designed for the total forces to be transferred.
92. (c)
If they are faced/machined for complete bearing,
It is assumed that 50% of axial load is transferred
50% of the forces are transferred directly by the
by direct bearing and remaining 50% through
column and 50% through the fasteners.
fastening when the end of column is machined
smooth for complete bearing in a gusseted base. 99. (c)
93. (d) 100. (b)
The beam column connections expected to resist 101. (d)
and transfer end reactions only are termed as As per IS 800-1984, the maximum permissible
shear connections or flexible connections. These slenderness ratio of a compression member which
permit free rotation of the beam end and do not undergoes reversal of stresses due to loads other
have any moment restraint. Bracket connections, than wind or seismic force is 180.
seat connections (unstiffened and stiffened) and 102. (d)
framed connections are of flexible type.
Battens are designed to carry bending moment
The other type of connections which doe not permit
and shear force arising from the transverse shear
any relative rotation between the beam and column
force which is 2.5% of the total axial force on the
and are expected to resist moment in addition to
whole compression member.
end reactions are termed as moment connection
103. (a)
or rigid connections. For cantilever arm both
moment and end reaction is to be transferred 104. (d)

Infinity Educations India

[4.36] Civil Engineering
105. (c)
Effective
Batten plate is horizontal rectangular plate that is Type Sections Allowable
Lengths
used to connect pairs of steel sections by being 0.7L to
1. Continuous Single or double angle ac
riveted or welded connection across to form the 1.00 L
composite section. The batten plates are designed 2. Discontinuous
Single angle connected
1.00L 0.8ac
with one rivet
to resist simultaneously both the longitudinal shear
Single angle connected
and moments arising from transverse shear.
3. Discontinuous with more than one rivet 0.85L ac
106. (d) or with weld
The lacing system is designed for a load which is Double angles placed
0.70 L to
2.5% of the axial load i.e. 4. Discontinuous back to back on opposite ac
0.85 L
sides or gusset palte
2.5
Pdesign =  160 = 4 tonnes Double angle placed
100 5. Discontinuous back to back on same 1.00L ac
107. (b) side of gusset plate

108. (a)
111. (d)
109. (d)
The cross-sectional shape of an axial loaded column The steel tabular strut depending on the slenderness
depends largely on the length and load on the column. ratio and thickness, can fail due to compression
In its design information required will be the length yielding, overall buckling or skin buckling.
of the member, the end conditions and the loads it 112. (d)
has to support. Section which provides a large radius
The buckling load of a steel column pinned at
of gyration without providing more area and in which
both ends is
the average compressive stress does not exceed
the allowable compressive stress is preferred. The
2 EI 2 EI
slenderness ratio ( = l/r) should be less than the P1 = 2
  200 kN
permissible slenderness ratio. For this estimated leff l2
value of slenderness ratio, the maximum allowable
when the column is restrained against lateral
compressive stress, ac is calculated.
The load carrying capacity of the member is movement at its mid height
computed by multiplying the maximum compressive l
stress thus obtained with the cross sectional area leff =
2
provided. This value of the load carrying capacity
of the member should be more than the load to be
supported by it. 2 EI  2 EI
 P2 =  4   800 kN
110. (c) (l / 2) 2 l2
A continuous strut is a compression member which 113. (c)
is continuous over a number of joints, much as a
As per IS 800-1984, Laced compression members
top chord member of a truss bridge girder, principal
shall be provided with tie plates at the end of
rafter of a roof truss, etc. In the chord members
lacing systems and at the points where systems
of roof truss, double unequal angle sections with
are interrupted. This is to check the distortion of
their short legs placed back to back on the opposite
column sections at the end because of unbalanced
side of the gusset plate are used. This provides
horizontal force from lacings.
greater overall stiffness to the truss against lateral
bending. A discontinuous strut is a compression 114. (d)
member which extends between two adjacent As per IS 800-1984,
joints only, e.g., vertical or inclined compression
members in a roof truss.

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Design of Steel Structures [4.37]
124. (b)
Web crippling occurs due to compression at the
supports of a beam, where the bottom flange is
resting on a support and top flange is holding up the
P concentrated load. Also, it is dependent on h/tw ratio,
not on width of flanges.

l = 2L
125. (d)
As per IS 800 : 2007 Clause : 12.5.2.2, slenderness
L ratio of bracing member shall not exceed 160 (only
hangers).

Beams
One end fixed and other free 126. (b)
115. (d) For unstiffened webs the permissible shear stress,
As per IS 800-1984, the effective width of outstand va = 0.4 fy
in a compound steel column for design purpose is For stiffened web.
equal to distance of free edge to the nearest row (i) For webs where distance between vertical
of rivets. stiffeners (c) is less than ‘d’
116. (d)
Lacing system in a column is designed to resist a  f y (c/t) 
va = 0.4f  1.3  
transverse shear of 2.5% of axial load y
 4000{1+0.5(c/d) 2 } 

2.5
=  1200  30 kN (ii) For webs where distance between vertical
100
stiffeners (c) is more than ‘d’
117. (b)
In case of battend structure, effective length is  f y (d/t) 
increased by 10% va = 0.4f y 1.3  
  1 2 
 Le = 1.1 L 4000 1+ (d/c) 
  2  
118. (a)
119. (d) Thus with increased spacing between vertical
120. (d) stiffeners, va decreases.
The two or more individual sections e.g. angles, 127. (b)
channels etc. of built-up columns are connected In multistoreyed buildings (or tier buildings)
by lacing or batten and act together as one unit. consisting of steel stanchions and beam framing,
121. (b) it is advisable to encase the steel frame in concrete
y y to make it fire resistant and more pleasing to eye.
It is a composite beam. The minimum width of
i min 1 i min 2 solid casing is (B + 100). The radius of gyration
about yy-axis is 0.2 (B + 100).
128. (c)
y y
The framed connection is made by two angles
Imin 2 > Imin 1
placed on the two sides of the web of the beam.
122. (a)
The framed connection and seated connection are
123. (b) classified as flexible connections.

Infinity Educations India

[4.38] Civil Engineering
Seated connection consist of a horizontal angle 133. (c)
with its horizontal leg at its top to receive the ISLB  IS Light Beam
beam on it. ISMB  IS Medium Beam
129. (d) ISWB  IS Wide Flange Beam
Due to small lateral movement of trains even when ISHB  IS Heavy Beam
moving on straight track, lateral forces are applied ISLB are used for roof beams, vehicle frames in
by the train to the track. This horizontal lateral trucks, etc.
load (raking force) is taken equal to 5.88 kN/m ISMB are used as elements in frames, floor beams,
and treated as a moving load. etc. They have high have high moment of inertia
130. (a) abut x-axis when compared with y-axis. The lateral
Type of End condition Effective
buckling strength is not high as the radius of
member of Bracing length l gyration about y-axis is low.
Restrained against torsion ISHB are heavy beams even though they have
L
(i) unrestrained against radius of gyration close to the corresponding
Simply lateral bending medium beams. The thickness of flanges and web
supported (ii) partially restrained are on the higher side.
0.85 L
beams against lateral bending ISWB have high radius of gyration about y-axis
(iii) fully restrained against compared to ISMB or ISHB. Therefore they have
0.7 L
lateral bending relatively higher lateral buckling capacity and can
Distance between
All Effective lateral bracing at be efficiently used as columns in buildings.
intersections of
Members intervals along the length 134. (d)
bracings with member
An angle connected to the back of flange of a
131. (c) channel section as shown in figure will shift the
The correct matching is: shear centre towards the channel web and hence
Truss: shortening will make the load pass through the shear centre.
Beam: bending 135. (a)
Column: buckling As per IS 800-1984, if torsion is permitted at ends
Shaft: twisting of a simply supported beam by not providing cleats,
132. (c) the effective length of the compression flange shall
Maximum bending moment, be increased by 20%.
136. (c)
wl 2 30  4 2
M=   60 kN-m The connection when a steel beam is connected
8 8
to steel column by means of two angles placed on
Required section modulus, two sides of web is a framed connection which is
M 60  106 torsion resistant but not resistant to warping.
Zreq = 0.66f  137. (d)
y 0.66  250
We know that section modulus of beam is
= 363636.36 mm3
I xx
= 363.6 cm3 Z= Y
Beam section Z(cm3) max

ISMB 500 1808.7  Ixx = Z × Ymax

ISMB 400 1022.9
3 300
ISMB 300 573.6 = 600  10 
2
ISMB 600 3060.4
Therefore ISMB 300 is suitable. = 90000 × 103 mm4

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Design of Steel Structures [4.39]
When the plates are welded to the beam, the 139. (b)
moment of inertia of the built up section is Design of the plate girder with intermediate
increased stiffeners, can be done by limiting their shear
200 mm capacity to shear buckling strength.
10 mm Allowable shear stress in the web of a beam
decreases with increase in h/t ratio and increase
in distance between stiffeners.
140. (a)

300 mm
x x 141. (b)
Shear determines the design of beams.
1. When the depth of beam section is small and
is loaded uniformly.
10 mm
2. When large concentrated loads are placed near
Ixx of plates about the centroidal axis beam supports.
 200  103  3. In plate girder where the web thickness is
= 2   200  10  (150  5) 2  small.
 12 
According to I.S. 800-1984 the maximum
= 96133.34 × 103 mm4
permissible shear stress should not exceed the
Ixx of built up section = 90,000 × 103
value of vm given by vm = 0.45 fy.
+ 96133.34 × 103
The permissible average shear stress va on a
= 186133.34 × 103 mm4
web whose depth does not exceed 85 times its
 Section modulus of the built up section
thickness, is equal to 0.40 fy.
186133.34  103
= Allowable shear stress in the web of a beam
320 / 2 decreases with increase in h/t ratio and increase
= 1163.33 × 103 mm3
in distance between stiffeners.
The section modulus calculated above is less than
142. (a)
1220 × 103 mm3 because the moment of inertia of
the welding was not incorporated in the The webs of rolled steel sections are subjected to
calculations. a large amount of stresses just below the
138. (d) concentrated loads and above the reactions from
The factor of safety is given as the support. Stress concentration occurs at the
junction of the web and the flange. As a result,
Yield stress
F1 =  1.5 large bearing stress are developed below the
Allowable stress
concentrated loads. The web near the portion of
When the allowable stress is increased by 20%,
the stress concentration tends to fold over the
then factor of safety will be
flange. This type of local buckling phenomenon is
Yield stress
F2 = called crippling or crimpling of the web.
1.2×Allowable stress
The web of the plate girder being relatively tall
1 Yield stress and thin is a poor compression member and hence,
 F2 = 
1.2 Alowable stress the possibility of vertical and diagonal buckling is
1 always there. Either the web is stiffened vertically
 F2 =  1.5  1.25
1.2 as well as horizontally or the compressive stress
 Load factor = Shape factor × Factor of safety in the web is kept low enough by increasing the
= 1.12 × F2 = 1.12 × 1.25 web thickness to prevent crippling.
= 1.40

Infinity Educations India

[4.40] Civil Engineering
143. (b) 150. (b)
If the compression flange is restrained laterally An angle iron purlin is unsymmetrical about both
against buckling or if the beam is to bend about the axes. IS : 800-1984 permits the use of the
the axis of minimum strength (y-y) axis, the beam angle section as a purlin, provided the slope of the
is said to be laterally restrained. roof truss is less than 30°. The vertical loads and
144. (c) wind loads are assumed to be normal to the roof
According to IS 875 Part-III. truss. The bending moment about minor axis is
k1  probability factor or risk coefficient neglected. The bending moment in a purlin may
k2  terrain, height and structure size factor be taken as WL/10 where W is the total distributed
k3  topography factor load on the purlin including wind load. Under the
calculated bending moment, the allowable bending
Plate Girders and Industrial Roofs
stress is taken without lateral instability effect into
145. (a) account. Also, since the roof sheeting provides
146. (c) support against lateral buckling the allowable
The location of shear centre for the Z-purlin bending stress is not reduced on this account. For
coincide with the centroid. Therefore both the designing purlins, limiting deflection condition for
orientations are structurally equally efficient. beams is not applied.
147. (a)
151. (b)
Web is relatively large in depth and thin. It is poor
in compression and hence, the possibility of vertical Wind on moving load (vehicle) is assumed to be
and diagonal buckling is always there. Either the acting at 1.5 m above deck and it is 300 kg/m for
web is stiffened vertically as well as horizontally ordinary high bridges.
or the compressive stress in the web should be 152. (b)
low enough to prevent buckling. Design pressure = (Cpe – Cpt)p
148. (b) Where Cpe, Cpt  external and internal pressure
As per IS : 800-1984 Clause 6.7.3.1 (a), the coefficients respectively.
thickness of the web plate for unstiffened web is
Highly permeable buildings have more than 20%
d  va,cal d fl openings and Cpi = ± 0.7
the greater of and but not less
816 1344 The external wind pressure coefficient depends
upon
d
than where va,cal is calculated average stress (i) height to width ratio of the building
85
(ii) length of width ratio of the building
in the web due to shear force.
(iii) angle of incidence
149. (c)
MI (iv) location of wall with respect to wind, such as
windward side or leeward side.
tB3
Iw = In the absence of any such information (b) is the
12 best option.
tB3  Bt 3 Bt  B  153. (b)
I=  2   
12  12 2  For broad and metre gauge with single track impact
Mw Iw 8
= factor = 0.15  subjected to maximum of 1.
M I 6L
M
Mwe = For, L=6m
7

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Design of Steel Structures [4.41]

8 158. (a)
Impact factor = 0.15 +  0.15  0.67  0.82
12 When the thickness of web is less than D'/200
However, there is no such option, therefore the vertical stiffeners should be provided.
closest answer 0.75 can be chosen. 159. (d)
154. (a)
As per IS 800-1984 Clause 3.9.2.2, in design of
Economic spacing of the truss is the spacing that
steel bridges the allowable stresses in steel
makes the overall cost of trusses, purlins, roof
coverings, columns etc. minimum. It depends upon 1
member may be increased by 33 % in case of
the relative cost of trusses, purlins, roof coverings, 3
spacing of columns, etc. For economic spacing wind or seismic force.
the cost of trusses, 160. (d)
t = 2p + r
Dead load and live load act downward.
p  cost of purlins
r  cost of roof coverings 161. (c)
155. (c) The net area of the web will be 75% of the gross
156. (d) area. Thus, effective web area becomes
The rivets will be under double shear.
Aw A
ISF 400 has thickness = 12 mm =  0.75  w
6 8
Permissible
Permissible Aw
Type of rivet bearing on Net area of the flange plate in tension = A f  .
shear stress 8
rivet
(i) Power-driven rivet 162. (b)
in shop 100 300 Horizontal stiffener is provided when the vertical
in field 90 270 stiffeners become too close and only thin plates
(ii) Hand driven rivets 80 250 are available for web. It is provided when the
depth of web is more and there is a tendency of
Resistance in Resistance Rivet No. of web buckling.
double shear (kN) in bearing value rivets
(kN) 800/rivets 163. (c)
value According to IS 875, the pressure coefficient is
(i) minimum when the roof slope is equal to 30°.
Power-
driven 164. (b)
in shop 106 93.6 106 8 The effective flange area for plate girder
in field 95.6 84.2 95.6 9 = Af + Aw/6
(ii) Hand 84.9 78.0 84.9 10
driven The effective area for tension flange

However, truss girder of a bridge is riveted by = Af + Aw/8

power driven rivets in field. Therefore number of In tension flange area is reduced to account for
rivets needed will be 9. rivet holes.
157. (b) 165. (a)
Loads for Gantry girder: The channel provided on the top flange increases
(i) Vertical loads (gravity loads) the lateral resistance against the horizontal surge.
(ii) lateral loads Therefore it accounts for bending in horizontal
(iii) longitudinal loads plane.

Infinity Educations India

[4.42] Civil Engineering
166. (b)
A 7
For vertical stiffened web of plate girder, the lesser AF = A   A
6 6
clear dimension of panel should not exceed 180 t.
For punctured girder
And the greater unsupported clear dimension of
web panel should not exceed 270 t. AF = A
167. (c) A
Aw =
Purlins are assumed to be continuous beams. 2
168. (c)
A 13
Bearing stiffeners are provided under concentrated So, A2 = A   A
12 12
loads and at the point of support to avoid bending
failure of the flange, local crippling and crushing Since strength is directly proportional so effective
of the web. flange area, the ratio of strength of punctured
169. (c) girder to original girder,
As per IS : 800-1984 Clause 6.7.4.4 unless the 2 A 2 13  6
=   0.9286
outer edge of each stiffener is continuously 1 A1 12  7
stiffened, the outstand of all stiffeners from the
2
256t or
web shall not exceed for sections and 12t 1 = 92.86%
fy
174. (b)
for flats where ‘t’ is the thickness of the section
As per IS 800-1984, if the thickness of web is <
or flat.
d/200 horizontal stiffeners are needed in plate
170. (b) girders. Horizontal stiffener is provided at 0.4d
Channel at the top flange will increase the lateral from top of flange if (d/250) < t < (d/200).
resistance against the horizontal surge. 175. (b)
171. (a) 176. (d)
Intermediate stiffeners are also called stability As per clause 6.7.4.6 of IS : 800-1984,
stiffeners and are provided to check the diagonal intermediate horizontal stiffeners not subjected to
buckling of the web. Such stiffeners increase the external loads shall be connected to web by rivets
buckling resistance of the web caused by shear. or welds, so as to withstand is a shearing force,
172. (d) between each component of the stiffener and the
The portal bracing is designed for:
125t 2
• Longitudinal shear due to forces like web of not less than kN / m.
h
earthquake, wind, crane surge.
• 2.5% of the compression force in two end 177. (a)
points-to take care of eccentricity of moments As the connection is pin jointed,
and axial loads. Effective length = L
173. (a) 178. (c)
Effective flange area is given as, The pane of loading is incline to minor principal
axis in the purlins in roof trusses. Thus it is
Aw subjected to unsymmetrical bending.
Aeff =
6 179. (b)
where AF is flange area and Aw is web area. Vertical stiffness are required in a welded plate
Now for original girder, since the plates are equal, girders when

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Design of Steel Structures [4.43]

d d 1
 200 Slope = tan  = 2 pitch = 2 × 1
tw > 85 and tw 2
  = 45°
 dmin > 85 × 5 = 425 mm
186. (b)
dmax > 200 × 5 = 1000 mm
IS : 800-1984 recommends the provision of web
180. (a)
stiffeners as follows:
Permissible tensile stress in mild steel anchor bolts
is given by d1
(i)  85 No stiffener is required.
tf = 0.4 fy = 0.4 × 250 = 100 MPa tw
Area of bolt at the root of the thread is given by
d2
 2 2 (ii)  200 vertical stiffeners are provided.
As = 0.75   (16)  150.8 mm tw
4
Assuming 2 bolts on the tension side, the maximum d2
pull on the base will be (iii)  250 vertical stiffeners and one horizontal
tw
P = 2 × tf × As
stiffener at a distance from the compression
= 2 × 100 × 150.8 × 10–3
flange equal to two-fifths of the distance from
= 30 kN
the compression flange to the neutral axis are
181. (b)
provided.
The leeward slope of a building with a gabled
roof always experiences negative pressure d2
(iv)  400 The requirement is the same as in
coefficients as it experiences suction. tw
182. (a)
(iii) plus a horizontal stiffener at the neutral
As per IS : 875 (Pac + 2) 8008,
axis. Where d2 = 2 × clear distance from
table-2 correct option will be (a) compression flange angles or plate or tongue
183. (c) plate to the neutral axis.
Eaves board is a thick, feather board nailed across 187. (a)
rafters at the eaves of a building to slightly raise
Diagonal cross bracing is used in the plane of
the first course of slates or tiles. It is a protective
lower chord member only when heavy vibrating
or decorative nonstructural element.
loads are anticipated
184. (d)
Knee bracing is provided to reduce end moments
It is desirable to place purlins only at the panel
of the columns.
points as otherwise the principal rafter of the roof
Sway bracing are provided to resist sway action.
truss will be subjected to bending. When purlins
are provided at intermediate points the principal 188. (b)
rafter is designed for flexure and axial stresses. 189. (d)
185. (b) l lo a d
n gi tu di na
Lo

h

L Lateral load
Pitch = h/L
Slope = tan = h/(L/2)
Vertical load
= 2Pitch

Infinity Educations India

[4.44] Civil Engineering

190. (c) 199. (b)

Bearing stiffness provide additional bearing area Bearing stiffness are provided to resist bearing
thereby reducing the possibility of web buckling loads and buckling loads. Bearing area is calculated
since web in plate girder behaves like a column. according to dispersion of load.
200. (d)
Plan area = 20 × 8 = 160 m2
Live load = 0.75 kN/m2
Bearing
Total live load = 0.75 × 160 = 120 kN
stiffener
Total load on each support

 120 
=    60 kN
 2 
191. (b)
In palte girder Plastic Analysis
• Web is primarily designed to resist shear force
• Flange is primarily designed to resist bending 201. (c)
moment Shape factor for a section is the ratio of plastic
192. (c) moment (plastic section modulus) and the yield
moment (elastic section modulus).
1000
=  166.66 Shape Shape factor
6
(i) Rectangle or square 1.5
85 <  < 200 hence only intermediate vertical
(ii) Circle 1.7
stiffeners are required.
(iii) Triangle 2.34
193. (b)
Horizontal stiffeners are provided in the (iv) Diamond 2.0
compression zone of the web as they increase the (v) I-section 1.1 to 1.2
buckling resistance considerably as compared to 202. (b)
the transverse stiffeners when the web is subject Curvature at plastic hinge is infinite and moment
to bending. is equal to plastic moment capacity. It means that
194. (d) infinite rotation can occur at fully plastic section.
The end of the cantilever is free, hence not laterally 203. (b)
restrained. Number of hinges needed for failure
195. (d) =r+ 1
Depth of web fulfils deflection criteria and =3+1
thickness of web fulfil corrosion so combinely we
=4
can say that stiffness is for serviceability.
r  degree of static indeterminacy.
196. (c)
Bearing stiffeners are provided to bear the The collapse load will be calculated using
concentrated load acting on the plate girder. (i) beam mechanism.
197. (a)  
198. (d) 
As per IS code 875 clause 5.3  
k1 = Probability factor or Risk coefficient 2W. = MP() + MP(2) + MP()
k2 = Terrain, height structure size
L
k2 = Topography factor and =
2

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Design of Steel Structures [4.45]
204. (a)
4M P
 W= MP
L For I-section shape factor M = 1.1 to 1.2
y
(ii) Sway mechanism
2W WL/4 = MP
W B My

  l
L/2
  From the bending moment diagram,

W L l 
 = My
2  2 2 
A E
W = MP( +  +  + ) WL
L Taking MP =
= 4
2
8M P MP
 W= and My =
L 1.1
(iii) Combined mechanism l = 0.09 L = L/11
In this case hinges will form at A, C, D and
MP
E. Taking My =
1.2
The other combination with hinges at A, B, C,
E will give same load. l = L/6
W B D L L
  So l varies between to
6 11

 C  L
Therefore is suitable choice
8
 
205. (c)
A w /unit length

E
 W1 + 2W2 = MP( + 2 + 2 + ) A B C D
L The degree of indeterminacy r = 4 – 2 = 2
2 = 1 =
2 Number of plastic hinges needed for collapse = r
+1=3
3WL
= 6 MP  Using statical method
2
wL2 wL2 wL2
8 8 8
4M P
W=
L

4M P Moment diagram due to load and

The lowest load is collapse load. redundant force
L

Infinity Educations India

[4.46] Civil Engineering
In the span AB, maximum moment occurs at
L L
support B and at 0.414L away from support A. =  
2 4
11.656M P
Thus collapsed load =   = 2
L2
Using virtual work method, we get
Checking for this collapse load in span BC, the
moment does not exceeds MP anywhere. L
MP  + MP  + M P  + MP  = P  
Note: Although number of hinges required for 2
collapse were 3, but formation of two hinges in
L
span AB or CD gives collapse condition.  2MP + 2MP = P   [Put  = 2]
2
206. (c)
The yield line theory is the ultimate load theory.  12MP = PL
Both the virtual work method as well as equilibrium 12M P
method give the upper bound solution, i.e., the  P=
L
computed collapse load on the basis of an assumed
yield the pattern is bound to be larger than the Lower load among these mechanisms will be the
actual collapse load. collapse load.
207. (c) 12M P
Degree of indeterminacy, r = 2  P=
L
Number of plastic hinges needed for collapse = r 208. (c)
+1=3
(i) Mechanism 1 w1L2 w1L
Fixed end moment =   MP
P 12 12
MP 2MP
  12M P
MP  MP  W1 =
L
 
The plastic hinges are formed only at the ends
L/2 L/2 and the beam has not collapsed yet.
Using virtual work method, we get At collapse, third hinge is formed in the middle
L 16M P
MP + MP(2) + 4MP = P   and collapse load W2 =
2 L
 14MP = PL 209. (d)
14M P Plastic deformation for a ductile structure before
 P= failure is much more than elastic deformation.
L
(ii) Mechanism 2
Stress

P MP
 

MP MP MP
 

L/2 L/4 L/4

Stain

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Design of Steel Structures [4.47]
210. (a)
WL
P = 0.8MP( + 2 + )
2

6.4M P
L L W=
2 2
L

5.6M P
Mp The lower load will be taken as the
L
MY MY
collapse load.
LP 212. (a)

From similar triangles, we have Fixed Beam

W
MP L/2
MY = L LP
 L/2 L/2
2 2 8M P
Wu 
L
L 3 w = W/L
 L  LP = 2
16M P
Wu 
L L
 LP = W
3
211. (c)
a b
Failure in the left/right span can be caused by L
formation of two hinges. 2MP L
Wu 
W ab
0.8M P
  Simply Supported Beam
W
 
MP
Using virtual work method L/2 L/2
4M P
L Wu 
W L
= MP(2) + 0.8MP
2 w = W/L

5.6M P
W= L
L
8MP
The failure in the middle span will be caused by wu 
L
formation of three hinges. W
W
0.8MP 0.8M P
  a b
L
  M L
0.8MP Wu  P
ab

Infinity Educations India

[4.48] Civil Engineering

Propped Cantilever P 1 = 2MP + MP2 + MP = 5MP

W P = 15 MP/L
Lower load is the collapse load.
214. (c)
L/2 L/2
6MP To convert indeterminate frame to determinate
Wu 
L frame, the number of plastic hinges required is
w = W/L equal to the degree of static indeterminacy.
11.656MP 215. (c)
wu 
L P
W

a b L/2 L/2
L By Kinematic method,
Lb MP
Wu  MP MP
ab

Ratio of collapse load of propped cantilever beam MP
11.656
to the simply supported beam is  1.457
8 2

213. (c) By virtue work principle,

The plastic hinges will form at both fixed ends
PL
and under the load. = MP + 2MP
2
L/3 2L/3
2  6M P
 P=
2
L
1
216. (a)
P = 2MP2 + 2MP(1 + 2) + MP1
Strain distribution across a section is linear is one
3  3 3   3  of the basic assumption in plastic theory.
= 2M P  2M P     MP  
L  L 2L   2L  217. (b)
218. (c)
16.5M P
P= The fixed beam will fail by formation of three
L hinges. Two hinges will form at supports and one
Considering hinges at both fixed ends and at will form under either of the load. Thus (c) or (d)
section change. is the correct answer.
P 2
wl  2 
1  
2  2l 
 
2  
1    
3 
 
 = L/2 l/2 l/2
1 = L/3 Free moment diagram

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Design of Steel Structures [4.49]
Since maximum moment occurs under left side 222. (b)
load. From the loading it is clear that end moment
W
at right support will be more as loads are close to
the right support. Superimposing fixed end moment
on the free moment diagram.
L/2 L/2
219. (c)
By static method,
Field line theory is upper bound method of analysis
of under-reinforced slabs. This theory accounts
for only under reinforced bending failure, and MP WL
4
effects due to shear, bond and deflection are not
considered.
MP WL
220. (a) MP  = (from diagram)
2 4
There are two kinds of mechanisms, viz.
DEPENDENT and INDEPENDENT 6M P
mechanisms. The independent mechanisms are W=
L
sometimes called as elementary or basic or
223. (c)
fundamental or primary or cardinal mechanisms.
The dependent mechanisms are known as complex P
or composite or combined mechanisms also.
 
An independent mechanism corresponds to a
condition of unstable equilibrium in the structure.
Associated with each independent mechanism, 2
there is a distinct equilibrium equation. However, L/2 L/2
it is not possible to write such equilibrium equations
L
for composite mechanism. P  = MP( + 2)
2
Number of possible locations where of plastic
hinges can be formed = n = 4. 6M P
Static indeterminacy = r = 5 – 3 = 2.  P=
L
Number of independent mechanisms,
224. (c)
s= n – r
 s=4– 2=2
221. (a) A1
W
N A

L A2
By static method,
Moment of area A1 and A2 about neutral Axis
WL
MP 4 gives ZP

A D 2
BMD Also A1 = A2 = 
WL 2 8
MP = (from diagram)
4  D 2  4 D D3
4M P Hence, ZP = 2     
=W  8  3 2 6
L

Infinity Educations India

[4.50] Civil Engineering
Now, Ze about N-A is given by 232. (b)
D3 W
Ze =
32

ZP 16 a b
Shape factor = Z  3 L
e
L=a + b
225. (c)
(i) For combination of Dead Load or DL + Lb
imposed load or DL + wind or seismic load, Wu =   MP
 ab 
Load factor = 1.7
as a = b = L/2
(ii) For DL + imposed load + wind or seismic
load, Load factor = 1.3 6M P
226. (a)  Wu =
L
The full cross section plasticity at the location of
233. (a)
plastic hinge associated with plastic moment
capacity of a section is reached at infinite In fully condition the stress diagram will be
curvature. 1.5 f y
227. (d)
Number of plastic hinges h
= Degree of indeterminacy + 1
=2+1=3 N.A.
228. (c)
229. (c)
230. (a) x fy
Length of elasto-plastic zone, The area under compression = area under tension
 1 x × h × 1.5fy = (x – h) × x × fy
le = L  1  
 f  1.5 h = x – h

3 x
f = shape factor =  h=  0.4x
2 2.5
The distance of neutral axis from centre
 2
le = L  1   = 0.5x – 0.4x = 0.1x
 3
234. (c)
L The ratio is 1.5 : 1.7 : 2.34
le =
3
1.5 1.7 2.34
231. (b)  : :
1.5 1.5 1.5
The initial slopes and deflections of the beam do
not affect the virtual work equations. Thus the  1 : 1.13 : 1.56
displacement diagram can be simplified to consists 235. (b)
of straight and undeflected lines i.e., rigid The maximum shear capacity is 0.55 Awfy.
deformation.

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Design of Steel Structures [4.51]
236. (a) Substituting value of MP from (i), we get
If an indeterminate structure has redundancy ‘r’,
Wu L2 Wu L2
the insertion of ‘r’ plastic hinges make it statically =
16S 12
determinate. Any further hinge converts this
statically determinate structure into mechanism. Wu 4
Hence, for overall collapse of the structure, the  Wy = 3 S
number of plastic hinges required are (r + 1).
237. (c) 241. (b)
Total area, A = 400 × 100 + 100 × 500
This is combined mechanism of beam and sway
= 90000 mm2
mechanism.
238. (d) A 90000
=  45000mm 2
Ductility is defined as the ability of a material to 2 2
deform easily upon the application of a tensile Thus the plastic neutral axis lies outside the flange
force, or as the ability of a material to withstand because the flange area is only 40000 mm2.
plastic deformation without rupture. This property Let the plastic neutral axis lies y mm below the
enables plastic analysis of structures. junction of flange and web.
239. (b)  y × 100 = 45000 – 40000
Shape factor for various sections:  y = 50 mm
Rectangular-1.5  Plastic neutral axis as measured from top of
I-section-1.1 to 1.2 flange = 100 + y
= 100 + 50 = 150 mm
Circular-1.7
242. (d)
Diamond-2
There will be three slope changes:
Triangular-2.343 (i) At nearer end of loading point
240. (a) (ii) At the other support
The collapse load for a prismatic beam fixed at (iii) At loading point
both ends and carries UDL throughout the span is 243. (b, c)
given by The length of plastic hinge depends on:
16M P • Type of loading
Wu = ...(i) • Length of beam
L2
• Shape factor
where MP is its plastic moment Hence both option b and c are correct.
Plastic moment 244. (c)
But S= A plastic hinge is a zone of yielding due to flexure
Yield moment
in a structural member. Although hinges do not
MP actually form, it can be seen that large changes of
 S= M ...(ii) slope occur over small lengths of the member at
y
positions of maximum moments.
The strain hardening action usually occurs at these
Wy L2
Also My = ...(iii) hinges so that large deflections are accompanied
12
by a slight increase in loads. A structure can
Substituting value of S From (ii) in (iii), we get support the computed ultimate load due to the
formation of plastic hinges at certain critical
MP Wy L2
= sections. The members remain elastic until the
S 12

Infinity Educations India

[4.52] Civil Engineering
moment reaches a value M p , the maximum 3. Yield Condition: This is also called plastic
moment of resistance of a fully yielded cross- moment condition. The bending moment at
section. any section must not exceed the full plastic
The plastic hinges are yielded zone due to flexure moment of the section (M < MP).
in a structure in which infinite rotation can take 247. (a)
place at a constant restraining moment MP of the Load factor = FOS × Shape factor.
section. 248. (a)
245. (d) The hinge length of the plasticity zone is equal to
The principle of virtual work may be stated as 1/3rd of the span.
follows: The hinge length of the plasticity zone for a simple
If a system of forces in equilibrium is subjected to beam subjected to uniformly distributed load is
a virtual displacement, the work done by the
L
external forces equal the work done by the internal .
forces, i.e., 3
WE = Wi But the question has asked only about the location
246. (a) of the plastic hinge, that occurs under the
In the elastic method of design the conditions to concentrated load, therefore (a).
be satisfied are the equilibrium condition, the 249. (a)
compatibility condition and the moment curvature It is not necessary that plastic neutral axis lies on
relation. The conditions to be satisfied for the the centroidal axis of the section, for example T-
plastic methods of analysis are as follows: section can be analysed.
1. Equilibrium condition: All the equilibrium 250. (d)
conditions, i.e., summation of all the forces
A
and moments should be equal to zero. MP = f (y1  y 2 )
2
2. Mechanism condition: The structure at collapse
must be capable of deforming as a mechanism MP depends on area and the distribution of area
due to the formation of plastic hinges, i.e., the of c/s.
ultimate load is reached when a mechanism 251. (a)
forms. This is also called the continuity Ultimate moment capacity and plastic moment
condition. capacity are one and the same thing.


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