STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 3. Apride of lions ___ up to forty lions, 7 including one to three males, several females, and cubs. 209 Henry Adams, born in Boston, famous as. historian and novelist. (A) became (A) cancontain (B) and became (B) itcontains (©) hewas (C) contain (D) and he became (D) containing 8, The major cause ___ the pull of the 4, —— tea plant are small and white. Moon on the Earth. (A) The (A) the ocean tidesare (B) On the (B) of ocean tides is (C)_ Having flowers the (©) of the tides in the ocean (D) The flowers of the (D) the oceans’ tides 5, The tetracyclines, ___ antibiotics, are 9. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth used to treat infections century, —— limited to the rich. (A) area family of (A) was (B) being a family (B) was photography (©) afamily of (©) itwas photography (D) their family is (D) photography was 6. Any possible academic assistance from 10. A computerized map of the freeways taking stimulants marginal at best. using information gathered by sensors (A) ita embedded in the pavement on a (B) theres local cable channel during rush hours (© is a) (D) as (B) © (D) toair SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words con- taining a subject and a verb.) Whenever you find a sentence on the TOEFL test with more than one clause, you need to make sure that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various clauses in the sentence are correctly joined. There are various ways to join clauses in English. Certain pauerns appear frequently in English and on the TOEFL test. You should be very familiar with these patterns. Sku. 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses cor- rectly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, og $0, oF yet between the clauses. Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing: ‘Tom is tall, but Paul is short.210 STRUCTURE Tom must write the letter, orPaul will do it. ‘Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed. ‘Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. In each of these examples, there are wo clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction and, but, of, so, or yet, and a comma (,). ‘The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOFFL® Tests (18) [35 A power failure occurred, the lamps went out. (A) then (B) s0 © ater (D) next In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a power failure occurred and the lamps went out. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, lates and next are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses, The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them: COORDINATE CONNECTORS ond but or Oe 0 yet a sy ‘She laughed, but ‘she wanted to cry. EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). —£_ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, (and) this computer is a laptop. b in the distance, (but)no has fall ——_ 3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months. —L 2. The rain douds —— 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon. —— 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water, —— 6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 211 —— 7. The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done. —— 8 The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed. —— 9. Oryou ean drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed. —— 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it. ‘Skit. 7; USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and * connectors in the following sentences: will siga the check dejore you leave. Before you will sign the check. In cach of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, acomma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tess (35) [28 ——as late, I missed the appointment, a) 1 (B) Because (C) The wain (D) Since he In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also another clause, I missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb mas. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a connector, since, to join the two clauses.m2 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS Me cause after ‘as soon as ‘once when as ‘now that as before since whenever because since as long.as by the time until while inasmuch os _ s ov adverb connector] $V Teresa went inside because it wos raining. adverb connector s \ Skav Because it was raining, Teresa went inside. EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). C4 the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied immediately. —_ 2 Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated (before) to the organization, —— 8. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection. 4, The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted. —— 5. Wecan start the conference now that all the participants have arrived. —— 6. The building quite vuinerable to damage until the storm windows are installed. —— 7. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room, —— 8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their shifts. —— 9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much. —— 10. Inasmuch as.all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election cannot be announced,STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) 213, Suit 8: USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, stich as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7. Study the following examples: Iwill leave at 7:00 if am ready. Although 1 fo catch the train, In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with adverb con- nectors. In the first sentence, the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence. In the second sentence, the adverb contrast connector although comes at the beginning of the sentence, and a comma (,) is used in the middle of the sentence. ‘The following example shows a way that this sentence pattern can be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests (His) [JA ‘You will get a good grade on the exam provided —_. *(A) studying (B) study (©) tostudy (D) you study In this example you should quickly notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes in the middle of the sentence; because it is a connector, it must be fol lowed by a subject and a verb. The best answer to this question is answer (D), which con- tains the subject and verb you study.214 ‘STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS == an = ma if colthough os where in case even though in that wherever provided ‘though providing while unless whereas whether Bob went to school even though he felt sick. 2 aE v Even though Bob felt sick, he went to school. RE Aceon arenas aed as Soa T oar Se ‘The Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones forily arrived on hour later. EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). c 1. 2 10. It is impossible to enter that program (ff)you lack experience as.a teacher. The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension. Iwill take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures will wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not. Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still acceptable. As the nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now. This exam will be more difficult than usual in that it covers two chapters instead of one. ‘Though snow had been falling all day long, everyone got to the church on time for the wedding.