Role and Effect of Central and State Government Scheme in welfare of

Tribal Communities

Abstract

Indian tribes are the oldest inhabitants of India. In modern times, these tribes are facing
challenges and problems of survival. Most of the areas where the tribes live are remote and
underdeveloped. The tribes mainly live in isolated villages or small hamlets. A small part of
its population has now settled in permanent villages and towns. Numerous limiting factors
have made the development process for Tribes. The natural habitats, resources, customs,
rituals and traditions are in danger of extinction. For its improvement and promotion, the
Government of India has initiated many development plans and welfare schemes.

Tribal communities in India have been dealing and fighting for the basic necessities in daily
life that others can easily obtain. Tribal development has always been a question of big
concern to government. However, to promote tribes, social justice, plans and welfare schemes
must be implemented. This research paper has highlighted various welfare schemes of
Central and State Government and its role and effect for their development in fields of
education, employment, society, education and their safeguards in order to bring a positive
change and transformation towards society.
Key words: Government, Education, Schedule Tribes, Constitution.
Introduction

India is pursuing the goal of a socialist society and, at the same time pursuing the goal of a
welfare state. The Constitution of India states that the government is solely responsible to
establish a state to promote the welfare of the people by ensuring and the effective protection
of the social order which is social, economic and political justice 1. In addition, the State must
guide its policies and guarantees that citizens have the right to adequate means of livelihood.
The citizens living in India have the right to own and preserve their unique language, script
and culture. Most importantly, the state has the responsibility to promote the educational and
economic benefits of weaker sections, especially to protect them from social injustice and
various forms of exploitation.2 Since independence, the biggest challenge which Indian
government and state government is facing is to provide tribals with adequate social justice
and to improve their socio-economic conditions. The tribes are considered to be a weakest
part of the population in India, from an economic and educational perspective. From a
historical point of view, they have been exploited by the society. For more than centuries,
they have been deprived of many municipal facilities in and has been isolated from the
modern and civilized way of life.

The framers of the Constitution while taking note of centuries old injustice perpetrated
against tribal communities have envisaged dual preferential treatment for their protection and
development in terms of reservation to Scheduled Tribes and their areas notified as
Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas in a set of provisions under the Constitution which are far
more detailed than those for scheduled castes and other backward classes. Along with
reservation in the Lok Sabha (Article 330), state Legislatures (Article 332), Panchayats
(Article 243D) and services (Article 16 (4)) compararble to those for the scheduled castes,
there are provisions for direct central control over the administration of tribal affairs under
Article 339(2) and the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of Article 244 and for direct central
financial responsibility under Article 275(1) for their economic development. There is also a
provision of a Commission, under Article 338A, to monitor the safeguards and to look into
any specific grievances of STs.
The strategy adopted under the Constitution seeks to provide the tribals protection from
exploitation and assist them in their economic development. Protection is prerequisite to
development, particularly during the transition period until they came upto the general level
1
Article 38
2
Article 29
and joined the mainstream of the nation. Protective discrimination has been provided for in
favour of the Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution, particularly, under Articles 15(4), 16(4),
19(5), 46, 330, 332, 335, Fifth and Sixth Schedules. Similarly, provisions have been made for
their economic development under Articles 275(1) first proviso and 339(2). The constitution
of India give provision the President of India can appoint a Special Officer regarding
investigating of Constitutional safeguards of tribal. 3 These provisions assign special
responsibility to the Central and state government for providing them financial assistance.
However, despite constitutional provisions, there is wide gap between de jure and de facto
positions in dispensation of social and economic justice. It has been observed that
government is paying special attention towards them by making new schemes and policies so
that they can uplift in society.

Government Policy and Tribal Development

Historically, the Britishers adopted the policy of isolation and kept the tribal people away
from the main-stream of Indian life. Gandhi ji emphasized their development so as to ensure
their integration with the rest of the country. Only after independence, India became fully
conscious of her responsibilities towards the tribals. The framers of the Constitution wanted
to devise a suitable formula, which would protect the tribal economic interests, safeguard
their way of life and ensure development. In conformity with the constitutional direction, a
new approach for tribal development was initiated in the fifth five year plan, which aimed at
harmonizing the conflicting situation and ensuring development of the areas. Attention had to
be focussed on each identifiable group's problems, so that a definite perspective may emerge
for their development. The sub-plan which was envisaged for the total development of tribe
was divided into seventy nine Indian Tribal Development Programme. The financial
investment flows in tribal sub-plan from four sources, viz., (1) outlays from the State
Government Plans, 2) sectoral outlays from the Central Ministeries/Departments,
3)institutional finance, and (4) special central assistance. A review of the development
programmes in the fifth plan, during 1978-79, and 1979-80 will broadly indicate the
following classification of acceptance of the idea of accelerated tribal development by States
having tribe concentration like Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, evolution of the concept of
the tribe sub-plan and raising of the administrative scaffolding for the implementation of the
plans. Mrs Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister, called for a dynamic administrative

3
Article 338. The Article provides that such report shall be laid before each house of parliament.
framework for tribal areas. There is a need to have a strong and flexible marketing and credit
mechanism which looks after the tribal needs both for production and consumption and
prevents tribal people from exploitation by unscrupulous money lenders and middle men.
Also, a special drive must be launched for purchase of minor forest produce collected by
them. Provision in the state budget for tribal sub-plan should be enhanced.

The Home Minister also on 18-4-1980 reiterated the emphasis laid by the Prime Minister, and
suggested a quick review of the present state of tribal development and schemes. In regard to
administrative structure and personnel policy, following measures were suggested by the
State Governments:

1)A high powered body, such as a Cabinet sub-committee, be set up to give policy directions
for the tribal sub-plans implementation and to recast it to meet situations, as they emerge
during implementation, (2) For effective implementation of the sub-plan a simple
administrative infrastructure, as necessary be created. Tribal representatives be associated
with the plan formulation and implementation. (3)A specially selected senior officer be
placed in-charge of the State programme as a whole. The project officers in charge of the
I.T.D.P. should have full control over all functionaries within the I.T.D.P., including the
B.D.O., and should exercise protective, regulatory and developmental powers. (4) Key
functionaries must be chosen for their sympathy, dedication and competence. (5) Screening
committees be set up at state, divisional and district levels to weed out substandard officers
and functionaries, particularly those who are responsible for crisis of confidence between the
tribe and the administration, (6) A review be made of the general qualifications prescribed for
posts in tribal areas; and that the qualifications be related to actual requirements to facilitate
recruitment of local tribal candidates specially in departments of police, revenue, education,
forests etc.

The main thrust for tribal development has to be provided by the concerned sectoral
authorities. Clear guidelines were issued by the Planning Commission in 1977, wherein it
was mentioned, that in the sub-plan areas, the role of Central Ministries was important, since
they had to assume the overall responsibility for the development of tribal areas in respective
sectors. Each ministry had to devise its own strategy and had to give priorities to the tribal
areas from within its investment, and programmes were to be modified to suit the need of the
tribal. They had to guide, reallocate and supplement efforts wherever necessary. The
constitutional responsibility for the welfare of tribals, placed on the popular government
produced far reaching momentous results. Even before independence many protests were
raised against the earlier British policy of "isolation" as protection for the tribal people.

Nature and Scope of Schemes and Development

The tribes of India, geographically and culturally, are in a wide range of stages in social and
economic development and their problems vary from one region to region. The tribeman not
only lives for himself, but is also an integral part of his community. The identification of
interests between individuals and communities is real and has a profound impact on the
attitudes of the tribe. It contributed to the emergence of essentially human qualities, such as
camaraderie and social conscience. For these reasons, the British adopted the policy
of isolation and tried to keep the tribe out of the mainstream of indigenous life. However,
after independence, this policy was abandoned by and a new policy of development was
initiated.

Fundamental Principles of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

The principles of the first prime minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in this regard
became the guiding force. The principles laid down are:

1) We should encourage their tradition and culture. The tribal should develop their
according to their own genus.
2) The rights of land forest of tribal people must be protected.
3) A trained team of their own people should be developed and they should avoid too
many people who are outsider to tribal community.
4) We should work as a rivalry to their own cultural and social institution.

The constitution of India has also stated some provision for the welfare and upliftment of
tribal community Articles such as 15(4), 46, 244(1) and 339 stated the special provision for
administration of tribal welfare.

Tribal Development under Planned Era

 
Many developing countries generally believe that planning is an indispensable means to
promote development. The country hopes to end human suffering immediately and execute
the development plans. These countries have encountered some new problems in the
development planning process. In India, the planning process has been in place for over 60
years. Tribe is experiencing socio-economic, cultural and political problems. They are
considered the weakest part of society. The tribal development plan is implemented alongside
the five-year plan under the control of the Indian government. However, the Indian tribes face
some unsolved problems. The government tried to took action through five year plan but the
government still it requires lot more effort to overcome it. The step taken under five years
plan are given below.4
The plans are:
First Five-Year Plan: The first five year plan did not pay special attention to the
development of tribal areas, because there were only piecemeal attempts, such as education
plan, welfare plan, etc. These plans had a concrete impact on the tribal communities in the
country. It laid down that principle of development must be adequate towards the backward
class community.

Second Five Year Plan: This plan considered socio-economic conditions of tribal areas,
and were specific development plans. A new management system was introduced and created
"Multifunctional Tribal Projects in Selected Tribal Areas". It is assumed that the benefits of
economic development should increasingly benefiting the relative lower classes of society to
reduce inequality. With regard to ST, "social assistance plans must be based on respect and
understanding of their culture and traditions, as well as on their understanding of the social,
psychological and economic problems they face." This is in line with "PANCHSHEEL", the
five principles of tribal development, tune crafted by the first prime minister. Jawaharlal
Nehru. An important milestone during the second plan was the creation of 43 special
multipurpose tribal blocks (SMPTB), later known as tribal development blocks (TDB). The
number of people on each plan is roughly 25,000, compared to 65,000 in ordinary
neighbourhoods.

Third Five Year Plan: According to the recommendations of the Verrier Elevin Committee,
the tribal development block system has been implemented under the "Three Five" plan. The
development of this system is not only for to improve the conditions of the tribal areas, but

4
Report on Steering Committee on Empowering the Schedule Tribes, for the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007)
also for the tribal people to participate in the development of with the help of Panchayat
organization. These plans and the sector plans were adopted as the development agency, of
which led to the strengthening of the tribal economy and the improvement of social services,
but it was found that some areas and tribal areas still lag behind, while the other
group's progress is slower.

Fourth Five Year Plan: Due to commencement of fourth five year plan the tribal
development has been came into existence which resulted intensive development economic
development of scheduled tribe. Based on this connection, the fourth plan envisages
extending the years of these blocks from 10 years to 15 years with an allocation of rupees, 10
lakh rupees per block for a period of five years. In order to implement the fourth phase of
the tribal development plan of the five-year plan near about Rs.75 crores has been spent. In
addition to the intensification plan, new plans have been also launched, and of these plans
have been popular. The land settlement plan began in and several tribal colonies
established Cooperation. Tax departments and other departments at the district level have
been foreseen in this plan, they could not specify because there were no actual plans for at the
base level. During the planning period, a departmental plan with a schematic budget was also
introduced.

Fifth Five Year Plan: In view of the weaknesses of the region-based of early programs.
Tribal Development District and Tribal Development Agency formulated new strategy in the
fifth five-year plan, laying the groundwork for sub-plan in the tribal staging area. This is to
pay more attention to the area of the tribe and formulate measures to adapt to local spirit. It is
estimated that approximately two-thirds of the tribal population in countries are covered by
the sub-plans implemented in the fifth plan. In our country, the problem of the tribes is,
which can be roughly divided into two types: (1) areas with concentrated tribes and
(2) dispersed tribes. Tribe's sub-plan includes all default areas included Tehsils / Blocks.
According to these formulas, the sub plan covers huge tribal populations of more than 50%.
Tribal sub-plan areas in the process of deregulation, are delimited in AP, Orissa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. For
operational purposes, during the fifth plan period, the tribal sub plan area has been organized
into 178 tribal development projects.

Sixth Five Year Plan: This plan was sought to ensure high devolution of funds so that near
about 50% of tribal families can get financial assistance. In the Sixth Five-Year Plan, it was
noted that some tribal areas concentrated outside the tribal under planning area were still
excluded from the planning strategy. Therefore, during the period of the Sixth Plan, it was
decided that villages had at least 10,000 tribal populations of which at least 50% were
arranged for tribes, which should be divided into dense integrated development and modified
regional development tribes method under the Sub-Plan (MADA). During the period of the
"Sixth Five-Year Plan", a clear goal of 50% of predetermined tribes and households was
approved for the first time. The goal of the Sixth Five-Year Plan is and have been achieved.

Seventh Five Year Plan: The flow of fund has increased significantly, infrastructure
expansion expanded coverage. The importance is given to the development of education for
the tribes. For the economic development of the tribe, two institutions were established at the
state level, namely (i) Tribe Cooperative Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED) in
1987, as the highest organization of the National Tribe Development Cooperation Company
(ii) National Caste and Tribal Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) 1989. The
former aims is to provide paid revenues for tribal agricultural and forest products, while the
latter aims to provide credit support for the generation of jobs.

Eighth Five Year Plan: The efforts made to narrow the gap between the development level
of the tribe and other sectors of the society, so that by the turn of the century, the population
of these vulnerable groups can achieve be balance with rest of the society. The "Plan" not
only emphasizes the elimination of exploitation, but also pays attention to special issues such
as repression of rights, land transfer, non-payment of minimum wages, and restrictions on the
right to collect small-amount forest products.

Ninth Five Year Plan: The main goal of the Ninth Five-Year Plan is to step up efforts to
bridge the gap between the tribes and the rest of the population. Literacy is one of the key
indicators of socio-economic development. The related employment opportunities are highly
dependent on the level of education and to achieve this, infrastructure such as the
construction of school buildings, additional classrooms, laboratory buildings and equipment,
computers, Furniture and entertainment materials, vocational training centres must be
strengthened.  
 
Tenth Five Year Plan: under the guidance of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the conclusions
collected in the mid-term evaluation of the Nine Five-Year Plans indicated that a small part
of the bureaucratic can prevent tribal communities from rapid impoverishment, exploitation
and disintegration, hence poverty, debt, land alienation, displacement, degradation of villages
and forest tribes living in them. 5 The 10th Five Year Plan identified the first priority to
find solutions to these unsolved problems.
Schemes and Policies

To achieve the objective of development the Central and State Government implemented
various schemes and policies to uplift the Tribal. This can be discussed under as follows:

Educational Scheme:

Education is one of the imperative fields which will greatly affect the life of the tribe. This
obliges the government to promote formal education among the tribes. Furthermore, tribes
must be educated not only because of this constitutional obligation, but also to make
themselves aware of their rights and duties.

The largest proportion of centrally funded tribal development plans is related to the education
department. Even in state governments, this department often dominates in budget
allocation. In Madhya Pradesh and other states, tribal education is directly managed by
the tribal welfare department and totally separated from the education department, provided
that the educational needs of the tribal community are different from the needs of other
sectors of society. The main strategies of the various tribal countries are the establishment of
shelters, scholarships, free scholarships, lunch, free uniforms, books and stationery,
rehabilitation training, special training and vocational training for the competition. The
current education plan implemented has many flaws. Financial are given in the form of
scholarships and bursaries which does not reach on time which hindering the education. In
the backward areas, high schools are mainly located in Taluk headquarters. Due to the lack of
mutation facilities, it is difficult to go to these schools. In these schools, there is insufficient
number of well-trained teachers and insufficient laboratory equipment. In order to resolve
the situation, shelter facilities must be provided to accommodate tribal students. Government
has taken measures in form of reservation schemes for the tribal student, so that they did not
lag behind in gaining education. In Schools and Universities seats have been reserved for the

5
Document of 11th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India.
SC/ST community. In Case of Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh 6 has
struck down the100% reservation policy of Schedule Tribes.

Post Matric Scholarship: The program provides financial assistance to students belonging
from the Schedule Tribe community, who are studying at secondary level so that they can
complete higher education. The annual income of parents should be less than Rs.6 lakhs
which is the eligibility to avail the scholarship.

Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship: This is a core scholarship program that provides

scholarships to students from the Schedule Tribes for higher studies such as M.Phil and Ph.D.
As per the scheme the students get full time admission for the course. In addition, the
scholarship rates for Junior Researchers (JRF) and Senior Researchers (SRF) are the same as
UGC scholarships revised from time to time. 

National Overseas Scholarship for Schedule Tribes: This is a central financial assistance
program for qualified students who wish to pursue their higher education, such as master's
and doctoral degrees, engineering, technology and science in foreign universities. Through
this way, the government aims to increase the scope of employment opportunities for tribal
people.

Vocational Training Centres in Tribal Areas: The schemes give opportunity to the
Schedule Tribe to develop themselves in the field job and self-employment in order to
strengthen their economic status. The schemes are implemented by NGO’s and State
Institution.

The Tribal shelters such as home and hostels in remote areas are poorly managed. Teachers if
they have teaching, are often not motivated, and sometimes have prejudice against the tribal
children. The "integration" tribal policy and the sensitive remarks that allowed tribal
communities to "develop according to their own talents" have been completely dissolve
because the school curriculum was imposed in batches in tribal schools. The problem is not
just the medium of instruction. Similarly, contrary to the announced national policy that
allows elementary school children to learn in their mother tongue, there are few tribal schools
teaching in tribal languages and in some places there are even more serious cultural bias in
6
AIR 383
school is present. The Ramakrishna mission schools in remote areas are actively promoted by
states which provides high-quality education, but they have unique Hinduism and
impeccable types in terms of culture. Christian mission schools in tribal areas across the
country also aim at assimilation, albeit with different cultural spirits. 7 However, despite all
these restrictions, the need for education in the tribal community is growing strongly. There
are many Ashram schools in India for Scheduled Tribe children, which are run under the
State sector. These schools impart general education and vocational training and provide free
boarding, lodging and medical facilities. The results in drop outs at the higher. To improve
this condition steps shall have to be taken to open institutions in Tribal area to provide special
coaching facilities to the students. Various State Governments have introduced schemes to
provide extra coaching facilities to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe students residing in
hostels. Ekalavya Model Residential School which is also known as EMRS aims to provide
medium and high-quality education and accommodation for students from planned tribes
living in remote areas. These boarding schools help students achieve all-round psychological
and social development. These schools help them grow and make them the torchbearers of
the community. These configurations help families of programmatic tribes send their children
to learn and grow, regardless of whether they belong to the most backward class in the
country.

State Sector Schemes

The Indian Government has asked the State Government to prepare special component plans
for 1979-80. However, most of the special components of the plan proved to be more
separate expenditures among the development departments. Therefore, the estimated total
expenditure transactions is much lower, which is proportional to the population of the country
concerned. Therefore, the main goal of to actively promote the development of the tribal
people has not been achieved. Subsequently, in accordance with the requirements of the
Planning Commission and the state governments reviewed their respective plans and
submitted plans for modified special components. Although projected expenditures have been

7
The Gandhian Bapa, often on the opposite side of the fence from Verrier Elwin with his 'integrationist'
approach to tribal policy, was one of the first to advocate modern education for tribals 'to develop a leadership
for the tribals in order that they may participate in the political life of the country' (Anand 1993:12). See Anand
(1993) for a wide-ranging study of the role of education in creating such a tribal elite and promoting intra-
community stratification in tribal groups.
adjusted up, it remains to be seen whether the proceeds from the special expenditures will
actually be attributed to the beneficiaries. The success of the special components program
depends on the efficiency of implementation. Since poverty, ignorance and unemployment
are the groups of these registered tribal communities, it is recognized that groups must have a
plan for the target group. For this reason, Plan for Comprehensive Rural Development was
launched. The plan involves determining the target family groups in each block, formulating
a plan to help these families, organizing credit support to finance the plan, monitoring the
progress of the plan implementation, and tracking actions to ensure that beneficiaries receive
a truly lasting well-being, thus crossing the poverty line. After the nationalization of some
commercial banks in 1981, introduced a differential interest rate plan to meet the credit needs
of the weakest class in society, including registered castes and tribes. According to the new
industrial policy, through the development of villages and small rural industries, employment
opportunities were provided. In 1978, the government launched the district industrial centre
plan supported by the central government. Promoting sets of housing and sets of small
industrial centres in rural areas of large-scale industries and services are the main
responsibilities of these centres. Funding for the program is shared between the states and
the centre. 
The policy of caste and tribal distribution agencies with priority registration of castes and
tribes played an important role in improving their economic conditions.8 Compared with the
populations in several states, the proportion of tribes participating in these missions is
considered quite insufficient. The federal states and territories must take steps to ensure that
the number of fair price distribution stores/organizations allocated to them is proportional to
the number of people in their respective federal states/territories. Loans must be provided to
them through the development company so that they can risk the acquisition of distribution
agencies.

Economic welfare and Employment Scheme

Economic well-being is an important area that the government must address in order to
achieve effective tribal promotion. The tribe must be economically strong so that they can be
socially independent. The Government Economic Welfare Program not only aims to protect
the tribes by enacting special provisions in accordance with the Indian Constitution, but also

8
In all 18,315 distributive agencies were allotted in various States and Union Territory during 1977-78, out of
which 775 (4.12%) agencies were allotted to Scheduled Castes and 1,633 (8.92%) to Scheduled Tribes.
to meet their economic needs by providing long-term loans or grants with minimal interest
costs. Therefore, the following plan will encourage tribes to engage in new economic
activities in society.
The government started the "Drought Prone Area Programme" and "Food for People" to help
unemployed people, including Schedule Castes and Tribes community. The Union of the
Ministry of Rural Reconstruction recently decided to allocate 10% of the resources of the
"Food for Work" plan to projects that directly benefit registered castes and tribes 9. These
projects include the development of land for housing, supply of drinking water and the
excavation of wells for irrigation. To ensure that those referred to in receive the benefits of
these programs, it is best to work in areas with a high population dense with Schedule Tribes.
Reservation system has been also implemented in government sector regarding employment.
This scheme gives rights to the people belonging from tribal community to uplift their status
in society. In case of Indra Sawhney v. Union of India, it has been stated that reservation shall
not exceed more than 50 percent and promotion shall not be allowed on basis of promotion.10

Legislative Protection
The importance of protecting the interests of vulnerable tribal communities was enshrined
into the Indian Constitution. Article 46 of the Constitution says the state to “pay particular
attention to the educational and economic interests of the most this sections and protect them
from social injustice and all its forms exploitation.  
There have been a series of specific federal and state laws to protect communities and tribal
areas from exploitation since Independence. Some of these laws are made for tribal people,
such to prevent the transfer of tribal lands to non-tribes. Some are related and listed
Scheduled Tribes and the Scheduled Tribes (Crime Prevention) Act of 1989. To prevent them
from Bonded Labour the Minimum Wage act, 1948 and Child Labour (Prohibitions and
Regulations) Act, 1986. 
The examination of the implementation of social justice laws in India lies beyond the scope
of this article. It would be enough to document the persistence of tribal alienation from land,
usury, atrocities, slavery, child labour, and low wages, indicating that scope of progressive
statutes has failed to extend appropriate protection to tribal populations. The reason for this
failure is that the law alone cannot protect vulnerable groups and individuals. The legal
system has always been notoriously poor-oriented, much more in homage to people for whom

9
Now formulated as “National Rural Employment Programme”.
10
AIR 1993
the entire legal system is a model for alien transplantation. In the absence of other political
and redistributive strategies to empower tribal communities, the legislation itself will have
only limited impact. We can illustrate this by the implementation of a set of laws specifically
designed to protect tribal people, namely a law that prevents the transfer of land from one
tribal to a non-tribal one. Almost all state governments have passed laws regulating the
transfer of land from tribal owners to non-tribal people. Most of these laws require the prior
authorization of the collector before authorizing. Examples of such laws are section 13A of
the Bombay Land Revenue Code, section 165 (6) of the MP Land Revenue Code, the Bihar
Scheduled Area Regulations, the transfer regulations of land concessions for listed areas of
Andhra Pradesh, etc. In some states, like Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, there is now
a total ban on transferring tribute land to any tributary in listed areas.

Forest Rights Restoration of Tribal

There is still the tribal group in our country that lives in a primitive situation and is active
towards changes in their lifestyle. Living in the forest from the last hundred years of the
forest has been permanently adapted to them, since it offers all the necessary food from
forests. In India, there are around 2474 forest villages that make this scheme more relevant.
The basic activities of this program provide medical care, drinking water, hygiene, primary
education, life, etc. The development of this process will help the EBO group of rolls evolve
and be developed by a tribal group approaching in its forest of origin.  

 The Indian government made a very important acknowledgment in the historical injustice
committed to forest tribesmen due to failure to "recognize their traditional rights" which must
be finally corrected. "This marked a historical end from the colonial perspective. The
common principle of the Forest Law 1927, the Wildlife Protection Law of 1972 and the
Forest Protection Law of 1980 is that no “interference” by humans to the forest ecosystem
of will lead to its destruction. This legal viewpoint ignores that tribal groups are also a must
Indispensable components and the natural parts of this ecosystem. The motive is to survive
from the forest and protect it at the same time.  In fact, the Supreme Court on May 3, 2002
Ordered to expel all intruders from the forest, resulting in the expulsion of approximately
300,000 farmers, more than 152,000 hectares in just four months. Mass protests and
homelessness eventually persuaded the Indian government to propose the Recognition of
Forest Rights in Parliament on December 13, 2005. The bill seeks to “recognize and grant
rights and occupation of forest land” tribes living in the forest. These include the right to own
(live and cultivate) pieces of forest land, It also imposes forest protection obligations on tribal
communities living in the forest. 
The bill led to a highly polarized and sometimes heated debate between "tribal rights" and
"environmental" pressure groups.
The supporters of the bill first believed that the Indian government’s initiative fully complied
with the international normative framework that protects the rights of indigenous peoples.
International commitments to protect biodiversity and local communities require
governments to protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance
with traditional sustainable use and practices, and structure indigenous organizations` and
aim to promote them" the perspectives of indigenous and local communities, is
comprehensive and executable".11 The state must "end all the sedentary lifestyles of
involuntary aboriginals mobile livelihoods and recognize collective and customary rights of
mobile livelihoods logging forest products. Under the Forest rights the Scheduled Tribe
community can claim their rights who has been primarily residing and depends on forest
products for their livelihood. It has also expanded the fifth and sixth schedule of the Indian
Constitution that claims for the protection of Indigenous tribes.  
 
Conclusion

The central government and state governments have shown great interest in the development
of the tribe and have made efforts for the development of the tribe, but the progress made so
far is simply satisfactory. The Indian government has adopted and implemented many tribal
welfare plans and policies, but none of them are fully effective. In India, it is the government
who is solely responsibility to take care of every citizen and work for their welfare. The
government did not implement these policies due to lack of political will, insufficient
administrative mechanisms, procedural delays, and lack of adequate follow-up actions.
Today, due to poor response from the authorities, indigenous people cannot even claim their
rights. In addition, when they ask the authorities for their rights, they are required to produce
certain documents that they usually do not have and many are victims of corruption. 
 Development can be achieved through education, so the government must first take steps in
this direction, because a country cannot develop if its citizens are not educated and fully
understand their rights. The government must also work to make tribal access to justice faster
and easier. Also, to properly implement welfare plans and tribal welfare policies, tribes must

11
UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
be aware of them through awareness and training plans, authorities must receive good
training in this area and there must be an appropriate Gram Sabha, because they act as a
bridge between the tribe and the authorities. Tribe problems and troubles cannot be ignored
and isolated from the government's main development agenda. All the political parties should
work together and should take initiative to uplift the tribals in India.

Bibliography

The following mentioned online articles, documents and boobs were referred.
 Articles
 https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/08/09/juxtaposition-between-
development-and-tribal-rights-a-story-of-determined-struggle-of-niyamgiri-tribes/

 https://blog.ipleaders.in/role-effect-central-government-schemes-welfare-tribal-
communities-india/

 http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/459/Protective-Discrimination-&-Tribal-
Welfare.html

 www.swaniti.in

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343541858_Tribal_Development_Policies_i
n_India_Its_Implications_and_Prospects

 Books
 Indian Tribes by R.C. Verma
 Bare Act National Commission for Schedule Tribes.
 Principles of Sociology by C.N. Shankar Rao.