Work: In our daily life anything that makes us tired is known as work.

For example, reading, writing, painting, walking, etc.

In physics work (W) is said to be done, when a force (F) acts on the body and point of
application of the force is displaced (s) in the direction of force.
Work done = force x displacement or, W = F x s
(i) If the body is displaced in the same direction of force,
Work done is positive
(ii) If the displacement is against a force, the work is done against the force. Work
done is negative
(iii) (iii) If the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the force, work done is
zero.
(iv) Unit of work Unit of work is joule (J).
(v) One joule of work is said to be done when a force of 1 Newton acting on a body
displacing it by a distance of 1 m.
(vi) Larger units of work are (i) kilo joules (1000 joule)
(vii) (ii) mega joule (10 lakh joule)
(viii) ENERGY - The energy of the body is defined as its capacity to do work Unit of
energy - Energy is measured in terms of work.
(ix) Unit of energy is also joule. One joule of energy is required to do one joule of
work
(x) Different forms of energy 1. Mechanical Energy The energy used to displace a
body or to change the position of the body or to deform the body is known as
mechanical energy.
(xi) Mechanical energy is of two types
(i) Potential energy (ii) Kinetic energy.
POTENTIAL ENERGY The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position
or due to state of strain, is called potential energy.
Example : The work done to lift a body above the ground level gives the potential
energy of the body.
Eg. Weight lifting. Water stored in reservoir has large amount of potential energy
due to which it can drive a water turbine when allowed to fall down. This is the
principle of production of hydro electric energy.
Expression for potential energy of a body above the ground level Consider an
object of mass m. It is raised through a height “h” meter from the ground. By
applying force F,
The object gains energy to do the work done (w) on it.
Work done = force x displacement
w = F x h (Since F= m a , a = g , F = mg)
w=mgh
KINETIC ENERGY- Energy possessed by an object due to its motion is called
kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy of an object increases with its speed. Kinetic energy of an object
moving with a velocity is equal to the work done on it to make it acquire that
velocity
Example - Kinetic energy of a hammer is used to drive a nail into the wall. Bullet
fi red from a gun can penetrate into a target due to its kinetic energy.
Expression for kinetic energy: Let a body (ball) of mass m is moving with an
initial velocity v.
If it is brought to rest by applying a retarding (opposing) force F, then it comes to
rest by a displacement S.
Let, KE = work done against the force used to stop it. KE = F x S -----> (1)
But retarding force F = ma-----> (2)
Let initial velocity u = v, final velocity v = 0
From III equation of motion,
v 2 = u2 + 2aS
Applying, 0 = v2 – 2aS ( “a” is retardation)
 2aS = v 2
Displacement, S = 𝑣 2 /2𝑎 ----> (3)
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1)
KE = ma x 𝑣 2 /2𝑎 
KE = ½ mv2
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it is transformed from one form
to another.
Alternatively, whenever energy gets transformed, the total energy remains
unchanged.
Proof – Freely falling body : Consider a body of mass m falls from a point A,
which is at a height h from the ground. At A, Kinetic energy KE = 0 Potential
energy PE = mgh Total energy E = KE + PE = 0 + mgh EA = mgh
Case: 1: During the free fall, let the body is at a position B on moving a distance
x from A. At B,
Velocity v2 = u2 + 2as Applying, v2 = 0 + 2ax = 2ax
KE = ½ mv2 = ½ m x 2gx = mgx
Potential energy , PE = mg (h – x)
Total energy E = PE + KE = mg (h-x) + mgx = mgh – mgx + mgx EB = mgh
Case - 2: During free fall let the body reaches the position C when fall to A. At C,
Potential energy PE = 0
Velocity of the body C is v2 = u2 + 2as u = 0, a = g, s = h
Applying v2 = 0 + 2gh = 2gh
Kinetic energy KE = ½ mv2 = ½ x m x 2gh  KE = mgh
Total energy at C = PE + KE = 0 + mgh = m g h
Thus, Sum of potential and kinetic energy of freely falling body at all points
remains same.
Power: Power is defined as the rate of doing work or work done per unit time
Power = work done time taken = P = 𝑊 𝑡
UNIT OF POWER The unit of power is J/S known as watt, its symbol is W.
1 watt = 1 joule 1 second 1 W = 1 J/S 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts 1 kW = 1000 W 
1 kW = 1000 J /s.
Commercial unit of energy is kilo watt hour
Example : How much energy will be used when a hundred watt bulb is used for
10 hour?
Energy = 100 watt x 10 hour = 1000 w h = 1kw h I k w h is known as 1 unit.
One kilowatt hour means thousand watt of power is consumed in one hour.
1 kWh = 1 kW x 1 h = 1000 W x 60 x 60 s = 1000 Js-1 x 3600 s = 3.6 x 106 J 1
unit = 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6x106 J
Illustration 1 : .A body of mass 15 kg undergoes downward displacement of 40 m
under the effect of gravitational force. Calculate work done (g = 10 m/s2)
Solution : here: Acceleration a = g = 10 m/s2 , mass m = 15 kg displacement s =
40 m Work W = F ´ s = m ´ a ´ s = 15 ´ 10 ´ 40 = 6000 J Note : Here gravitational
force and displacement are in same direction. So, work is said to be done on the
body.
Illustration 2 : A body of mass 120 g is taken vertically upwards to reach the
height of 5m. Calculate work done (g = 10 m/s2) Solution : Here m = 120 g =
0.120 kg a = – g = –10 m/s2 s = 5 m Work W = F ´ s = m ´ a ´ s = m ´ (–g) ´ 5 =
(0.120) (–10) ´ 5 = – 6 J
Note : Here since force and displacement are in opposite directions, work is
negative. So, work is considered to be done by the body against the force.
Illustration 3 : A ball of mass 200g is moving with 27 km/h. Calculate its kinetic energy.
Solution : m = 200 g = 0.2 kg, v = 27 km/h = 7.5 m/s Kinetic Energy K = ? KE =
1/2mv 2 = ½ x 0.2 x 7.5 x 7.5 = 5.625J
Illustration 4 : At what speed a person having 60 kg mass should run to acquire
750 J kinetic energy ? Solution : m = 60 kg kinetic energy k = 750 J, v = ? KE =
1/2mv 2  750 = ½ x 60x v 2  v = 5 m/s
Illustration 5 : Kinetic energy of a car, having mass 1000 kg, is 1,12,500 J. Driver
applies brakes when an obstacle is sighted, and car comes to halt after travelling
100 m distance. (Without meeting with an accident) Calculate frictional force.
Solution : Here work = F s Initial kinetic energy K0 = 1,12,500J, mass m = 1000
kg, Final kinetic energy K = 0 Distance s = 100 m
Work W = F s and W = K – K0 F s = K - K0 = 0 – K0
F(100) = 0 - 1,12,500 F = - 1125N
Work W = change in K.E = K – K0
Here force and displacement are in opposite direction, so force is negative.
Illustration 6 : Calculate potential energy of a person having 60 kg mass on the
summit of Mt. Everest. Height of Mt. Everest is 8848 m from sea level. (g = 9.8
m/s2)
Solution : mass m = 60 kg height h = 8848 m g = 9.8 m/s2 Potential energy U =
mgh = (60) (9.8) (8848) = 52,02,624 J
Illustration 7 : 5 tube lights each of 40 w are operated for 10 hours. Calculate
electrical energy consumed in 'units'. Solution : Work = 5 × 40 W × 10 hour =
2000 Watt hour = 2 kWh = 2 units
Illustration 8 : Hetasvi, having her own mass 50 kg, climbs 20 m height along
with 30 kg mass in 40 s. Calculate her power and work done. (take g = 10m/s2)
Solution : Total mass m = 50 + 30 = 80 kg, height h = 20 m, time t = 40 s
Work done against gravitational force W = m g h = 80 × 10 × 20 = 16000 J
Power P = W/t = 16000 J/40 s = 400 W
1.A force of 7 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction of the
force .Let us take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What is the
work done in this case?
2.When do we say that work is done?
3.Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the direction
of its displacement.
4.Define 1 J of work.
5.A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m
long. How much work is done in ploughing the length of the field?
6.What is the work to be done to increase the velocity of a car from 30 km h–1 to 60 km h–1
if the mass of the car is 1500 kg?
7.An object of mass 15 kg is moving with a uniform velocity of 4 m s–1. What is the kinetic
energy possessed by the object?
8.What is the kinetic energy of an object?
9.Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object.
10.The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 m s–1 is 25 J.
What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy
when its velocity is increased three times?
11.Find the energy possessed by an object of mass 10 kg when it is at a height of 6 m above
the ground. Given, g = 9.8 m s–2 .
12.An object of mass 12 kg is at a certain height above the ground. If the potential energy of
the object is 480 J, find the height at which the object is with respect to the ground. Given, g
= 10 m s–2 .
13.What is power?
14.Define 1 watt of power.
15.A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power?
16.Define average power.
17.An electric bulb of 60 W is used for 6 h per day. Calculate the ‘units’ of energy consumed
in one day by the bulb.
18.A boy of mass 50 kg runs up a staircase of 45 steps in 9 s. If the height of each step is 15
cm, find his power. Take g = 10 m s–2 .