PLANT KINGDOM

BIOLOGY

 Cyanobacteria that are also  they were based on a few

referred to as blue green algae are characteristics
not ‘algae’ any more. 2. Artificial systems gave equal
 Kingdom Plantae- weightage to vegetative and sexual
1. Algae characteristics;
2. Bryophytes  this is not acceptable since
3. Pteridophytes vegetative characters are more
4. Gymnosperms easily affected by environment
5. Angiosperms.  Slow changes , more conserved-
Classification Systems Sexual characters
1. Artificial System of Classification  Natural system-
2. Natural System of Classification  Based on natural affinities among
3. Phylogenetic System of organisms
Classification  Consider not only external features,
 Artificial –by Linnaeus but also internal features (U are
 Earliest systems of classification PEA )-
used only- 1. Ultrastructure
 One or few Gross superficial 2. Phytochemistry
morphological characters such as 3. Embryology
habit, color, number and shape of 4. Anatomy
leaves  Pioneer work done by John Ray
 Based mainly on vegetative  Such a classification for flowering
characters or on the androecium plants was given-
structure (sexual)  by George Bentham and Joseph
1) Aristotle (Greek) was the earliest to Dalton Hooker
attempt a more scientific basis for (dicots → gymnosperm→monocots)
classification (Artificial system)  Drawback – phylogeny not
 He used simple morphological considered
characters to classify plants into  Phylogenetic /Cladistic classification
trees, shrubs and herbs. systems (At present ) -
 He also divided animals into two  based on evolutionary relationships
groups, those which had red blood between various organisms
(Enaima) & those that did not  External + internal characters
(Anaima) +phylogeny
2) Theophrastus classify plants into  This assumes that organisms
trees, under shrubs , shrubs and herbs belonging to same taxa have a
(Artificial system) common ancestor
3) Carolous Linnaeus  Pioneer work by Eichler ,
 Basis = No. of Stamens Hutchinson , Takhatjan , Engler-
(Androecium-sexual character) Prantl etc.
 Classified flowering plants into 24  We now use information from many
classes (Monoandria=1 stamen , other sources too to help resolve
Diandria etc ) difficulties in classification.
 First artificial sexual system  These become more important when
there is no supporting fossil
 Drawbacks of Artificial system - evidence
1. They separated closely related
species since –

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

EICHLERS CLASSIFICATION: Crystals like CaCO3 , Aromatic

1.Cryptogamae / Non-Spermatophyta compounds
(non-flowering, seedless plants , sex 3. Numerical Taxonomy / Phenetics/
organs hidden)- Taximetrics/Adansonian taxonomy-
a) Thallophyta (undifferentiated plant  It is easily carried out using
body) computers, based on all observable
b) Bryophyta (plant body with root like characteristics
structure, stem like structure,vascular  Number & codes are assigned to all
tissues are absent ) characters & data are then processed
c) Pteridophyta / vascular cryptogams  In this way each character given equal
(body is differentiated into true root, importance
stem and leaves . Vascular tissues are  At same time hundreds of characters
present) can be considered
2.Phanerogamae /Spermatophyta  ALGAE:
(Seed bearing plants,sex organs  Phycology: study of algae
exposed)  Fritch –Father of phycology
a) Gymnosperma (naked seed , fruit  Iyengar - Father of Indian
absent) phycology
b) Angiosperma (covered seeded ,  ALGAE
fruit present)  Cryptogams/Non-spermatophyta
c) Angiosperms are again divided into  Vascular tissue absent (Non-
two- tracheophyta)
d) 1.Monocots (single cotyledon,  Chlorophyll –bearing
fibrous root system & parallel  Simple thalloid
venation)  Autotrophic (Photosynthetic)
e) 2. Dicots (two cotyledons, tap root  Largely aquatic (both fresh water &
system & reticulate venation). marine)
 Tracheophytes (presence of vascular Occur in variety of other habitats:
Tissue )  Moist stones, soils and wood
1. Pteridophytes  Also occur in association with
2. Gymnosperms 1. Fungi (lichen)
3. Angiosperms 2. Animals (e.g., on sloth bear)
 Embryophyta –  Form & size of algae highly variable
1. Bryophyta  Size ranges from-
2. Pteridophyta 1. Microscopic unicellular forms like
3. Gymnosperms Chlamydomonas (Protista)
4. Angiosperms 2. To colonial forms like Volvox
3. To filamentous forms like Ulothrix
Branches of Taxonomy & Spirogyra
Father of Taxonomy – Carolus 4. A few of marine forms like kelps,
Linnaeus form massive plant bodies
1.Cytotaxonomy/Karyotaxonomy- It is  Trick-
based on cytological information like  U C2 -Unicellular ,
chromosome number, structure & Chlamydomonas , Chlorella
behaviour  Kal Maine -Kelps , Massive
2. Chemotaxonomy- It uses chemical  US Film mei-Ulothrix , Spirogyra ,
constituents of plant to resolve confusions Filamentous
like DNA sequence , protein structure ,  CV diya – Colonial , Volvox

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Reproduction in algae-  Trick for examples of Algae-

1.Vegetative- by fragmentation 1.Christiano
(Each fragment develops into a thallus )  US Colleges Very Clean
2.Asexual- Ulothrix Spirogyra Chlamydomonas
 Production of different types of Volvox Chara
spores, the most common being 2.Portugal
zoospores  Do SELFies li
 Flagellated (motile) & on Dictyota Sargassum Ectocarpus
germination gives rise to new plants Laminaria Fucus
 Asexual spores – 3.Ronaldo
 Favourable condition – motile  P2G2 ki
Zoospores Porphyra Polysiphonia
 Unfavourable condition – Non- Gracilaria Gelidium
motile spores Algae divided into three main classes:
1. Aplanospore – thin walled 1. Chlorophyceae
2. Akinete – thick wall 2. Phaeophyceae
3. Hypnospore – thick red wall (due to 3. Rhodophyceae.
Haematochrome
pigment)
4. Palmella stage – mucilage sheath
3.Sexual reproduction-
 Through fusion of two gametes
 Formation of gamete
 Fusion of gamete
 Non-Embryophyta
 Gametes can be-
a) Isogamous
i) Flagellated & similar in size (as in
Chlamydomonas Ulothrix) or
ii) Non-flagellated (non-motile) but
similar in size (as in Spirogyra)
b) Anisogamous - Fusion of two gametes
dissimilar in size , in some species of
Chlamydomonas Udorina
c) Oogamous –
 Fusion between one large, non-motile
(static) female gamete and a smaller,
motile male gamete
 Eg- Volvox, Fucus
 Trick for sexual reproduction-
 SUI-Spirogyra,Ulothrix,Isogamous
 AUr-Anisogamous , Udorina
 FeVicOl –Fucus,Volvox, Oogamous
 Sex organs : unicellular & Non-
jackted (Except-Chara)
 Life cycle – Haplontic (mostly) ,
Zygotic meiosis except Brown algae
(Fucus-Diplontic)

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Chlorophyceae –
 Most advanced algae
 Ancestor of higher plants
 Rhodophyceae –
 Least advanced algae
 Most primitive algae , after Blue-green
algae

1. Chlorophyceae - green algae

 Most advanced
 Plant body may be unicellular,
colonial or filamentous
 Usually grass green due to dominance
of pigments chlorophyll a and b
 Pigments localised in definite
chloroplasts(Agranal)
 Chloroplasts may be - in different
species
1. Discoid - Chara
2. Plate -like
3. Reticulate-Oodogonium
4. Cup -shaped-Chlamydomonas
5. Spiral / ribbon-shaped-Spirogyra
6. Star shaped / Stellate - Zygonema
7. Most of members have one or more
storage bodies (Pyrenoids) located
in chloroplasts

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

8. Pyrenoids contain ‘Protein besides  Vary in color from olive green to

Starch’ various shades of brown depending
9. Some algae may store food in the upon amount of-
form of oil droplets  xanthophyll pigment, fucoxanthin
10. Usually have rigid cell wall made of  Food is stored as complex
inner layer of cellulose and an outer carbohydrates, which may be in
layer of pectose form of laminarin or mannitol (also
 Vegetative reproduction - by oil)
fragmentation or by formation of  Vegetative cells have cellulosic wall
different types of spores usually covered on the outside by a
 Asexual reproduction – gelatinous coating of algin
 By flagellated zoospores produced  Protoplast contains plastids, a
in zoosporangia centrally located vacuole and
 Sexual reproduction-isogamous, nucleus
anisogamous or oogamous.  Plant body usually attached to
substratum-
 Some commonly found green algae 1. By a Holdfast (attachment to
are: substratum)
1. Chlamydomonas 2. Has a stalk, the Stipe
2. Volvox 3. leaf like photosynthetic organ – the
3. Ulothrix / Pond wool Frond
4. Spirogyra / Pond silk 4. Vegetative reproduction –
5. Chara fragmentation
5. Asexual reproduction - Biflagellate
zoospores
(pear-shaped & have two unequal
laterally attached flagella)
 Sexual reproduction-isogamous,
anisogamous or oogamous
 Union of gametes- in water or
within the oogonium (oogamous
species)
 Gametes are pyriform (pear-
shaped) & bear two laterally
attached flagella.
(a) Green algae
 Common forms are-
(i) Volvox (ii) Chlamydomonas (iii)
1. Ectocarpus
Chara
2. Dictyota
2. Phaeophyceae / Brown algae
3. Laminaria
 Primarily in marine habitats
4. Sargassum
 Show great variation in size & form
5. Fucus
 Range from simple branched,
filamentous forms (Ectocarpus) to
profusely branched forms as
represented by kelps, which may
reach a height of 100 metres
 Possess chlorophyll a, c,
carotenoids & xanthophylls

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 by Non-motile gametes(even sperms

are non-motile)
 Oogamous
 Accompanied by complex post-
fertilisation developments
Common members are:
1. Polysiphonia
2. Porphyra
3. Gracilaria
4. Gelidium

Red algae
(i) Porphyra (ii) Polysiphonia
Brown algae
(i) Laminaria (ii) Fucus (iii)
Dictyota
 Rhodophyceae/Red algae
 Predominance of red pigment ,
r-phycoerythrin (chl a , d ,
Phycobilins)
 Cell wall-Inner cellulosic , outer
phycocolloids (sulphonated-

carrageen & agar) ; cellulose ,
Algae are useful to man in a variety
pectin & polysulphonated esters
of ways-
Majority of the red algae are-
1. At least a half of the total carbon
 Marine
dioxide fixation on earth is carried
 Found in warmer areas
out by algae through
 Occur in both well-lighted regions
photosynthesis.
close to the surface of water & also
2. Being photosynthetic they increase
at great depths in oceans where
level of dissolved oxygen in their
relatively little light penetrates
immediate environment
 Red thalli of most of red algae are
3. 3. Of paramount importance as
multicellular
Primary producers of energy-rich
 Some of them have complex body
compounds which form basis of
organisation
food cycles of all aquatic animals
 Food stored as Floridean starch ,
4. Used as food-
very similar to amylopectin and
 Many species of-among the 70
glycogen in structure
species of marine algae
 Usually reproduce vegetatively by  Chlorella/Space alga , a unicellular
fragmentation
alga, rich in proteins is used as food
 Asexual - by non-motile spores supplement even by space travellers
 Sexual –

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Ulva (marine green alga) – sea lettuce

(as salad)
 Porphyra (red algae)
 Chondrus (red algae)
 Laminaria (Devil’s apron ; Brown
alga)
 Sargassum (Gulf weed ; Brown alga) –
form “Sargasso sea” in North Atlantic
Ocean , sink ships due to rapid 
multiplication by vegetative Gametogenesis by Mitosis
reproduction  Zygotic meiosis
 5. Source of Iodine – Fucus ,  Sporophyte is represented by only
Laminaria (in t/t of Goitre) zygote
 6. Source of Potassium –  1st cell of Sporophyte – Zygote
Macrocystis  1st cell of Gametophyte – Spore
7. Certain marine brown and red (meiospores; haploid)
algae produce large amounts of  Non- Embryophyta
hydrocolloids (water holding  Homomorphic alternation of
substances) generation
 e.g., Algin (brown algae) and  Only gametophyte is visible
Carrageen (red algae ; Chondrus  Note-
crispus/Irish Moss ) which are used  Diplontic life cycle - Fucus
commercially  Haplo-diplontic – Kelps ,
 Agar, one of the commercial Polysiphonia , Ectocarpus
products obtained  Chlamydomonas :
 From Gelidium and Gracilaria  Unicellular green alga ; Fresh-water
(Agarophytes)  2 , equal , apical ,whiplash/smooth ,
 Used to grow microbes and in isokont flagella
preparations of ice-creams and  Cup-shaped chloroplast
jellies  Single pyrenoid in chloroplast
 Parasitic algae-  Eye spot present (photo-sensitive)
1.Harveyella  Sexual reproduction – Isogamous ,
 Colorless red alga , parasitic over motile biflagellated gametes ;
other algae tetraflagellate zygote , external
2.Cephaleuros coffea (green algae)- fertilization
Red rust of coffee ;parasite on  Asexual - motile biflagellated
leaves of coffee Zoospores
3.Cephaleuros virescens (green  Ulothrix :
algae)-Red rust of Tea; parasite on  Filamentous unbranched green alga ;
leaves of tea Fresh-water
 Rhizoid cell / Hapteron at base for
attachment
 Apical cell ( dome shaped)
 Girdle / Horse-shoe -shaped
chloroplast
 Few pyrenoids in chloroplast
 Large central vacuole

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Sexual reproduction – Isogamous ,  Usually occur in damp, humid and

motile tetraflagellated gametes , shaded localities (Sciophytes)
external fertilization  Western Himalayas- Goldmines of
 Spirogyra : Bryophytes
 Filamentous unbranched green alga ;  Aquatic bryophytes :
Fresh-water  Riccia fluitans
 Rhizoid cell / Hapteron at base for  Riccocarpus
attachment  Fontinalis
 Apical cell ( dome shaped)  Nutrition : Autotrophic
 Ribbon -shaped / Spiral chloroplast (photosynthetic)
 Many pyrenoids in chloroplast  Saprophytic –
 Large central vacuole 1. Buxbaumia/ Bug moss
 Sexual reproduction – Isogamous , 2. Cryptothallus
non-motile gametes ; Internal  Epiphytic (space parasite ,
fertilization , Zygote also k/a autotrophic) – Frullania
Zygospore , Zygotic meiosis , only  Size – plant is small sized due to
one spore germinate ( 3 degenerate) absent vascular tissue
, only one new filament formed  Smallest – Zoopsis (5 mm)
 Spirogyra :  Largest – Dawsonia (50-70 cm)
 Sexual reproduction – by  Plant body of bryophytes is more
Conjugation differentiated than that of algae
A) Scaliform-fertilization between 2  May be Thallus –like
thallus  Prostrate or erect
B) Lateral – fertilization within same  Attached to substratum by
thallus unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
i. Direct  Lack true roots, stem or leaves
ii. Indirect  May possess root-like(rhizoid), leaf-
BRYOPHYTES like(phylloid) or stem-like(cauloid)
 Non - spermatophyta structures
 Cryptogams  Vegetative reproduction -
 Atracheophyta (hence small sized) fragmentation , tuber , budding ,
 Non-Cormophyta adventitious branches , Gemmae
(true root/stem/leaf absent)  Asexual reproduction – Mitospores
 Include various mosses & liverworts absent in Bryophytes /
 Bryology-Study of Bryophyta Pteridophytes / Gymno /
 Father of bryology- Hedwig / Caver Angiosperms
 Father of Indian bryology -  Sexual reproduction – Oogamous ,
Shiv Ram Kashyap sex organs (multicellular &
 Called ‘Amphibians of the plant jacketed)
kingdom’ because-  Life Cycle of Bryophytes
 These plants can live in soil but are  Main plant body of bryophyte –
dependent on water for sexual Gametophyte (Haploid)
reproduction  Dominant phase
 1st terrestial plant , originated from  Free -living
aquatic plants  Multicellular
 Habitat :Terrestial  It produces gametes (by mitosis) ,
 Found commonly growing in moist hence called Gametophyte
shaded areas in the hills  Bear Rhizoids

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 PLANT KINGDOM
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 Sex organs – multicellular & ↓

jacketed  Lid cells swells & breaks
 Sporophyte is not free-living but ↓
 Attached to photosynthetic  Mouth of neck becomes open
gametophyte & Derives ↓
nourishment from it  Chemoattraction between sperm &
 Diploid egg
 Miulticellular ↓
 Parasitic on gametophyte  Chemotactic movement of sperm into
 Produce spores by meiosis Archegonium
(meiospores) ↓
 Dominant phase – Gametophyte  Fertiliztion/syngamy (= Zoidogamy )
 1st cell of Sporophyte – Zygote → Zygote → Embryo
 1st cell of Gametophyte – Spore  Antherozoids released into water
 Sporic meiosis where they come in contact with
 1st Embryophyta archegonium
 Male sex organ-Antheridium ,  Fertilization=Zoidogamy (external
haploid layer of water essential for sperm to
 Round/Club shaped ; Stalked reach egg) – Internal fertilization
 Multicellular  An antherozoid fuses with egg to
 Jacketed (sterile) produce zygote
 produce biflagellate Antherozoids  Zygotes do not undergo reduction
by mitosis (haploid , small , motile , division immediately
comma shaped)  They produce multicellular body
 1 Sperm mother cell / Androcyte called sporophyte
/Androgonial cell - 2 antherozoids  Some cells of sporophyte undergo
 Female sex organ-Archegonium reduction division (meiosis) to
 Haploid produce haploid spores
 Flask -shaped  These spores germinate to produce
 Stalked gametophyte.
 Multicellular  Sporophyte differentiated into a
 Jacketed (sterile) foot, seta & capsule (All Diploid)
1) Tubular Neck – 4-10 NCC  After meiosis, spores produced
2) Swollen basal Venter within capsule from Spore Mother
 produces Single Cell by Meiosis.
Egg/Oosphere/Female  These spores germinate to form
gamete free-living gametophytes
 1 VCC  Spores released from capsule by air
3) Lid /Cover cells (4 In no.) currents reach substratum , then
 1st Archegoniates germinate directly ( Liverworts) or
 At maturity of Archegonium indirectly (Mosses) to form
↓ Gametophyte
 NCC & VCC degrade & produce  Homosporic : only one type of Spores
Mucilage
↓
 Mucilage absorb water & swell
↓
 Pressure on lid cells

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

• Cryptothallus (Saprophytic)
2. Mosses (Bryopsida)
 Mausaji - Mosses
 Pratima - Protonema
 Leaf garland-Leafy gametophyte
 Bahut - Polytrichum
 Fun -Funaria
 Swag -Sphagnum
• Buxbaumia/ Bug moss
 (Saprophytic)
Regular Alternation of generation
between gametophyte & sporophyte 3. Anthoceropsida ( Hornworts)
 Heteromorphic alternation of Eg - Anthoceros
generation
 Haplo-diplontic life cycle
 Embryo development –
 Holoblastic – Whole zygote forms
embryo (Higher plants – Meroblastic)
 Exocarpic Embryogeny – Axis of
embryo is towards neck of female sex
organ/Archegonium
(Higher plants – Endocarpic)
 Similarities between Algae &
Bryophytes :
 Non-spermatophytes
 Cryptogams
 Non-cormophytes (Thallus like body ;
True root /leaf/stem absent)
 Atracheophytes
 Dominant body – Gametophyte
 Water essential for fertilisation

 Bryophytes are divided into-

1. Liverworts (Hepaticopsida)
M-Marchantia
R-Riccia
P-Porella

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

Bryophytes: A liverwort – Marchantia

(a) Female thallus (b) Male thallus
 After meiosis, spores produced
within capsule
 These spores germinate to form
free-living gametophytes
 Sporophyte non-green (total
parasite on gametophyte)
Vegetative / Asexual reproduction
1. Fragmentation of thalli
2. By formation of specialised
structures called Gemmae
(sing. gemma)
3. Gemmae - green, multicellular,
asexual buds, which develop in
small receptacles called gemma cups
located on the thalli
 Liverworts 4. Gemmae become detached from
 Grow usually in moist, shady parent body & germinate to form
habitats such as banks of streams, new individuals
marshy ground, damp soil, bark of 5. 1 gemma on germination forms two
trees & deep in the woods thalii
 Plant body of a liverwort is thalloid, 6. Gemma are haploid
e.g., Marchantia
 Thallus is dorsiventral and closely
appressed to substrate
 Unicellular & unbranched Rhizoids
on ventral surface
 Leafy members (Porella) have tiny
leaf-like appendages in two rows on Bryophytes: A liverwort – Marchantia
stem-like structures (a) Female thallus (b) Male thallus
Sexual reproduction-  Mosses
 Male & female sex organs produced  Predominant stage of life cycle-
either on same (Bisexual) or on Gametophyte consists of two stages-
different thalli (Unisexual) st
1 stage- Protonema stage, which
 All bryophytes are Bisexual except  Juvenile gametophyte
Marchantia  Develops directly from a spore
 Sporophyte differentiated into a  Creeping
foot, seta & capsule  Green
 Branched
 Frequently filamentous stage

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 PLANT KINGDOM
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2nd stage- Leafy stage, which  Capsule contains spores

 Develops from secondary  Spores are formed after meiosis
protonema as a lateral bud  Mosses have an elaborate
 Consist of upright, slender axes mechanism of spore dispersal
bearing spirally arranged leaves (longer seta helps in spore dispersal)
 Attached to soil through  Vegetative / Asexual reproduction in
multicellular & branched rhizoids mosses-
(oblique septa)  By fragmentation and budding in
 This stage bears sex organs the secondary protonema


Sporophyte green (partial parasite
on gametophyte)
 Funaria :
 Bisexual / Monoecious – male &
Mosses – female sex organs on same plant
(c) Funaria , gametophyte and body
sporophyte  Autoecious - male & female sex
organs on different branches of
same plant body
 Acrocarpous - male & female sex
organs on apex / tips of leafy shoots
 Protandry – Antheridium mature
earlier than Archegonium , to
prevent self-fertilisation
 Indirect spore germination in
Mosses :
 Through Protonema / Juvenile
gametophyte stage
1. Primary protonema
 Develops directly from a spore
(d) Sphagnum gametophyte  Creeping
 Sexual reproduction-  Green
 Sex organs- Antheridia &  Branched
Archegonia are produced at apex of  Frequently filamentous stage
the leafy shoots 2. Secondary protonema – develop
 After fertilisation , zygote develops from primary protonema , have Lateral
into a sporophyte , consisting of a buds which germinate to form Leafy /
foot, seta & capsule Adult gametophyte
 Sporophyte in mosses is more  Mosses
elaborate than that in liverworts

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Predominant stage of life cycle- 4. Since mosses form dense mats on soil,
Gametophyte consists of two stages- they reduce impact of falling rain &
1st stage- Protonema stage, which prevent soil erosion
 Juvenile gametophyte
 Develops directly from a spore  PTERIDOPHYTE
 Creeping  Pteron = feather
 Green  Phyta=plant
 Branched  Include horsetails & ferns
 Frequently filamentous stage  Pteridology-Study of Pteridophytes
2nd stage- Leafy stage, which  Father of Pteridology- Bower
 Develops from secondary  Father of Indian Pteridology-
protonema as a lateral bud S.S.Bir
 Consist of upright, slender axes  Term Pteridophyta - Haeckel
bearing spirally arranged leaves  Smallest pteridophyte – Azolla
 Attached to soil through ( aquatic fern)
multicellular & branched rhizoids  Largest pteridophyte – Alsophila /
(oblique septa) Cyathea (Tree fern)
 This stage bears sex organs  Non – spermatophyta
 Examples of mosses  1st Tracheophyta
1. Funaria= Green / Cord / Rope moss  Vascular / Highest Cryptogams
2. Polytrichum=Poultry moss/Hair cap  1st Cormophyta (true
moss root/stem/leaf)
3. Sphagnum=Peat/Cotton/  1st successful land plants
Carpet/Turf/Quacking bog moss  Vascular Amphibians of plant
4. Bryophytes in general are of little kingdom as water is essential for
economic importance but- fertilisation
1. Some mosses provide food for  Reptiles of plant kingdom
herbaceous mammals, birds and other  Called ‘Botanical snake’
animals (Selaginella)
2. Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide  First terrestrial plants to possess
Peat (live in Acidic marshes called Bog) vascular tissues – xylem & phloem
 used as Fuel ( dark spongy mass ;  Found in cool, damp, shady places
partially decomposed mosses & other (Sciophytes) though
plants in acidic bog ; also reduce  Some may flourish well in Sandy-
alkanity of soil & good manure) soil (Xerophytic)
 as Packing material for trans-shipment eg- Selaginella rupestris , Equisetum
of living material  Pteridophytes classified into 4
 Act as Absorbent cotton , used as classes:
dressing in World War-I 1. Psilopsida (Psilotum )
[Good capacity to hold water ] 2. Lycopsida (Selaginella,
3. Mosses along with lichens are the first Lycopodium)
organisms to colonise rocks and hence, 3. Sphenopsida(Equisetum)(=horsetail
are of great ecological importance s)
(Succession/soil formation) 4. Pteropsida (=Ferns)
 They decompose rocks making (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)
substrate suitable for growth of Trick- SiLai Sirf Teri Pant
higher plants  Trick – Ranu PLEASe Mujhe
PADHA

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Rhynia (Psilopsida) - fossil plant 1. Small (Microphylls) eg- Selaginella

 Psilotum (Psilopsida) – Only Living 2. Large (Macrophylls) eg- Ferns
member 3. Cone / Strobillus – sporophylls
 Lycopodium- Lycopsida aggregate to form compact structure
 Equisetum (Sphenopsida) eg – Selaginella , Equisetum
 Azolla(smallest (Never in Ferns)
pteridophyte,Pteropsida)Aquatic  Sporophytes bear sporangia that are
fern ,
 Selaginella (Lycopsida)  subtended by leaf-like appendages
Salvinia (Pteropsida , Aquatic fern) called Sporophylls (2n)
 Marsilea (Pteropsida) – Aquatic  In some cases sporophylls may form
fern distinct compact structures called
 Pteris (Pteropsida) strobili or Cones
 Adiantum(Pteropsida) (Selaginella, Equisetum) -SEC
 Dryopteris(Pteropsida)
 Horneophyton (Psilopsida) -fossil
plant
 Alsophila (Pteropsida)-largest
Pteridophyte

 Dominant phase of bryophytes –

Gametophytic
1. Main plant body of pteridophytes-
Sporophyte Pteridophytes : (a) Selaginella (b)
2. Gametophytes called Prothallus - Equisetum
 Inconspicuous ; Small ;
Multicellular
 Free -living (Independent)
 Mostly photosynthetic
 Thalloid (Green thallus + rhizoids)
 Sporophyte , differentiated into true
root, stem and leaves
 These organs possess well-
differentiated vascular tissues
(vessels in xylem & sieve tube & (c) Fern (d) Salvinia
companion cells in phloem absent)
 Cambium absent , hence no  Development of Sporangia :
1. Leptosporangiate – Origin from one
secondary growth , no secondary
initial cell eg – Ferns
xylem formed , no wood formation
2. Eusporangiate – Origin from group
 Leaves in pteridophyta are-
of cells eg – Selaginella ,
1. Cataphylls / Trophophylls –
vegetative leaves , green , Lycopodium , Equisetum
photosynthetic 3. Sporangia (2n) produce spores by
2. Sporophylls – green , photosynthetic ; meiosis in Spore mother cells (2n)
Reproductive leaves i.e. leaves which 4. Spores germinate to give rise to
bear Sporangia on Abaxial surface Gametophytes called Prothallus
 Leaves in pteridophyta are Gametophytes (n) bear-
(arrangement of Sporophylls)

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 Sex organs –Multicellular , Jacketed 2.Heterosporous - Genera like

, stalk-less Selaginella and Salvinia , produce two
1. Male sex organs - Antheridia (n) kinds of spores, macro (large) and
2. Female sex organ – Archegonia (n) micro (small) spores
 Form gametes (n) by Mitosis  Megaspores & Microspores
 Water is required for transfer of germinate & give rise to female and
antherozoids – male gametes (Spiral male gametophytes (unisexual /
biflagellate Selaginella / Spiral dioecious)
multiflagellate more common)  Homosporous / Bisexual /
released from antheridia, to mouth Monoecious
of archegonium Distance – Dryopteris (Pteropsida)
 Fusion of male gamete with egg Learning – Lycopodium (Lycopsida)
present in archegonium result in Program is –Pteris (Pteropsida)
formation of Zygote (Zoidogamy , Awesome – Adiantum (Pteropsida)
Internal fertilization)  Heterosporous / Unisexual /
 Zygote produces Sporophyte Dioecious
( multicellular well- differentiated M – Marsilea (Pteropsida , Aquatic
dominant phase) fern)
 Embryo development – both given A – Azolla (Pteropsida , Aquatic
below fern)
1.Holoblastic Exocarpic (more common) S – Salvinia (Pteropsida , Aquatic
; Ferns , Equisetum fern)
2.Meroblastic Endocarpic ; Selaginella S – Selaginella (Lycopsida)
 Spread of living pteridophytes is
limited & restricted to narrow
geographical regions-
1. Gametophytes require cool, damp,
shady places to grow (specific
restricted requirement)
2. Need for water for fertilisation

1st cell of Sporophyte – Zygote  Similarities between Bryophytes &
 1st cell of Gametophyte – Spore Pteridophytes :
 Sporic meiosis 1. Non-spermatophytes
 Embryophyta 2. Cryptogams
 Regular Alternation of generation 3. Water essential for fertilization
between gametophyte & sporophyte (Zoidogamy)
 Heteromorphic alternation of 4. Sex organs – Antheridiium &
generation Archegonium
 Diplo-Haplontic life cycle 5. Diplo-haplontic life cycle
 Only sexual reproduction- 6. Heteromorphic Alternation of
Oogamous generation
1.Majority pteridophytes - 7. Sporic meiosis
Homosporous ( All spores
similar kinds , Bisexual/Monoecious ,
both sex organs on same plant body)

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 PLANT KINGDOM
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 Precursor to Seed habit in

Pteridophytes (Heterosporous) :
 In Heterosporous species , Female
gametophytes in these plants are
retained on parent sporophytes for
variable periods In Pteropsida :
 Development of zygotes into young  REMENTA present – multicellular ,
embryos take place within female protective hair on leaves and stem
gametophytes  Circinate vernation
(In-situ germination)  Pteridophytes are used for –
 This event is Precursor to Seed 1. Medicinal purposes Selaginella=
habit (Heterospory leads to seed sanjeevni , Lycopodium
habit) considered important step homeopathy , Dryopteris Anti-
in evolution helminthic drug)
 Failure to develop seeds in 2. As soil-binders
Pteridophytes : 3. Frequently grown as ornamentals
1. Don’t have protective appendages like (Ferns) – due to large , delicate &
Integuments graceful leaves
2. Retension of female gametophyte on 4. As food – Marsilea (aquatic fern ,
parent sporophyte is not permanent rich in starch)
5. Scouring agent – Equisetum (
cleaning utensils , polishing metals)
as Silica present in epidermis →
rough roughage → if 2 plants rub each
other → Fire in forest
6. As biofertilizer – Azolla in paddy
fields for N2 fixation

Head Office : Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin Code : 324005
 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

7. Creeping pine / Common Club

moss- Lycopodium
8. Little Club moss / Spike moss /
Birds nest moss / Resurrection plant
- Selaginella
(Dry-ball of wool ; green in wet
conditions) Gymnosperms:
• Water fern- Azolla (smallest (a) Cycas (b) Pinus
pteridophyte) , symbiotic with Anabena
(BGA) , Used in Paddy fields
• Walking fern (due to fast vegetative
reproduction by leaf tips) (Maiden hall
fern)- Adiantum
• Tree fern – Alsophila / Cyathea
• Male shield fern / Basket fern –
Dryopteris (C)Ginkgo
• Adder’s tongue fern / Snake tongue (Fan shaped leaves)
fern – Ophioglossum ; maximum
chromosome no. in plant kingdom  Include medium-sized trees or tall
• Fossil pteridophyte- Cooksonia trees and shrubs (Never herbs)
• Leafless Pteridophyte- Psilotum  One of the gymnosperms, the giant
• Horse tail / Scouring rushes - redwood tree Sequoia is one of the
Equisetum (Pipe pteridophyte) tallest tree species.
 GYMNOSPERMS  Main plant body-Sporophyte ,
 Gymnos : Naked, Sperma : Seeds differentiated into True roots , stem
 Gymnospermology -Study of & leaves
Gymnosperms  Gametophyte few celled (reduced)
 Ovules not enclosed by any ovary & dependent on Sporophyte
wall and remain exposed, both  Roots , generally tap roots (arise
before and after fertilisation from Radicle of embryo)
 Seeds that develop post-fertilisation,  Roots in some genera have
are not covered, i.e., are naked symbiotic fungal association in form
 Ovule present but ovary absent of Mycorrhiza (Pinus)
 Flowerless seed bearing plants  In Cycas , small specialised roots
 Seed present but fruit absent called Coralloid roots are associated
 Dominant plants during Jurassic symbiotically with N2- fixing
period. Cyanobacteria (Anabaena , Nostoc)
 1st spermatophyta
 1st phanerogams  Stems –
 Most primitive seed bearing plants  Unbranched (Cycas) or
 Connecting link between  Branched & Acropetal (Pinus,
Pteridophyta & Angiosperms Cedrus)
 Tracheophyta  Leaves may be simple or compound
 Foliage leaves (photosynthetic) and
Scaly leaves (protective)
 In Cycas , pinnate leaves persist for
a few years

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 PLANT KINGDOM
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 Ginkgo biloba has Fan shaped P -Pinnate leaves

leaves U -Unbranched stem
C -Coralloid roots
Leaves well-adapted to withstand D -Dioecious
extremes of A -Absent female cone
1. Temperature  Strobili bearing microsporophylls
2. Humidity and microsporangia are called
3. Wind Microsporangiate or Male strobili
 In conifers, to reduce water loss or Male cone or Pollen cone
(=Xerophytic condition)  Cones bearing megasporophylls
1. Needle -like leaves reduce surface with ovules or megasporangia are
area called Macrosporangiate or female
2. Their thick cuticle (over epidermis) strobili or female cone or Seed cone
3. Sunken stomata also help to reduce  Male strobili bear Microsporangia
water loss or Pollen sac , having Microspore
mother cells which produce haploid
 Vascular tissue – Well developed Microspores by meiosis
1. Xylem – Vessels absent , except  The microspores develop into a
Gnetales male gametophytic generation ,
2. Phloem – sieve tube and companion  which is highly reduced and is
cells absent confined to only a limited number of
 Secondary growth present cells
 Woody / Secondary Xylem present (5-celled in Cycas & 6-celled in Pinus)
 Manoxylic wood – less durable ,  This reduced gametophyte k/a
Cycas Pollen grain (dependent on
 Pycnoxylic wood – more durable , sporophyte) – Antheridium absent
furniture making , Pinus  The development of pollen grains
take place within the
 All Gymnosperms are microsporangia
heterosporous; they produce  Ovules are borne on
haploid Microspores & Megaspores megasporophylls which may be
 Two kinds of spores are produced ( clustered to form the female cones
From Spore Mother Cells by  Nucellus , protected by envelopes &
Meiosis) within Sporangia that are composite structure is called an
borne on Sporophylls which are Ovule (=Integumented
arranged spirally along an axis to Megasporangia)
form lax or compact Strobili or  Ovule = Unitegmic
Cones Megasporangium
 The male or female cones or strobili  Megaspore mother cell is
may be borne on the same tree differentiated from one of cells of
(Pinus)-Bisexual/ Monoecious nucellus
 In Cycas male cones and
megasporophylls are borne on  Megaspore mother cell divides
different trees (Unisexual / meiotically to form four megaspores
Dioecious) (Megaspore tetrad)
 3 megaspores degenerate
 Trick for Cycas- Maine PUCDA  Only one functional Megaspore
Maine – Manoxylic wood

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 One of megaspores enclosed within

megasporangium develops into
multicellular female gametophyte
(=Endosperm) ,
 That bears two or more archegonia
or female sex organs
 Multicellular female gametophyte is
also retained within
megasporangium

 Unlike bryophytes and Endosperm in gymnosperms is a-
pteridophytes, in gymnosperms  Pre-fertilisation product
male and female gametophytes do (=Female Gametophyte)
not have an independent free-living  Haploid
existence  Sporophyte - Dominant
 They remain within sporangia photosynthetic independent stage
retained on the sporophytes  Gametophyte - few celled and not
free living.
 Pollen grain is released from  1st cell of Sporophyte – Zygote
Microsporangium  1st cell of Gametophyte – Spore
 They are carried in air currents &  Sporic meiosis
come in contact with opening of  Embryophyta
ovules (=Micropyle) borne on  Regular Alternation of generation
megasporophylls between gametophyte & sporophyte
(Wind pollination or Anemophily)  Heteromorphic alternation of
 One pollen grain forms 2 male generation
gametes by Mitosis inside pollen  Diplontic life cycle
tube (one will degenerate)  A Seed has 3 generations
 Pollen tube carrying male gametes 1. Embryo = future generation
grows towards archegonia in ovules sporophyte (2n)
and discharge their contents near 2. Endosperm = female gametophyte
mouth of archegonia (=Pollen (n)
chamber) 3. Integument & Nucellus = parent
 Fertilization occurs 6 months to one Sporophyte (2n)
year after pollination  Similarities between Pteridophytes
 Following fertilization and Gymnosperms :
(Siphonogamy ; through pollen 1. Dominant plant body – Sporophyte
tube) , zygote develops into an 2. Gametophyte is of short duration
embryo (Meroblastic & Endocarpic 3. Embryo formation
development) and Ovules into seeds 4. Vascular tissue present
 These seeds are not covered 5. Xylem vessels , phloem sieve tube &
 Ovule , after fertilization transform companion cells absent
into seed as female gametophyte is 6. Sporic meiosis
retained within ovule on sporophyte 7. Heteromorphic alternation of
plant and embryo development generation
continues on the parent plant body 8. Cormophytes – true root,stem &
 Life Cycle of Gymnosperms leaves
9. Sex organ(Archegonia) present

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 PLANT KINGDOM
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10. Circinate vernation & Rementa  Zamia pygmea (Smallest

present gymnosperm ,
25 cm)
 Cycas / Sago Palm / Fern Palm –
largest Ovule , Largest male &
Female gametes , largest male cones
in entire plant kingdom
 Trick for Cycas- Maine PUCDA
Maine – Manoxylic wood
P -Pinnate leaves
U -Unbranched stem
C -Coralloid roots

D -Dioecious
A -Absent female cone
 Cycas (in plant kingdom) –
 Largest ovule (=6-7 cm)
 Largest male cone
 Largest male & female gametes
2. Coniferophyta - Classified into 4 Orders:
A. Ginkgoales – Oldest order of
Coniferophyta , maximum plants
extinct
 Ginkgo biloba – Living fossil ,
Requirement for seed formation : Oldest living seed plant , motile
1. Heterospory male gametes , Long & dwarf shoots
2. Insitu germination – germination of , Fan-shaped leaves
Megaspore within Megasporangium B. Cordaitales – completely extinct eg-
 Polyembryony – multiple embryos Cordaites
within a seed (Simple – fertilization C. Coniferales – Largest group of
of > 1egg , Pinus 2-8 Archegonia ; gymnosperms , Pycnoxylic wood ,
Cleevage /True - fertilization of 1egg Branched stem , Mycorrhiza ,
, due to splitting of embryonic tissue Monoecious , unlimited growth of
 Classified into 2 groups : long shoot (terminal buds , only
1. Cycadophyta – lower gymnosperms ; scaly leaves) , dwarf shoots limited
Circinate vernation , Rementa , Motile growth (buds absent , foliage &
sperms , Zoidosiphonogamy scaly leaves both)
2. Coniferophyta – higher gymnosperms ; D. Gnetales – Most advanced gymnosperms
Non- Motile sperms , Siphonogamy , Xylem vessels present , Absent
Archegonia eg- Gnetum , Welwitschia
1. Cycadophyta – 3 Orders , Ephedra (archegonia present)
A. Cycadofillicales – completely extinct  Examples of Coniferales :
, 1ST Seed plants ; Seed Ferns 1. Pinus – Pinus roxburghii
B. Benettitales-completely extinct , (Turpentine , varnish & nail paint
Williamsonia (fossils discovered by remover) , Pinus gerardiana
Prof Birbal Sahani) (Chilgoza)
C. Cycadales – Living Fossils , 2. Cedrus – Deodar ( furniture wood)
 Cycadales –

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 PLANT KINGDOM
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3. Taxus / Yam plant - Taxol (from  Seeds are formed inside fruits
bark ; Anti-  Sporophylls organised into flower
cancer drug) Main characters of angiosperms-
4. Sequoia (400 ft) - Tallest  Flowering plants
gymnosperm  Pollen grains & ovules are developed
5. Metasequoia - living fossils in specialised stuctures called Flowers
6. Araucaria excels (Christmas tree) ,  Ovules enclosed in ovary
Ornamental  Seeds enclosed in fruit
7. Juniperus virginiana - Cedar wood  Phanerogams / Spematophyta
oil ; cleaning of microscope  Tracheophyta ; Cormophyta
8. Abies balsamea -Canada balsum ,  Embryophyta
permanent slides in lab  Sporophyte ( dominant) ;
 Cycas , Gingko , Metasequoia are Dependent Gametophyte
living fossils  Diplontic life cycle ; Sporic meiosis
 Pinus –  Heteromorphic alternation of
 Winged pollen grains - Exine generation
extension  All are heterosprorous
 Winged seeds – Ovuliferous scale  Pollen grain , Pollen tube present
 Sulphur shower (seen in Spring ,  Vacular cambium present
yellow cloud formed due to yellow  Secondary growth present
pollen grains)  Vessels in xylem and sieve tube and
Economic importance of Gymnosperms companion cells in phloem
1. As food – Chilgoza (Pinus  Antheridium & archegonia both are
gerardiana) , Sago (Cycas revoluta) absent
2. Timber – light furniture , plywood ,  Exceptionally Large group of plants
railway sleepers etc (Deodar , Pine) occurring in wide range of habitats
3. Paper  Range from tiny microscopic Wolfia
4. Medicines – Ephedrine (Ephidra, to tall trees of Eucalyptus ( over 100
anti-asthmatic) , Taxol (bark of meters)
Taxus / Yam plant ; Anti-cancer  Smallest flower – Wolfia arrhiza
drug)  Tallest flower - Rafflesia arnoldii (3.3
5. Cedar wood oil – Juniperus ft)
virginiana  Tallest angiosperm – Eucalyptus
6. Canada balsum – Abies balsamea regnans (230-370 ft) BUT
7. Ornamental plants – Pinus ,  Tallest tree – Sequoia sempervirens
Araucaria excelsa (gymnosperm , 400 ft)
Common names:  Main plant body – Sporophytic
1. Maiden hair tree- Ginkgo  True roots (both Tap & Adventitious) ,
2. Sago palm /Panda of the plant stem , leaves
kingdom- Cycas  Gametophyte is dependent on
3. Largest gymnosperm- Sequoia(400 sporophyte
ft)  2 classes of Angiosperms
4. Smallest gymnosperm- Zamia 1. Dicotyledons –
pygmea (25 cm)  2 cotyledons in seed
5. Gymnosperm with xylem vessels-  Reticulate venation in leaves
Ephedra, Gnetum  Tetra or pentamerous flowers ( 4-5
 Angiosperms – members in each floral whorls)
 Angion=vessel , Sperma=seed 2. Monocotyledons –

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 1 cotyledon in seed  One nucellar cell differentiates to form

 Parallel venation in leaves megaspore mother cell
 Trimerous flowers (3 members in each  This undergoes meiosis to form 4
floral whorls) megaspores
 Angiosperms  3 degenerate , only 1 functional
megaspore
 Within ovule present , highly reduced
female gametophyte(=embryo sac)
formed by functional megaspore
 Embryo sac formation is preceded by
meiosis , hence each cell is haploid
 Megaspore undergoes 3 mitotic
divisions to form 8-nucleated (7-
celled) embryo sac
Dicots Monocots  Each embryo sac has 8 nuclei & 7
Life Cycle of an Angiosperm cells-
a) 3-celled egg apparatus = one egg + 2
synergids
b) 3 anti-podal cells
c) 2 polar nucleii
 Polar nucleii eventually fuse to
produce Diploid secondary nucleus
 Pollination - Pollen grains after
dispersal from anthers are carried by
wind & other agencies ( insects ,
animals etc) to stigma of pistil
 Stigma - landing platform for pollen
grains
 Pollen grains germinate on stigma
 In flower –  Resultant pollen tube grows through
1)Male sex organ–stamen (=microsporophyll) stigma & style to reach ovule
 Each stamen = slender filament +  Pollen tube enters embryo sac , where
Anther at tip 2 male gametes are discharge
 Each Anther has 4 pollen sacs  One male gamete + one egg=zygote
(=microsporangia) , which has ( syngamy)
Microspore mother cells  2nd male gamete + diploid secondary
 These (SMC) undergo meiosis nucleus=primary endosperm nucleus
 Produce microspores (PEN , triploid) – Triple fusion
 These germinate in-situ to form Pollen  These two fusion , called Double
grains(=male gametophyte)– 2 or 3 Fertilization , Unique to
celled angiosperms
2) Female sex organ – carpel / pistil  In double fertilization –
(=megasporophyll)  Number of nucleii involved = 5
 Pistil=stigma +style + ovary  Number of gametes involved = 3
 Ovary enclose 1 or many ovules  DOUBLE FERTILISATION
( = female megasporangia)
 Ovule = nucellus + 2 integuments
(Bitegmic)

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 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

2.Source of spices – turmeric , peppers ,

chillies , cumin etc
3.Dryfruits – cashew , almond , resins , fig ,
apricot
4. Source of timber –
a) Teak – Tectona grandis
b) Shisham – Dalbergia sissoo
c) Sal – Shorea robusta
5.Fibre-yielding plants
a) Cotton – Gossypium
b) Jute – Crotalaria juncea
c) Coir of coconut – Cocos nucifera
6. In Medicine –
a) Tulsi – Ocimum sanctum
b) Neem – Azadirachta indica
c) Quinine – Cinchona officinalis
Fertilised embryo sac showing zygote and
d) Isabgol husk –Plantago ovata
Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) 7.Industrial uses-
 Zygote develops into embryo (with 1 a) Aloe vera-medicine & cosmetics
or 2 cotyledons) b) Jasmine , rose , sandalwood , mogra ,
 PEN develops into endosperm , marigold etc – perfumes , soaps ,
proved nourishment to developing cosmetics etc
embryo 8. Source of Oxygen
 Synergids & anti-podals degenerate 9.Basis of all food chains operating in our
after fertilization ecosystem
 After fertilization , ovules develop into 10.Aesthetic & worship values –
seeds & ovaries into fruits a) Tulsi
 Antheridium & archegonia both are b) Peepal ( Ficus religiosa)
absent c) Banyan (Ficus bengalensis)
(A- Algae, Angiosperm Archegonia d) Doob grass (Cynodon dactylon)
Absent)  Similarities between Gymnosperms
 Diplontic life cycle and Angiosperms :
 Sporic meiosis 1. Seed formation / Phanerogams
 Heteromorphic alternation of 2. Dominant plant body – Sporophyte
generation 3. Gametophyte is of short lived & few
 Most Advanced Archegonia celled
 Bryophyta 4. Embryo formation
 Economic importance of 5. Heterosporous
angiosperms – 6. Insitu germination of spore
1.Food source – 7. Vascular tissue present
a) Cereals – whaet , rice , maize , oats , 8. Diplontic life cycle
barley etc 9. Sporic meiosis
b) Pulses – gram , lentil soyabean etc 10. Heteromorphic alternation of
c) Fruits – apple , citrus , pomegranate generation
etc 11. Cormophyta – True roots , stem and
d) Vegetables – brinjal , leaves
ladyfinger,cabbage etc 12. Pollen grain and pollen tube present
13. Siphonogamy

Head Office : Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin Code : 324005
 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

14. Ovule formation seen

Life Cycle Patterns and Alternation of

2. Diplontic -
generations in plants
During life cycle of any sexually  Dominant , photosynthetic ,
reproducing plant , an alternation of independent phase – Sporophyte
generations between-  Gametophyte represented by single
1. Gamete producing haploid to few celled , haploid , dependent
gametophyte and on sporophyte
2. Spore producing diploid sporophyte  Sporic meiosis
 Gymnosperms , Angiosperms ( All
Life Cycle Patterns seed-bearing plants) , Fucus (Brown
Alga ; Gametic meiosis)

1. Haplontic-
 Sporophyte represented only by
zygote
 No free-living sporophyte
 Zygotic meiosis 3. Haplo-diplontic
 Haploid spores divides mitotically to  Both phases multicellular
form gametophyte  Dominant phase –
 Dominant , photosynthetic phase – a) Gametophyte (Bryophytes with
gametophyte partially/totally dependent short
 Many algae – volvox ,spirogyra , lived, multicellular sporophyte)
chlamydomonas b) Sporophyte (Pteridophytes with
multicelluler , short lived ,
 Trick for Haplontic- independent gametophyte)
 Heart - Haploid  Sporic meiosis
 CVS –  Bryophytes & Pteridophytes , Algae
1. Chlamydomonas ( Ectocarpus , Polysiphonia , Kelps)
2. Volvox  Trick for Haplo-diplontic
3. Spirogyra  English -Ectocarpus

Head Office : Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin Code : 324005
 PLANT KINGDOM
BIOLOGY

 Batsmen -Bryophytes
 Kelvin -Kelps
 Pieterson is -Pteridophytes
 Playing -Polysiphonia


While Most algal genera are
haplontic,
 Some of them such as Ectocarpus,
Polysiphonia, kelps are haplo-
diplontic
 Fucus, an alga is diplontic.

Head Office : Plot No. 46, In front of Skyline Apartments, Corner Building, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Pin Code : 324005