Electrical Engineering Technolog

Final Project
Passive filters
Objective:
The objective of course project is to design and test passive filters (LPF, HPF, Series BPF & Series BSF)
using Multisim.

Material/Equipment

1. Resistors
2. Inductors
3. Capacitors
4. Oscilloscope
5. Function generator
6. Bread Board
7. Multimeter
8. Jumper wires

Theory Background

In many circuits, different frequencies are present. If some frequencies are not desired, they
can be rejected with special circuit called filters. In this project the students should be able to
design and construct all passive filters (Passive means that the filter made of capacitors,
resistors, and inductors).

The simplest filters are RC and RL series circuits which studied in the experiment #8, these
circuits can be used as either High Pass Filter (HPF) or Low Pass Filter (LPF).

A resonance circuit which studied in experiment #9 is used to pass selected frequencies from
a band which is called Band Pass Filter (BPF), the opposite of band pass filter is a Band
Stop Filter (BSF).
 Electrical Engineering Technology

Fig.1 below illustrates representative circuits and the frequency responses of various types of
filters.

Figure.1

Useful Formula Sheet :

𝑑𝐵 = 20log( 𝑉𝑜 )
𝑉𝑖𝑛

�𝑖𝑛 × 𝑋𝑐
𝑉𝑜 = � 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐶 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑍
�𝑖𝑛 × 𝑋𝐿
𝑉𝑜 = � 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐿 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑍
=1
𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐶 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
𝑅
𝑓𝑐 = 2𝜋𝐿 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝐿 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠

1
𝑓𝑜 = , (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
2𝜋√𝐿 ∙ 𝐶
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑜 , 𝑉𝑜 = 0.707 × 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑐2 − 𝑓𝑐1 , 𝑓𝑐1 = 𝑓𝑜 − 𝐵𝑊 , 𝑓𝑐2 = 𝑓𝑜 + 𝐵𝑊
𝑄 2 2

𝑄 = 1 √𝐿
𝑅𝐶
Prepared by Ehsan Jarrar@ Sharjah Colleges 85
 Electrical Engineering Technology

Design, Measurement & Implementation:-`

I. LPF( Low Pass Filter)

1. Design RC LPF , find the required value of the resistor to get critical frequency = 3.4KHz
, assume the capacitor C=0.0047µF.

Calculate & draw the circuit in the box below:

2. Use MultiSim to construct the RC LPF circuit , Set the function generator for 500 Hz
, sine wave at 5VP, then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Change the input signal frequency, measure the output voltage and record the
readings at Table.1 below.
4. Use the values in Table.1 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (1) below.
(Show all the required values on the graph)
5. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it
with the Bode plot in step 4 above.

Frequency
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
KHz
Vo

Gain=Vo/Vin

Gain in dB

Table.1

86
 log paper (1)

Discussion and Result analysis

87
II. HPF (High Pass Filter)

1. Design RL HPF , find the required value of the inductor to get critical frequency =
5 KHz, assume the resistor R=620Ω.

Calculate & draw the circuit in the box below:

2. Use breadboard to construct the RL HPF circuit. Set the function generator for 1 KHz
, sine wave at 5VP, then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Change the input signal frequency, measure the output voltage and record the
readings at Table.2 below.
4. Use the values in Table.2 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (2) below.
(Show all the needed values on the graph)
5. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it
with the Bode plot in step 4 above.

Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
KHz
Vo

Gain=Vo/Vin

Gain in dB

Table.2

88
 log paper (2)

Discussion and
result analysis

89
 III. BPF ( Band Pass Filter )

1. Design series RLC BPF with a bandwidth ( BW ) of 250Hz and a center frequency ( fo )
Of 750Hz assume C=100nF.

Calculate and draw the circuit in the box below:

2. Use MultiSim to construct the series RLC BPF circuit. Set the function generator for
400Hz, sine wave at 5VP, then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Change the input signal frequency, measure the output voltage and record the
readings at Table.3 below.
4. Use the values in Table.3 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (3) below.
(Show all the needed values on the graph)
5. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it
with the Bode plot in step 4 above.

90
Frequency Hz 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Vo

Gain=Vo/Vin

Gain in dB

Table.3

log paper (3)

91
 Electrical Engineering Technology

discussion and result analysis

6. Increase the value of the resistor and observe the effect on the bandwidth , write your
observation in comment box#4 below:

Comment box

IV. BSF (Band Stop Filter)

1. Design series RLC BSF with Q=10 and fo= 5KHz , assume R = 1K

Calculate and draw the circuit in the box below:

Prepared by Ehsan Jarrar@ Sharjah Colleges 92

2. Use MultiSim to construct the series RLC BSF circuit. Set the function generator for
1 KHz, sine wave at 5VP, then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Change the input signal frequency, measure the output voltage and record the readings
at Table.4 below.
4. Use the values in Table.4 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (4) below.
(Show all the needed values on the graph)
5. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it with
the Bode plot in step 4 above.
Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
KHz
Vo

Gain=Vo/Vin

Gain in dB

Table.4

Log paper (4)

6. Increase the value of the resistor and observe the effect on the bandwidth , write your
observation at comment box#5 below:

Comment box
Project deliverables

 The completed data sheet.