PLSQL PROGRAMMING BASICS
PL/SQL is a procedural language that Oracle developed as an extension to standard SQL
to provide a way to execute procedural logic on the database.
It, too, usually runs on the database server, but some Oracle products such as
Developer/2000 also contain a PL/SQL engine that resides on the client. Thus, you can
run your PL/SQL code on either the client or the server depending on which is more
appropriate for the task at hand.
Unlike SQL, PL/SQL is procedural, not declarative. This means that your code specifies
exactly how things get done.
As in SQL, however, you need some way to send your PL/SQL code up to the server for
execution. PL/SQL also enables you to embed SQL statements within its procedural
code.
This tight-knit relationship between PL/SQL, SQL, and SQL*Plus is the cause for some
of the confusion between the products.
PL/SQL is executed in much the same manner. Type a PL/SQL block into SQL*Plus, and
it is transmitted to the database server for execution. If there are any SQL statements in
the PL/SQL code, they are sent to the server's SQL engine for execution, and the results
are returned back to the PL/SQL program.
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By S. Dinesh Kumar Empid: 56971 Birlasoft Ltd
Classification: Internal
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By S. Dinesh Kumar Empid: 56971 Birlasoft Ltd
Classification: Internal
PLSQL BLOCK STRUCTURE:
Declare
Begin
Exception
End;
The declare section contains declaration of memory variables, constants, cursors
etc.
The begin section contains SQL executable statements and pl/SQL executable
statements.
The exception section contains code to handle errors that may arise during the
execution of the code block.
The end declares the end of pl/SQL block.
Display Message On Screen:
NOTE: To display messages to the user the SERVEROUTPUT should be set to ON.
SQL> SET SERVEROUTPUT ON
SERVEROUTPUT is a SQL*plus environment parameter that displays the information
pased as a parameter to the PUT_LINE function.
TO produce or generate OUTPUT on screen following package:
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ ’);
DBMS_OUTPUT : is a package that includes a number of procedure and functions that
accumulate information in a buffer so that it can be retrieved later. These functions can
also be used to display messages to the user.
The dbms_output.put_line() procedure takes exactly one argument and generates a line
of text as output from the database server.
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// Sample program for PLSQL block:
declare
str char(20);
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World');
end;
Comments:
Single line : -- (double lines)
begin
-- hello world
end;
Block : /* */
declare
a int :=10;
b int :=10;
begin
-- sum of numbers
a:=a+b;
/*
a:=a/10;
b:=b/10;
*/
end;
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Initializing Variables:
Method 1:
declare
a int :=10; -- intializing at time of decleration
b int :=10;
begin
-- sum of numbers
a:=a+b;
end;
Method 2:
declare
a int;
b int;
begin
a:=10; -- intializing after decleration
b:=10;
-- sum of numbers
a:=a+b;
end;
User Inputs:
declare
a int;
b int;
c int;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Ent a');
a:= &a;
dbms_output.put_line('Ent b');
b:= &b;
c:= (a+b);
dbms_output.put_line('Result = '|| c);
end;
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Screen Shots:
In TOAD:
To Execute the script press the icon show in the pic.
To view your output go to “DBMS Output”.
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By S. Dinesh Kumar Empid: 56971 Birlasoft Ltd
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Classification: Internal
IF-THEN-ELSE Statement
There are 3 different syntax for this statement:
Syntax 1:
If condition THEN
….
…..
End if;
declare
a int :=10;
begin
if a<10 then
dbms_output.put_line('a<10');
end if;
end;
In TOAD:
Syntax 2:
If condition THEN
….
Else
……
End if;
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Syntax 3:
If condition THEN
….
Elsif condition THEN
….
Else
…..
End if;
declare
a int :=10;
begin
if a>10 then
dbms_output.put_line('a>10');
elsif a=10 then
dbms_output.put_line('a=10');
else
dbms_output.put_line('a<10');
end if;
end;
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Classification: Internal
CASE Statement:
Starting in Oracle 9i, you can use the case statement within an SQL statement. It has the
functionality of an IF-THEN-ELSE statement.
Syntax:
CASE <expression>
WHEN Condition_1 THEN
……
WHEN Condition_2 THEN
. ……
ELSE result;
END CASE;
// Program To perform case operation using local variable
declare
a int :=55;
begin
CASE
when (a <40) then
dbms_output.put_line('Grade is fail');
when (a>=40 and a<70) then
dbms_output.put_line('Grade is C');
when (a>=70 and a<80) then
dbms_output.put_line('Grade is B');
Else
dbms_output.put_line('Grade is A');
end case;
end;
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// Program To perform case operation in table
select case b
when 40 then 'Grade is fail'
when 70 then 'Grade is C'
when 80 then 'Grade is B'
Else 'Grade is A'
end
FROM num;
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Loop Statement:
Syntax:
Loop
……..
……..
End Loop;
Note: This statement is mainly used when we are unaware, how many times we need
to execute the loop.
This statement terminates when it finds EXIT or EXIT WHEN.
declare
cnt int :=0;
begin
loop
dbms_output.put_line('count = ' || cnt);
cnt:=cnt+1;
exit when cnt>=10;
end loop;
end;
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FOR Loop:
Syntax 1:
FOR loop_counter IN Min_Count …. Max_Count
LOOP
..………
………..
END LOOP;
Note: The counter will start at “ Min “ & ends at “ Max “.
Syntax 2:
FOR loop_counter IN REVERSE Min_Count …. Max_Count
LOOP
..………
………..
END LOOP;
Note: The counter will start at “ Max “ & ends at “ Min “.
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Syntax 1:
declare
i int;
begin
for i IN 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(' i = '|| i);
end loop;
end;
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Syntax 2:
declare
i int;
begin
for i IN REVERSE 1..10
loop
dbms_output.put_line(' i = '|| i);
end loop;
end;
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CURSOR FOR Loop:
Syntax:
For Rec_index IN Cursor_name
Loop
………
………
End Loop;
create or replace function cur_loop(name emp6.empname%type) return
emp6.empsalary%type is
sum emp6.empsalary%type;
cursor c1 is
select empsalary from emp6 where empname = name;
rec_index c1%ROWTYPE;
begin
sum := 0;
for rec_index in c1
loop
sum := rec_index.empsalary;
end loop;
end cur_loop;
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WHILE Loop:
Syntax:
WHILE Condition
Loop
……..
……..
End Loop;
This loop will be used when we are not sure about how many times to execute the body.
declare
cnt int :=0;
begin
while cnt<=10
loop
dbms_output.put_line('count = '|| cnt);
cnt:=cnt+1;
end loop;
end;
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EXCEPTION HANDLING:
System Exceptions:
Oracle has a standard set of exceptions already named as follows:
Oracle Exception Name Oracle Explanation
Error
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA-00001 You tried to execute an INSERT or
UPDATE statement that has created a
duplicate value in a field restricted by a
unique index.
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA-00051 You were waiting for a resource and you
timed out.
TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT ORA-00061 The remote portion of a transaction has
rolled back.
INVALID_CURSOR ORA-01001 You tried to reference a cursor that does
not yet exist. This may have happened
because you've executed a FETCH cursor
or CLOSE cursor before OPENing the
cursor.
NOT_LOGGED_ON ORA-01012 You tried to execute a call to Oracle before
logging in.
LOGIN_DENIED ORA-01017 You tried to log into Oracle with an invalid
username/password combination.
NO_DATA_FOUND ORA-01403 You tried one of the following:
1. You executed a SELECT INTO
statement and no rows were
returned.
2. You referenced an uninitialized
row in a table.
3. You read past the end of file with
the UTL_FILE package.
TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA-01422 You tried to execute a SELECT INTO
statement and more than one row was
returned.
ZERO_DIVIDE ORA-01476 You tried to divide a number by zero.
INVALID_NUMBER ORA-01722 You tried to execute an SQL statement that
tried to convert a string to a number, but it
was unsuccessful.
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STORAGE_ERROR ORA-06500 You ran out of memory or memory was
corrupted.
PROGRAM_ERROR ORA-06501 This is a generic "Contact Oracle support"
message because an internal problem was
encountered.
VALUE_ERROR ORA-06502 You tried to perform an operation and there
was a error on a conversion, truncation, or
invalid constraining of numeric or character
data.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA-06511 You tried to open a cursor that is already
open.
USER Defined Exception:
Syntax:
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE procedure_name IS
Exception_name EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
………
………
EXCEPTION
WHEN condition THEN
………
WHEN OTHERS THEN
……..
END;
WHEN OTHER Clause:
The WHEN OTHERS clause is used to trap all remaining exceptions that have not been
handled by your Named System Exceptions and Named Programmer-Defined
Exceptions.
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Table Used:
create or replace procedure expn(x num.a%type, y num.b%type) is
check_exp exception;
begin
if x>200 OR y>200 then
RAISE check_exp;
else
insert into num values(x,y);
end if;
EXCEPTION
when check_exp then
raise_application_error(-10000,'X & Y should be <200');
when OTHERS then
raise_application_error(-10001,'application error');
end;
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Running:
begin
expn(111,150);
end;
begin
expn(0,0);
end;
Output:
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Oracle9i Database Error Messages
http://download-uk.oracle.com/docs/cd/A97630_01/server.920/a96525/toc.htm
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