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Machine Instructions and Programs

The document discusses machine instructions and programs, including that an instruction set architecture defines a processor's instruction set. Memory is byte-addressable with words located at aligned addresses that are multiples of the word size. Load and store instructions transfer data between memory and registers, while arithmetic instructions perform operations. A computer must be capable of data transfers, arithmetic, program control, and I/O. Register transfer notation is used to describe instructions that involve information transfers between registers and memory locations.

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41 views1 page

Machine Instructions and Programs

The document discusses machine instructions and programs, including that an instruction set architecture defines a processor's instruction set. Memory is byte-addressable with words located at aligned addresses that are multiples of the word size. Load and store instructions transfer data between memory and registers, while arithmetic instructions perform operations. A computer must be capable of data transfers, arithmetic, program control, and I/O. Register transfer notation is used to describe instructions that involve information transfers between registers and memory locations.

Uploaded by

Srikanth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Instructions And Programs

 A complete instruction set is often Instruction Set Architecture(ISA) of a processor.


The most practical assignment is to have successive addresses refer to successive
byte locations in the memory. The term byte-addressable memory is for this
assignment. Byte locations have addresses 0,1,2,........ Thus, if the word length of the
machine is 32 bits, successive words are located at addresses 0,4,8............. With
each word consisting of four bytes. Word location have aligned addresses.
 Load Operation transfers a copy of the contents of a specific memory location to the
processor. The memory contents remained unchanged. The Store Operation
transfers an item of information from the processor to a specific memory,
destroying the former contents. An information item of one word or one byte can be
transferred between processor and memory by single instruction.
 A computer must be capable of performing four operations:
o Data transfers between the memory and the processor registers.
o Arithmetic and logical operations on the data
o Program sequencing and control
o I/O transfers
 Possible locations that involve in information transfers are memory locations,
processor register, or registers from I/O subsystem.
 R1← [ LOC ]
Means contents in memory location LOC are transferred into processor register R1.
As another example, consider the operation that adds the contents of the register R1
and R2
R3← [ R 1 ] + [ R 2 ]
This type of notation is known as Register Transfer Notation(RTN). Note that right
hand side of RTN expression always denotes a value and Left hand Side is the name of
a location where the value is to be placed, overwriting the old contents of that
location.
 

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