HYPOTHESIS TESTING

CHAPTER 5

• To study the behavior of the population, it is often too large or

inaccessible to utilize test. So, we choose samples because we know
how they are related to population.

• This is used to test hypotheses about the mean of a population based

on a single sample.
1
Definition:
Hypothesis Testing is a statistical tool or procedure that
verifies a claim about the population whether the hypothesis is
true or false.
2
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
¡ 1. Formulate the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses.
¡ 2. Identify the test statistic to use. Find the computed value.
¡ 3. Determine the p-value
¡ 4. Compare the level of significance and p-value.
¡ 5. Make a decision whether to reject or fail to reject Ho.
¡ 6. State the conclusion. 3
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) is a statement or claim or conjecture to be

tested.
¡ A claim or proposition that tells something about the population, which can be
disapproved, rejected, or nullified.
¡ Technically, it is the hypothesis that states no significance difference (equality) between
two parameters.
¡ Other possible forms of the null hypothesis may include: less than or equal(<, ≤) and
greater than or equal (>, ≥)
4
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha) is a claim that is accepted in case

Ho is rejected.
¡ A claim that negates the null hypothesis.
¡ Technically, it is the hypothesis that states that there is a significance difference ( (not
equal) between two parameters.

5
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 1® ¡ Ho: “The average daily number of

text messages that a Grade 11
NULL HYPOTHESIS (Ho) is a student sends is equal to 100.”
statement or claim or conjecture to be
tested.

¡ Ha: “The average daily number

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS (Ha)
is a claim that is accepted in case Ho is
of text messages that a Grade 11
rejected. student sends is not equal to 100.” 6
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 2® ¡ Ho: “The average life of the newly

A manufacturer of IT gadgets developed battery for a tablet is at
recently announced they had least 24 hours .”
developed a new battery for
a tablet and claimed that it
has an average life of at least ¡ Ha: “The average life of the newly
24 hours. Would you buy this developed battery for a tablet is
battery? less than 24 hours.” 7
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 3®
A teenager who wanted to lose ¡ Ho: “The diet will result to a
weight is contemplating on change in her weight.”
following a diet she read about in
the Facebook. She wants to adopt
it but, unfortunately, following the
¡ Ha: “The diet will not induce a
diet requires buying nutritious,
low calorie yet expensive food. reduction in her weight. .”
Help her decide. 8
 MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

Example 4® ¡ Ho: “Today is Liza’s birthday..”

Enrique is exclusively dating Liza. He
remembers that on their first date,
Liza told him that her birthday was ¡ Ha: “Liza’s birthday is on
this month. However, he forgot the
exact date. Ashamed to admit that he another day and not today.”
did not remember, he decides to use
hypothesis testing to make an
educated guess that today is Liza’s
9
birthday. Help Enrique do it.
 MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

¡ Ho: “There is no significant

Example 5®
difference between the group who are
A study was conducted to find out if taking iron supplements compared to
iron supplements reduced the the group who do not.”
severity of colds and influenza
compared with not taking anything. ¡ Ha: “There is significant difference
between the group who are taking
iron supplements compared to the
group who do not.” 10
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

¡ NOTE:
Two forms can be used to state the hypothesis
1. STATEMENT FORM – textual method
2. MATHEMATICAL FORM – the relationship is expressed
using equality and directional inequality such as greater
than (>), greater than or equal (≥), less than (<), less than or
equal (≤) or not equal (≠)
11
 MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
6. Suppose the data in a report shows that, for the past 5 years, the average age of
grade 6 pupils is 12 years old. The group wanted to be certain about this. They
conducted a study and a sample is selected.
Case Statement Form Mathematical Form
1
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean age of grade
6 pupils. 𝜇 = 12 years old
Ha: There is a significant difference in the mean age of grade 6
pupils. 𝜇 ≠ 12 years old
12
MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

More Examples:
7. The mean weighted average (GWA) of the SHS students in a particular school is 87.

Case Statement Form Mathematical Form

1
Ho: There is no significant difference in the GWA of the SHS
students. 𝜇 = 87
Ha: There is a significant difference in the GWA of the SHS
students. 𝜇 ≠ 87
13
 MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
8. A trainer says his team athletes have an average of 92 physical fitness rating, but
someone in the crowd think that they still have to work harder in order to reach
this rate.
Statement Form Mathematical Form
Ho: There is no significant difference in the average physical
fitness rating by the athletes. 𝜇 = 92
Ha: There is significant decrease in the average physical fitness
rating by the athletes. 𝜇 < 92

14
 MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
9. A local clinic claims that the mean weight of the children aged 10-12 in their area is
48 kg. A small survey results in an average weight of 52 kg.
Statement Form Mathematical Form
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean weight of
the children aged 10-12. 𝜇 = 48
Ha: There is significant increase in the mean weight of the
children aged 10-12 . 𝜇 > 48

15
 MODULE 1: FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
More Examples:
10. A law firm office claims that the mean salary of the lawyers is 120, 000 pesos per
month. But that is not what the group of lawyers believe.
Statement Form Mathematical Form
Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean salary of the
lawyers per month. 𝜇 = 120, 000
Ha: There is significant difference in the mean salary of the
lawyers per month. 𝜇 ≠ 120, 000

16

Problem Set 1
 MODULE 2: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

¡ Formula 1: with known s and n ≥ 30

x - μo
z - test =
σ
n
¡ Formula 2: with unknown s and n < 30

x - μo
t - test =
s
n
17
MODULE 2: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

1. According to Commission on Higher Education (CHED),

newly graduate students receive an average salary of
1M a year with a standard deviation of 72, 000. The dean
of graduate studies at a large state university claims
that his graduate students earn more than this. He
surveys 46 randomly selected students and finds their
average salary is 1,064,000.
18
MODULE 2: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

2. The school nurse thinks the average height of 7th graders

has increased. The average height of a 7th grader five years
ago was 145 cm with a standard deviation of 20 cm. She
takes a random sample of 200 students and finds that the
average height of her sample is 147 cm.

19
MODULE 2: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

3. Trying to encourage people to stop driving to campus, the

university claims that on average it takes at least 30
minutes to find a parking space on campus. “I don’t think
it takes so long to find a spot. In fact I have a sample of the
last five times I drove to campus, and I calculated that the
mean is 20 minutes with s. d. of 6 minutes.”

20
MODULE 2: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

4. A tea stall near a certain university is making a sales of 500

tea cups per day. Because of the development of MRT
nearby , it expects to increase its sales. During the first 12
days after the start of the MRT, the daily sales were
recorded which are as under:
550, 570, 490, 615, 505, 580, 570, 460, 600, 580, 530, 526
Note: To find 𝑥̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑆 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑙
Syntax: =AVERAGE(x1,x2,…) 21

=STDEV.S(x1,x2,…)
MODULE 2: TEST STATISTIC (COMPUTED VALUE)

5. A recent survey that Filipino spend an average of 4 hr. a

day playing computer games with a standard deviation of
½ hr. A random sample of 40 people is taken who spend
an average of 3.5 hr. playing computer games.

22
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE (A𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎 = 𝛼)

¡ Level of significance refers to a criterion of judgement upon

which a decision is made regarding the value stated in a null
hypothesis
¡ With the given level of significance and the distribution of the
test statistics, state the decision rule either to reject or fail to
reject the Ho.
23
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ There are two actions that one can make on the hypothesis.
One can either reject or fail to reject (accept) a hypothesis. The
table below shows these actions:
ACTION HYPOTHESIS IS HYPOTHESIS IS
TRUE FALSE
REJECT THE HYPOTHESIS ERROR COMMITTED NO ERROR COMMITED

FAIL TO REJECT (ACCEPT) NO ERROR COMMITTED ERROR COMMITTED

THE HYPOTHESIS 24
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Example:
t! that the
¡ The jury believes
c
In a criminal court case. defendant isr e
r guilty when, in fact,
o
C innocent.
he is not
¡ Ho: ¡ The jury believes that the
ct !
The defendant is presumed defendant is not e guilty when, in
rr
o
fact, he isCinnocent.
innocent.
25
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

When making a decision about a proposed hypothesis based

on sample data, we run the risk of making an error.
Type I Error – (a error) when we reject the null hypothesis when
in fact it is true. The value of a represents the probability of
committing this type of error; that is,
a = P(H0 is rejected/H0 is true)
The value of a represents the significance level of the test.
26
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

TYPE II ERROR – (OR b ERROR) WHEN WE ACCEPT THE NULL

HYPOTHESIS WHEN IN FACT IT IS FALSE. THE VALUE OF b REPRESENTS THE
PROBABILITY OF COMMITTING THIS TYPE OF ERROR.
THAT IS
b = P(H0 IS NOT REJECTED/H0 IS FALSE)

27
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Example:
! that the
¡ The jury believes
g
In a criminal court case n
defendant risoguilty when, in fact,
W
he is innocent.
¡ Ho: ¡ The jury believes that the
g!
The defendant is presumed defendant is not
o n guilty when, in
fact, he is W r
not innocent.
innocent.
28
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Example: t !
ec his car may be
¡ Kyle thinksrrthat
Ho: o
C in fact, it is safe.
safe when,
¡ Kyle thinks tat his car may not be
Kyle’s used car is safe to ct !
safe when, in fact,
e it is not safe.
drive. rr
C o
29
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Example: g !
n his car may not
¡ Kyle thinksrothat
Ho: W in fact, it is safe.
be safe when,
¡ Kyle thinks tat his car may be safe
Kyle’s used car is safe to g!
when, in fact, itnis not safe.
drive. ro
W
30
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

It is the maximum probability of committing a type one error.

The P is symbolizes by α ( 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01).

Example.
When α=0.10, there is a 10% chance of rejecting a true Ho
when in fact it is true.
31
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
TYPE OF TEST:
¡ One- Tailed Test

¡ Two-Tailed Test

32
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Ho: “The average daily number of text

messages that a Grade 11 student sends is
¡ EXAMPLE: Determine the type of equal to 100.”
test used in each of the ff.
information.
¡ Ha: “The average daily number of text
messages that a Grade 11 student sends is not
equal to 100.”
33
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Ho: “The average life of the newly

developed battery for a tablet is at least 24
¡ EXAMPLE: Determine the type of hours .”
test used in each of the ff.
information.
¡ Ha: “The average life of the newly
developed battery for a tablet is less than 24
hours.”
34
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Ho: “Today is Liza’s birthday..”

¡ EXAMPLE: Determine the type of
test used in each of the ff.
information. ¡ Ha: “Liza’s birthday is on
another day and not today.”

35
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

¡ Ho: “There is no significant

¡ EXAMPLE: Determine the type of
difference between the group who are
test used in each of the ff. taking iron supplements compared to
information. the group who do not.”
¡ Ha: “There is significant difference
between the group who are taking
iron supplements compared to the
group who do not.” 36
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Determine the type of test used in each of the ff. information.

Given: 𝜇0 = 100
n = 80
𝐻! : 𝜇 ≤ 100
𝑥̅ = 110
𝜎=5 𝐻" : 𝜇 > 100

∝ = 1% = 0.01
37
Determine the type of test used in each of the ff. information.

Given: 𝜇0 = 20
n = 45
𝐻! : 𝜇 = 20
𝑥̅ = 14
𝜎=5 𝐻" : 𝜇≠20

∝ = 10% = 0.10
38
MODULE 3: LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

Determine the type of test used in each of the ff. information.

Given: 𝜇0 = 0.78
n = 20
𝐻! : 𝜇 = 0.78
𝑥̅ = 0.62
s = 0.14 𝐻" : 𝜇 < 0.78

∝ = 1% = 0.01
39
MODULE 4: FINDING P-VALUE

¡ The probability of obtaining a sample

outcome, given that the value stated in the
null hypothesis is true.
¡ Probability of obtaining the
observed/calculated value of a test statistic.

40
P-VALUE FOR Z-TEST

¡ To find the p-value for the z-test use MS Excel.

Ø One-tailed:
Syntax: =1-NormsDist(/z/)
Ø Two-tailed:
Syntax: =2(1-NormsDist(/z/)
¡ https://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/
41
P-VALUE FOR Z-TEST

EXAMPLE: Find the p-value and decide whether to reject or not to

reject the Ho

1. Given: 𝜇 0 = 125
n = 65 𝐻! : 𝜇 = 125
𝐻" : 𝜇 > 125
𝑥̅ = 128
𝜎 = 15
∝ = 5% 42
P-VALUE FOR Z-TEST

EXAMPLE: Find the p-value and decide whether to reject or not to

reject the Ho
2. Given: 𝜇 0 = 100
n = 33 𝐻! : 𝜇 ≤ 100
𝐻" : 𝜇 > 100
𝑥̅ = 110
𝜎 = 21
∝ = 1% 43
P-VALUE FOR Z-TEST

EXAMPLE: Find the p-value and decide whether to reject or not to

reject the Ho

3. Given: 𝜇 0 = 0.78
n = 41 𝐻! : 𝜇 = 0.78
𝐻" : 𝜇 < 0.78
𝑥̅ = 0.68
𝜎 = 0.22
∝ = 10% 44
P-VALUE FOR Z-TEST

EXAMPLE: Find the p-value and decide whether to reject or not to

reject the Ho

4. Given: 𝜇 0 = 20
n = 45 𝐻! : 𝜇 = 20
𝐻" : 𝜇≠20
𝑥̅ = 19
𝜎=5
∝ = 5% 45
P-VALUE FOR T-TEST

¡ To find the p-value for the t-test use MS Excel.

Ø One-tailed:
Syntax: = T.DIST.RT(/t/,df)
Ø Two-tailed:
Syntax: = T.Dist.2T(/t/,df)
¡ https://www.socscistatistics.com/pvalues/
46
P-VALUE FOR T-TEST

Example: Find the degrees of freedom and its p-value

1. Given: 𝜇 0 = 875
n = 25
𝐻! : 𝜇 = 875
𝑥̅ = 888 𝐻" : 𝜇 > 875
s= 10
∝ = 1%
47
P-VALUE FOR T-TEST

Example: Find the degrees of freedom and its p-value

2. Given: 𝜇 0 = 78
n = 20
𝐻! : 𝜇 = 78
𝑥̅ = 74 𝐻" : 𝜇 < 78
s = 14
∝ = 10%
48
P-VALUE FOR T-TEST

Example: Find the degrees of freedom and its p-value

3. Given: 𝜇 0 = 314
n = 29
𝐻! : 𝜇 = 314
𝑥̅ = 332 𝐻" : 𝜇 ≠ 314
𝜎 = 46
∝ = 5%
49
MODULE 5: DECISION MAKING

¡ When p-value ≤ 𝜶, reject Ho.

¡ Otherwise, do not reject the Ho.

50
 Ho: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Form:
Newly graduate students receive an average salary
𝜇 = 1𝑀 of 1M pesos per year.
WORD PROBLEMS

According to Commission on Ha: Mathematical Sentence Form:

Higher Education (CHED), Form:
newly graduate students receive Newly graduate students receives an average salary
an average salary of 1M a year 𝜇 > 1𝑀 of more than 1M pesos per year.
with a standard deviation of
120, 000. The dean of graduate
studies at a large state
university claims that his ∝ Type of Test Given Test Statistic
graduate students earn more 1M Computation
5% One-tailed Test 𝝁𝟎 = _______
than this. He surveys 42 P-value
df (if applicable)
randomly selected graduate O = 1,064,000
𝒙 ________
students and finds their average n/a 0.03% 120,000 1M − 1.064M
salary is 1,064,000 pesos With α 𝝈 = ________ z=
120,000
*
= 5%, is the dean’s claim Since 0.03% ≤ 5% 𝒔 = ________ 42
Conclusion
correct? Thus, Reject Ho.
42
𝒏 = ________ z = 3.46
-Dean’s claim is true.

51
 Ho: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Form:
The average time to find a parking space on campus
𝜇 ≥ 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛. is at least 30 minutes.
WORD PROBLEMS
Ha: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Trying to encourage people to stop Form:
The average time to find a parking space on campus
driving to campus, the university 𝜇 < 30 𝑚𝑖𝑛. is less than 30 minutes.
claims that on average it takes at
least 30 minutes to find a parking
space on campus. “I don’t think it Type of Test
∝ Given Test Statistic
takes so long to find a spot. In fact I
have a sample of the last five times I 1% One-tailed Test 30
𝝁𝟎 = _______ Computation
df (if applicable) P-value
drove to campus, and I calculated 20
O = ________
𝒙
that the mean is 20 minutes with a s n-1 = 5-1 = 4 1.01%
= 6 minutes.” Perform a hypothesis
𝝈 = ________ t = -3.73
6
𝒔 = ________
testing with α = 1 % to see if the Conclusion Since 1.01% ≮ 1%
claim is correct. Thus, Do not reject Ho. 5
𝒏 = ________
-Driver’s claim is not true.

52
 Ho: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Form:
The average teacups sold per day is 500.
𝜇 = 500 𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑠
WORD PROBLEMS
A tea stall near a certain university Mathematical
Ha: Sentence Form:
is making a sales of 500 teacups per
Form:
day. Because of the development of The average teacups sold per day is more than 500.
MRT nearby , it expects to increase 𝜇 > 500.
its sales. During the first 12 days
after the start of the MRT, the daily
sales were recorded which are as Type of Test
∝ Given Test Statistic
under:
5% One-tailed Test 500
𝝁𝟎 = _______ Computation
550, 570, 490, 615, 505, 580, 570, P-value
df (if applicable) 548
O = ________
𝒙
460, 600, 580, 530, 526
n-1 = 12-1 = 11 0.22%
On the basis of this sample 𝝈 = ________ t = 3.56
information, can one conclude that Conclusion Since 0.22% < 5% 𝒔 = 46.69
________
that the tea stall’s sales have Thus, reject Ho. 12
𝒏 = ________
increased? Use 5% level of
significance. -A tea stall is selling more than
500 teacups.
53
 Ho: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Form:
Monthly electricity consumption in the country is at
𝜇 ≥ 248 𝑘𝑤ℎ least 248 kwh.
WORD PROBLEMS
Ha: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Form:
It was reported that the mean Monthly electricity consumption in the country is less
household electricity consumption 𝜇 < 248 𝑘𝑤ℎ than 248 kwh.
in the country is at least 248 kwh
per month with a standard
deviation of 32 kwh. A random
sample of 76 households has a ∝ Type of Test Given Test Statistic
mean electricity consumption of 10% One-tailed Test 248 Computation
𝝁𝟎 = _______
238 kwh pe month. At 10% alpha, df (if applicable) P-value
is there enough evidence to reject 238
O = ________
𝒙
the claim that the mean household n/a 0.33% 32
𝝈 = ________
electricity consumption is at least z = -2.72
248 kwh per month? Conclusion Since 0.33% ≤ 10% 𝒔 = ________
Thus, Reject Ho. 76
𝒏 = ________

-the claim is true.

 Ho: Mathematical Sentence Form:
Form:
There is no significant change in the academic
𝜇 = 81 performance of athletes.
WORD PROBLEMS

The high school athletic director is Ha: Mathematical Sentence Form:

asked if basketball players are Form:
There is a significant increase in the academic
doing as well academically as the 𝜇 > 81 performance of athletes.
other student athletes. We know
from a previous study that the
average GPA for the student athletes
is 81. After an initiative to help ∝ Type of Test Given Test Statistic
improve the GPA of student 5% One-tailed Test 81 Computation
𝝁𝟎 = _______
athletes, the athletic director df (if applicable) P-value
randomly samples 20 basketball 84
O = ________
𝒙
players and finds that the average n-1 = 20-1 = 19 3.50%
𝝈 = ________ t = 1.92
GPA of the sample is 84 with a
sample standard deviation of 7. Is Conclusion Since 3.50% < 5% 7
𝒔 = ________
there a significant change in GPA? Thus, reject Ho. 20
𝒏 = ________
Use a 0.05 significance level.
-The initiative to help improve
the GPA athletes is effective.