Statistics and SENIOR

HIGH
Probability SCHOOL

Module
Sampling Distribution of
the Sample Mean for 12
normal population when Quarter 1

the variance is unknown

Title
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 1 – Module 12: Sampling Distribution of the Sampling Mean when
Variance is Unknown
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

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 Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Mean for normal 12
population when the variance Quarter 1
is unknown

Title
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Module on Mean
and Variance of the Sampling Distribution when the variance is unknown (finite
population)!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with
the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N.
Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Module on Mean and Variance of the
Sampling Distribution when the variance is unknown (finite population)!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation – This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the

concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills

that you understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and

applications of the lessons.

Valuing- This part will check the integration of values in the

learning competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from
the entire module.
 EXPECTATION

At the end of the learning episode, you are expected to:

 find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean; and
 define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal
population when the variance is unknown.

PRETEST

True or False: On the space provided write True if the statement is correct and
False if the statement is incorrect.

_________1. Sampling error and sampling size are directly related.

_________2. Standard error is influenced by sample variance.
_________3. A finite population is one that consists of fixed number of elements.
_________4. When the population is large and the sample size is small, the
correction factor is not used.
_________5. A population consists of the numbers 2,3,4,5 and 8. The number of
possible samples of size 3 is 12.

RECAP

Review: Let us recall finding the Mean and Variance of Discrete Probability
Distribution.

Number of cars X2
Probability P(X) X * P(X) X2 * P(X)
sold (X)
 1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1

2 0.3 0.6 4 1.2

3 0.2 0.6 9 1.8

4 0.4 1.6 16 6.4

SUMS 1.0 2.9 9.5

Mean: μ = Σ[(X ∗ P(X)] = 2.9

Variance: σ2 = Σ [(X2 ∗ P(X)] - (µ)2 = 9.5 - (2.9)2 = 1.09
Standard deviation: σ = √1.09 = 1.04

LESSON

Suppose that all possible sample size n are drawn from a population with mean μ
and standard deviation σ. Then the means obtained from all these possible samples
will make up a sampling distribution of the sample means exhibiting the following
properties: (when variance is unknown or the population is finite).
1. The mean of the sample means (μX) is the same as the population mean μ.
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by
𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = 𝒏
(𝑵−𝟏) for finite population (consists of a finite or fixed number of
elements)
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given
by:
𝝈 𝑵−𝒏 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈𝑿̅ = · √𝑵−𝟏 for finite population where √𝑵−𝟏 as the finite population
√𝒏
correction
factor. The correction factor is necessary if relatively large samples are taken from a
small population, because the sample mean will then more accurately estimate the
population mean and there will be less error in the estimation.

In general, when the population is large and the sample size is small, the correction
factor is not used since it will be very close to 1. Computed standard deviation from
the population may be different from the standard deviation for sampling
distribution. This is because of the sampling error. Sampling error is influenced by
two factors- the population variance and the sample size. Sampling error and
sample size are inversely related—the smaller the sampling size, the greater the
sampling error.

Illustrative Examples:
When variance is unknown (if the population is finite with mean μ and standard
deviation σ or the sampling is without replacement).
1. Random samples with size 4 are drawn from a population having the values
14,19,26,20,44 and 47. Find the mean and the standard error of the sample
means.
Solution:
14+19+26+20+44+47
a. Solving for population mean : μ = = 28.33, thus, 𝜇𝑋̅ =
6
28.33
b. To get the standard error, compute first the population standard deviation:
(14−28.33)2 +(19−28.33)2 + (26−28.33)2 + (20−28.33)2 + (44−28.33)2 + (47−28.33)2
σ=√ = 12.19
6

𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝟗 𝟔−𝟒
c. Solving for standard error: 𝝈𝑿̅ = · √𝟔−𝟏 = 3.85
√𝟒

2. Consider a group of N=4 people with the following ages: 16,18, 20 and 22.
Consider samples of size n=2 from the group. If 𝑋̅ is the average age of the
two people in a sample, find :
a. the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅.
b. Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.
Solution:
𝜮𝑿 16+18+20+22
a. Compute the Population Mean (µ) = 𝑵
=
4
= 19
𝟐
b. Compute the variance of the population. 𝝈
X X-µ (X-µ)2
16 -3 9
18 -1 1
20 1 1
22 3 9
Σ(X-µ)2= 20
𝜮(𝑿−µ)𝟐 20
Population Variance (σ2) = = =5
𝑵 4
Determine the number of samples of size n=2. Use the formula for combination to
find the number of samples: NCn. Here, N=4 and n=2; 4C2 = 6. So, there are 6
possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

List all possible samples and their sample means.

Sample Sample Mean 𝑋̅

 16,18 17
16,20 18
16,22 19
18,20 19
18,22 20
20,22 21

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean 𝑋̅ Frequency Probability P(𝑋̅)
17 1 1
6
18 1 1
6
19 2 2 1
or
6 3
20 1 1
6
21 1 1
6
Total 6 1.00

Follow these procedures:

Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means
̅ ∗ 𝐏(𝑿
(𝝁𝑿̅ ) = Σ [𝑿 ̅) ]

Multiply the mean by the corresponding probability. Add the results.

̅ ∗ 𝐏(𝑿
Compute the variance using σ2 = Σ [𝑿 ̅ ) ] - (𝝁𝑿̅)2

̅
𝑿 ̅)
P(𝑿 ̅ * P(𝑿
𝑿 ̅) ̅ )2
(𝑿 ̅ )2 · P(𝑿
(𝑿 ̅)

17 1/6 2.833 289 48.17

18 1/6 3.000 324 54.00

19 1/3 6.333 361 120.33

20 1/6 3.333 400 66.67

21 1/6 3.500 441 73.50

Total 19 362.67

Mean (µ) = 19 Variance: = 362.67 - (19)2 = 1.67

Therefore, 𝝁𝑿̅ = 19 and 𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = 1.67

We can observe that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
equal to the mean of the population. Therefore, if a population has a mean μ, then
the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is also μ.
Another method for computing variance if the population is finite with mean μ and
standard deviation σ, use the correction factor.
 𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = ( )
𝒏 𝑵−𝟏

5 4−2 5 2 5
= 2
(4−1) = 2
(3) = 3
= 1.67

3. A teacher gave a 10-point quiz to a small class of 5 students. The results of

the quiz are 2,5,7,8 and 10. Find:
a. Population mean, variance and standard deviation.
b. Mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
the sample means.
Solution:
2+5+7+8+10
a. Solving for population mean : μ = = 6.4
5
2 2
(2−6.4) +(5−6.4) + (7−6.4) 2 + (8−6.4)2 + (10−6.4)2
Solving for variance, σ2 = 5
= 7.44
Solving for standard deviation: σ = √7.44 = 2.73

b. Determine the number of samples of size n=2. Use the formula for
combination to find the number of samples: NCn. Here, N=5 and n=2; 5C2 =
10. So, there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

List all possible samples and their sample means.

Sample Sample Mean 𝑋̅
2,5 3.5
2,7 4.5
2,8 5
2,10 6
5,7 6
5,8 6.5
5,10 7.5
7,8 7.5
7,10 8.5
8,10 9

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean 𝑋̅ Frequency Probability P(𝑋̅)
3.5 1 1
10
4.5 1 1
10
5 1 1
10
6 2 2 1
or 5
10
6.5 1 1
10
7.5 2 2 1
10
or 5
 8.5 1 1
10
9 1 1
10
Total 10 1.00

Computing for the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

̅
𝑿 ̅)
P(𝑿 ̅ * P(𝑿
𝑿 ̅) ̅ )2
(𝑿 ̅ )2 · P(𝑿
(𝑿 ̅)

3.5 1 12.25
0.35 1.225
10
4.5 1 20.25
0.45 2.025
10
5 1 25
0.5 2.5
10
6 2 1 36
or 1.2 7.2
10 5

6.5 1 42.25
0.65 4.225
10
7.5 2 1 56.25
10
or 5
1.5 11.25

8.5 1 72.25
0.85 7.225
10
9 1 81
0.9 8.1
10
Total 6.4 43.75

Mean (µ) = 6.4 Variance: = 43.75 - (6.4)2 = 2.79

Therefore, 𝝁𝑿̅ = 6.4, 𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = 2.79 and 𝝈𝑿̅ = 1.67

Using the correction factor,
𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = (𝑵−𝟏)
𝒏

7.44 5−2 7.44 3 5

= 2
(5−1) = (4) = = 2.79
2 3

𝝈 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈𝑿̅ = · √𝑵−𝟏
√𝒏

𝟐.𝟕𝟑 𝟓−𝟐 𝟐.𝟕𝟑 𝟑

= · √𝟓−𝟏 = ·√𝟒 = 1.67
√𝟐 √𝟐
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Practice

Read and answer the following:

1. Consider a finite population with size 10, mean age of 20 and standard
deviation 2. Samples of size 4 are obtained from the population of those who
received Pasig City SAP. Determine the following:

a. Mean age of the sampling distribution.

b. Variance of the sampling distribution.
c. Standard deviation or standard error of the mean.

2. Consider a finite population with size 5, mean number of hours 6 and

standard deviation 2.5. Samples of size 3 are obtained from the population
who work from home in time of GCQ. Determine the following:

a. Mean of the sampling distribution.

b. Variance of the sampling distribution.
c. Standard deviation or standard error of the mean.

Activity 2: Keep Practicing

If a population consist of the values (3,5,8,9):
a. find all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn without from this
population.
b. find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the mean.
Samples Mean

̅)
Mean (𝑿 ̅)
P(𝑿 ̅ )* P(𝑿
(𝑿 ̅) ̅ )2
(𝑿 ̅ )2 * P(𝑿
(𝑿 ̅)
 𝜇𝑋̅ = _______ 𝜎 2𝑋̅ = _______ 𝜎𝑋̅ = _______

WRAP – UP

Lesson Summary:

1. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by

𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = 𝒏
(𝑵−𝟏) for finite population

2. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given
𝝈 𝑵−𝒏 𝑵−𝒏
by 𝝈𝑿̅ = · √𝑵−𝟏 for finite population where √𝑵−𝟏 as the finite population
√𝒏
correction factor; and
3. The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of size N is
given by NCn.
4. The probability distribution that describes the probability for each mean of all
the samples with the sample size n is called sampling distribution.

VALUING

How do teachers deal with a class of 45 or more students? Dealing with large
classes constitutes a real challenge to every teacher if the aim is to give quality
teaching and learning outcomes. With the large number of students in every class,
it is difficult to assess and evaluate students’ need and performance. One of the
teaching strategies employed by a teacher with large number of students in a class
is the cooperative learning approach – break the students up into small groups
and create a more manageable group. When your teachers give group work in this
time of pandemic, how are you going to do your part as a leader or as a member?
Remember that Cooperative learning benefits both students with poor academic
histories and top students in the class as individual effort is required. If there is
cooperation and unity in the group, there will be less errors in the output. It
develops respect, teamwork, and engagement among the members.

POSTTEST

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Assuming the standard deviation remains constant. Which of the following
sample sizes would result in the largest value of standard error?
A) 100 B) 16 C) 25 D) 49
2. What is the finite population correction factor if the size of the population is 200
and the sample size is 25?

A) 0.979 B) 0.879 C) 0.938 D) 0.856

3. A certain population has a mean of 15.4 and a standard deviation of 5.6. If

random samples of size 5 are taken from this population, which of the following
statements is correct?

A) the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 15.4
B) the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than 15.4
C) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 5.6.
D) The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 15.4.

4. How many samples of size n=3 can be drawn from a population size of 12?
A) 36 B) 1728 C) 144 D) 220

5. A population consists of three numbers (3,4,7). Consider all possible samples of

size 2 which can be drawn from the population. Find the variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.
A) 0.72 B) 0.75 C) 0.87 D) 1.72
Activity 1:
= = = 0.67
1. a. 𝝁𝑿̅ = 20
= 0.82
2. a. =6
= =
𝝁𝑿̅
2.52 5−3
= 1.02
3
(5−1) = 1.04
Activity 2:
There are 4C2 = 6 samples with size 2 that can be
taken from the population.
Samples Mean
3,5 4
3,8 5.5
3,9 6
5,8 6.5
5,9 7
8,9 8.5
Mean (𝑿 P(𝑿 (𝑿 (𝑿 (𝑿
4 1/6 0.6667 16 2.667
̅) ̅) ̅ )* P(𝑿
̅) ̅ )2 ̅ )2 * P(𝑿
̅)
5.5 1/6 0.9167 30.25 5.042
6 1/6 1 36 6
6.5 1/6 1.0833 42.25 7.042
7 1/6 1.1667 49 8.167
8.5 1/6 1.4167 72.25 12.042
Total 6.25 40.96
 = Σ X* P(X) = 6.25 𝜎 2𝑋̅ = 40.96-(6.25)2 = 1.90
𝜎𝑋̅ = 1.38
Therefore, 𝝁𝑿̅ = 6.25, 𝝈𝟐 𝑿̅ = 1.90 and 𝝈𝑿̅ = 1.38
Pretest: Posttest:
1. False 1. B
2. False 2. C
3. True 3. A
4. True 4. D
5. False 5. A
KEY TO CORRECTION
 References

Rene R. Belecina, Elisa Baccay and Efren Mateo, Statistics and Probability, First
Edition, Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016

George A. Alonzo, Statistics & Probability for Senior High School Grade 11,
Salinlahi Publishing House, Inc. 2017

Raymond B. Canlapan, Statistics and Probability, DIWA Learning Systems Inc.,

2016

Yonardo A. Gabuyo and Marjorie C. Cardenas, Statistics and Probability, The

Inteligente Publishing Inc., 2016