STOICHIOMETRY

Is a branch of Chemistry that deals with the mass relationships of elements in compounds and
the mass relationship between reactants and products in chemical reactions. The word “stoichiometry”
the Greek word “Stoicheion” which means elements and “metron” which means measure.
Important concepts that that provide the basis for relating masses in grams to the number of
atoms:

■ MOLE

→ It is the SI unit for the amount of substance.

→ It is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as the number of
atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon-12.

→ The abbreviation for the mole is “mol”

→ It is a counting unit just like a dozen.
■ AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
→ The number is so important to chemistry that it is named in honor of the Italian Scientist
“Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), whose ideas were crucial in the early understanding of
Chemistry.
→ The best modern value is 6.022x1023
→ it is the number of particles in exactly one mole of a pure substance.
→ Exactly 12 g of Carbon -12 atoms contains an Avogadro’s number.
■ MOLAR MASS
→ It is the mass in grams of one mole of an element.
→ The mass of one mole of atoms in grams, is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the
element in atomic mass unit.

■TWO TYPES of STOICHIOMETRY:

1. COMPOSITION STOICHIOMETRY
→It involves the mass relationships of elements in chemical compounds.

●Empirical Formula:
→ it gives the simplest formula of a compound.
→ Sample Problem:
Sample Problem:
● Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) contains 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O by mass. What
is its Empirical Formula?
Solution:
 ● We first assume that we have 100 g sample (although any number can be used). In
100g of ascorbic acid, we will have 40.92g C, 4.58g H, and 54.50 g Oxygen.

● Second: we calculate the number of moles of each element in 100g of the compound.
→ moles of C = (40.92g C) (1 mole C/12.01gC) = 3.407 mol C
→ moles H = (4.58 g H) (1 mole H/1.008g H) = 4.54 mole H
→ moles O = (54.50%) (1 mol O/16.00g O) = 3.406 moles O
● Third: we determine the simplest whole number ratio of moles by dividing each
number of moles by the smallest whole number of moles, 3.406:
● C: 3,407/3.406 = 1 ; H: 4.54/3.406 = 1.33 : O: 3.406/3.406 = 1
● The ratio of H is too far from 1 to attribute the difference to experimental error, In fact,
1
it is quite close to 1 . This suggests that if we multiply the ratio by 3, we will obtain
3
whole numbers. C: H; O; = 3(1:1.33:1) = 3:4:3
● The whole number ratio gives us the subscripts for the empirical formula. Thus the EF:
C3H4O3

2. REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
→ It involves the mass relationships among reactant and products in a chemical
reaction.
→ It is based on chemical equations and the Law of Conservation of Matter.

FOUR TYPES of REACTION STOICHIOMETRY

■ MOLE – MOLE Stoichiometry

→This route requires only one conversion factor- the mole ratio of substance A to substance B.
→ to solve this problem, simply multiply the known quantity (the number of moles of A) by the
appropriate conversion factor which in this case is the mol ratio B/A.
→ moles of substance A multiplied by the mole ratio B/A is equal to number of mole of
substance B.
→ moles of substance A → moles of substance B
Sample Problem:

● In a spacecraft, the carbon dioxide exhaled by astronauts can be removed by its reaction with
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) according to the following reaction: CO 2 + 2LIOH(s) → LI2CO3(s) + H2O(l)
How many moles of lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol of CO2, the average amount
exhaled by each person each day?
SOLUTION:
STEP I: Analyze:
→ Based from the Chemical Equation,
the amount of CO2 is = 20 m0l.
STEP II: Plan:
→ Since there is only one conversion factor that can be chosen from the chemical equation,
That is the Moles of CO2 = moles of LiOH.
STEP III: Compute:
→ Substitute the values in the equation in step II, cancel the units, and compute for the answer.

2mol LiOH
● 20 mols CO2 x = 40 m0ls LiOH
1 mol CO 2

■ MASS – MOLE Stoichiometry

→ This route requires two conversion factors: the molar mass of substance A and the
mole ration of substance B to A.
→ the route used is:
Mass of substance A →molar mass of subs. A x mole ratio f B/A = moles of B
Sample Problem:
● The industrial solvent Carbon disulfide (CS2) is produced through the following reaction between
coke C and Sulfur dioxide (SO2): 5C + 2SO2→ CS2 + CO. If 8.00g of SO2 reacts;
a. how many moles of CS2 are formed?
b. how many moles of CO2 are formed?

SOLUTION:
STEP I: Analyze
→ Given: From the Chemical Equation Mass of SO 2= 8.00g
→unknown:
a. amount of CS2 produced in moles
b. amount of CO produced in moles
STEP II: Plan
→ (a) mass of SO2→ moles of SO2→ moles of CS2
→(b) mass of SO2→ moles of SO2→ moles of CO
→ note that there are three conversion factors needed
1. the molar mass of SO2
2. the mole ratio of CS2 to SO2
3. the mole ratio of CO to SO2
STEP III: Compute
Based from the balanced equation: 5C + 2SO2 → CS2 + 4CO

1 mol SO 2 1 mol CS 2
→ (a). 8.00g SO2 x x = 0.0624 mols2
64.1 g SO2 2mol SO 2
1 mol SO 2 4 molesCO
→ (b). 8.00g SO2 x x = 0.250 mol CO
64.1 g SO2 2 mol SO 2

■ MOLE-MASS Stoichiometry
→ This route requires two conversion factors:
●the mole ratio of substance B to substance A
 ●the molar ratio of substance B
→ the route for mole to mass stoichiometry is:
Moles of A→ Moles of B→ Mass of B
Sample Problem:
● In photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun to combine Carbon dioxide and water, forming
glucose (C6H12O6) and Oxygen. what mass in grams of glucose is produced when 3.00 mol of water react
with Carbon dioxide?

STEP I. Analyze
→ Given: amount of Water = 3.00 mol
STEP II. Plan
→ Moles of H2O →moles of C6H12O6 → mass of C6H12O6
STEP III. Compute
→ Consider the equation CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6
1mol C 6 H 12 O6 dy 180 g C 6 H 12O 6
→ 3.00 mol H2O x x = 90.0g C6H12O6
6 mol H 2O 1 mol C 6 H 12O 6

■ MASS – MASS Stoichiometry

→There are three conversion factors needed mass to mass stoichiometry.
a. Molar mass of substance A
b. The mole ratio of B/A
c. Molar mass of substance B
→ The route for solving mass – mass Stoichiometry is:
● Mass of A → moles of A → moles of B →mass of B
Sample Problem:
● Tin (II) fluoride (SnF2) or Stannous fluoride is used in some home dental treatment products. It is
made by the reaction of Tin with Hydrogen fluoride according to the equation:
Sn(s) + 2HF→ SnF2(s) + H2(g). How many grams of SnF 2 are produced from the reaction of 30.00 g of HF
with Sn?

STEP I: Analyze
→ Given: Chemical Equation
Amount of HF = 30.00g
STEP II: Plan
→ mass of HF x 1 mol HF/mass of HF x mole SnF 2 mole HF mass SnF2/moles SnF2
STEP III: Compute
1 mol HF 1mol SnF 2 156.7 g SnF 2
→30.00 g HF x x x = 117.5 g SnF2
20.1 g HF 2mol HF 1 mol SnF 2

■ MOLE RATIO
A mole ratio is the conversion factor that relates the number of moles of any two substances
involved in a chemical reaction. Each of these four types of reaction stoichiometry problem requires the
use of mole ratio.
Sample Problem:
● A chemist produced 11.9 g of Aluminum. How many moles of Aluminum has been produced?

STEP I: Analyze
→ Given: 11.9 g of Al, Req’d. number of moles of Al.
STEP II: Plan
 → grams Al x mol Al / grams Al
STEP III: Compute
1 mol Al
→ 11.9g Al x = 0,441 mol Al
27.0 g Al

LIMITING REACTANT
● The reactant that is completely used up in a chemical reaction.
● It determines the amounts of products formed.

EXCESS REACTANT
● A reactant that is not completely used up in a chemical reaction

ACTUAL YIELD
● It is the amount of product formed from the actual chemical reaction and is usually less than the
theoretical yield.

THEORETICAL YIELD
● It is the maximum amounts of products which could be produced by the complete reaction of
limiting reactant.
PERCENT YIELD
●It is used to express the efficiency of the reaction.
Actual Yield
● It is defined as % Yield = x 100%
theoretical Yield

Sample Problem:
■ How many moles of ammonia will form when 4,85 moles of Hydrogen (H 2) react with3.45 moles of
Nitrogen(N2)? What is the limiting reactant?
●3H2 + N2 → 2NH3
2moles of NH 3
● 4.85 mols H2 x = 3.23 mols NH3 (Limiting Reactant)
3 moles of H 2
2mols NH 3
● 3.85 mols N2 x = 6.9 mols NH3 (Excess Reactant)
1 mol N 2