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ICT Theory Assignment

Umar Farooq submitted an assignment on ICT that included three parts: 1) A table discussing the five generations of computers, their time periods, major innovations, and technological differences. 2) An explanation of the fundamental phases of an instruction cycle, including fetch, decode, and execute stages. 3) A discussion of how mini computers and handheld devices like mobile phones and tablets have helped people learn and acquire knowledge outside the classroom through accessibility of educational content and resources.

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Umar Farooq
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83 views7 pages

ICT Theory Assignment

Umar Farooq submitted an assignment on ICT that included three parts: 1) A table discussing the five generations of computers, their time periods, major innovations, and technological differences. 2) An explanation of the fundamental phases of an instruction cycle, including fetch, decode, and execute stages. 3) A discussion of how mini computers and handheld devices like mobile phones and tablets have helped people learn and acquire knowledge outside the classroom through accessibility of educational content and resources.

Uploaded by

Umar Farooq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Umar Farooq 02-235212-053

ASSIGNMENT # 01
On

ICT
COURSE: ICT

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Submitted to: Sir Maroof

Submitted by: Umar Farooq


Class: BS-IT
Enrollment No: 02-235212-053
Course: Introduction to Information & Communication Technology

Date: 20th-Nov-2021

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a) Discuss Computer Generations with the help of a table to show the


different generations of computer, their time-periods, major innovation
and differences in technology shift.

Computer Computing Examples Advantages Disadvantages


Generatio Technology
n and
Features
1st Computers ENIAC, Used Huge, slow,
Generatio based on EDSAC vacuum expensive, limit
n vacuum EDVAC, tubes for ed memory
(1940- tube UNIVAC, IBM7 circuitry. and generates
1956) technology. 01 and IBM lot of heat.
650
2nd Computers IBM-7000 CDC Slightly Still Costly and
Generatio based on 3000 Series, IBM
Smaller, Needed air
n (1956- transistors. 4044, HoneywellCheaper, conditioning.
1964) 400, IBM 1401 faster and
Mainframe, more
MARK III, and reliable than
PDP-1 first
Minicomputers. generation
Systems.
3rd Computers IBM 360 and Component The manual
Generatio based on 370, Honeywell s like inter connection
n integrated 6000, UNIVAC motherboar of capacitors,
(1964- circuits 1108, PDP-8, d, and rectifiers in
1971) technology. and PDP-11. keyboard, semiconductors
and monitor was tedious
were and not totally
introduced reliable.
to use.
4th Computer Desktops, Much Thousands of
Generatio based on Laptops, Smaller and transistors were

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n (1972- microprocess Workstations, fitted on a contained in


2010) or Chips. Tablets, and desktops, CPU.
Smartphones. Laps and
palms. The
Internee and
mouse
introduced.
5th Computers Chabot’s, Much faster In under
Generatio based on Cortana, and reliable development.
n ULSI Google than all the
(At technology Assistant, previous
Present) integrating Apple Siri, generation
Artificial Speech as well as a
intelligence. recognition, time saver.
and Alexa.

b) Brief the fundamental phases of instruction cycle.


The structure of the instruction cycle defines the processing of a single
instruction. The processing of instruction takes various form during the
occurrence of an interrupt or if there is indirect addressing present in the
instruction. In this section, we will discuss various forms of the instruction
cycle.

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Fetch
The program counter (PC) starts at 0000. This means that the first
address in RAM where the computer will look for an instruction is
0000.
The computer needs somewhere to store the current address in RAM
that it is looking for. This is what the memory address register (MAR)
is for. The address 0000 is therefore copied into the MAR.

As the first instruction has been fetched, the system is at the end of
the fetch stage of the cycle. The program counter can be incremented
by 1, so the system is ready to read the next instruction when the next
fetch cycle starts

Decode
Now, the instruction needs to be decoded. It is sent via the data bus to
the control unit, where it is split into two parts. The first part is the
operation code or opcode, which in this example CPU is the first four
bits. This is the command that the computer will carry out. The second
part, in this case the second four bits, is the operand. This is an
address in RAM where data will be read from or written to, depending
on the operation.
The control unit can translate opcodes into instructions. So here the
control unit translates the opcode 0101 into a LOAD FROM RAM
instruction.

Execute
Now, the command will be executed. The operand is copied to the
MAR, as it provides the address of the data to be loaded (0100 in this
case).

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The data at address 0100 is then fetched from RAM and passed up
the data bus to the MDR. As it is not an instruction but simply data, it
is then passed to the accumulator (Acc).

The 2nd cycle


1. The PC is at 0001, so this is the next instruction to be fetched.
2. The instruction opcode and address operand are placed in the
IR, and the PC increased by 1 again.
3. The instruction is decoded, while the address of the data to be
acted upon is placed in the MAR. The instruction turns out to be
ADD, which adds two pieces of data together.

The 3rd cycle


1. The first instruction loaded a piece of data from a specified
address.
2. The second added this to the data found in another address.
3. The final instruction stored the result of the addition back into a
specified address in memory.

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c) Discuss how mini computers/hand held devices (Mobile


Phone / Tablets) and its application has helped learn and
acquire knowledge on the go.

Mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants, and mobile


phones have become a learning tool with great potential in both
classrooms and outdoor learning. Although there have been qualitative
analyses of the use of mobile devices in education, systematic
quantitative analyses of the effects of mobile-integrated education are
lacking. This study performed a meta-analysis and research synthesis of
the effects of integrated mobile devices in teaching and learning, in
which 110 experimental and quasi experimental journal articles
published during the period 1993–2013 were coded and analyzed.
Overall, there was a moderate mean effect size of 0.523 for the
application of mobile devices to education. The effect sizes of
moderator variables were analyzed and the advantages and
disadvantages of mobile learning in different levels of moderator
variables were synthesized based on content analyses of individual
studies. The results of this study and their implications for both
research and practice are discussed.

 Smartphones
 Tablets
 Laptop computers
 Smart watches
 E-readers
 Handheld gaming consoles

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THANK YOU

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